Mělník ( Czech pronunciation: [ˈmɲɛlɲiːk] ; German : Melnik ) is a town in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic . It has about 20,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone .
41-513: Mělník lies in one of the most important agricultural areas of the country. The town is known for its production of wine . The name is derived from the Slavic word mělnit , here meaning 'to crumble'. Originally, Mělník was the name of a hill formed by crumbling Cretaceous rocks. Mělník is located about 27 kilometres (17 mi) north of Prague . It is situated on the right bank of the Elbe , at
82-557: A bridge over the Elbe was built, and at the end of the 19th century a transhipment depot was built, the basis of the later port. The largest industrial employers based in the town are Erwin Junker Grinding Technology (manufacturer of grinding tools) and Vibracoustic CZ (manufacturer of rubber products), both employing more than 500 people. The largest non-industrial employer is the hospital. Mělník gives its name to
123-598: Is twinned with: Czech wine Wine in the Czech Republic is produced mainly in southern Moravia , although a few vineyards are located in Bohemia . However, Moravia accounts for around 96% of the country's vineyards, which is why Czech wine is more often referred to as Moravian wine . Production centers on local grape varieties, but there has been an increase in the production of established international strains such as Cabernet Sauvignon . In
164-483: Is connected with Prague by the I/12 road. The I/38 road (the section from Kutná Hora to Nymburk ) also passes through the town. Kolín is a railway junction. The Kolín railway station is located on the major lines Prague– Olomouc and Prague– Brno , which further continue to Slovakia, Hungary and Poland. It also lies on the intraregional lines Prague– Havlíčkův Brod and Ústí nad Labem –Kolín. The historical centre of
205-595: Is honored by Czech winemakers as "Supremus Magister Vinearum" (Supreme Burgomaster of the Vineyards) and every year at the end of September a wine festival is held in Mělník on Feast of St. Wenceslas. During the 13th century, monasteries helped to establish large vineyard areas which were planted with grape varieties imported from France and Germany . The vine training and pruning methods of these countries were also adopted. The vineyard groupings made it easier to maintain
246-528: Is protected by law as an urban monument reservation . Kolín is made up of the town parts of Kolín I–VI and the villages of Sendražice, Šťáralka, Štítary and Zibohlavy. The name Kolín probably comes from the Old Czech verb koliti , i.e. "to hammer poles", and is related to the location of Starý Kolín in the often flooded area at the confluence of the Klejnárka and Elbe rivers. The soil in the vicinity of
287-405: Is still used primarily for religious functions, but it is open for the public. Starting in 2007, the public will be allowed access to the reconstructed church tower. There is a large and elaborate ossuary inside the church. Anthropologist Jindřich Matiegka conducted research here between 1915 and 1919, during which he arranged the remains of 10–15,000 people. Behind the church there is a building of
328-588: The Fourteen Holy Helpers with the building of former Capuchin monastery are also located on the square. Mělník Castle is one of the most important sights of the town. The castle is built in the Renaissance style. Below the castle there are large wine cellars. Confiscated by the communists , it has been restored to its traditional owners, the House of Lobkowicz . Church of Saints Peter and Paul
369-747: The Mělnická wine region, one of the most northerly in Europe. Every year, at the end of September, a wine festival is held in Mělník on the Feast of St. Wenceslaus. According to legend, the Great Moravian Prince Svatopluk I sent the Bohemian Prince Bořivoj I a barrel of wine to celebrate the birth of his son Spytihněv I . It is said that Ludmila subsequently had vines brought from Moravia and planted not far from her birthplace,
410-546: The Oil Campaign of World War II . Zyklon B for the Nazi concentration camps was produced there. In Kolín is the smaller part of Kolín- Ovčáry Industrial Zone, known mostly for the factory of the automobile manufacturing company Toyota Motor Manufacturing . As of 2020, TMM employed 2,400 people. It is the most important employer in the region. Kolín is home to the packaging and paper manufacturer, OTK company. Kolín
451-493: The appellation -based system was introduced - vína originální cetrifikace (VOC, wines of original certification). Following VOCs are certified as of 2019: Kol%C3%ADn Kolín ( Czech pronunciation: [ˈkoliːn] ; German : Kolin, Neu Kolin ) is a town in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic . It has about 33,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and
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#1732782542057492-582: The 14th century. In 1437–1438, a castle was founded in Kolín. It was built on the ruins of a burned down monastery. During the Thirty Years' War , it was damaged, and in the 17th century, it was rebuilt as a brewery. In 1911, the castle burned down and its Renaissance look disappeared. The 1757 Battle of Kolín was fought during the Seven Years' War , and in 1944 a refinery in Kolín was bombed during
533-791: The 2nd Century CE, the Roman 10th Legion based at Vindobona built an extensive outpost near the Amber Road and the Pálava Hills in Mikulovská, near the present-day village of Pasohlávky . Around the year 278, the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius Probus annulled the edict of Emperor Domitian that had prohibited the planting of grapes in colonies north of the Alps , and encouraged the planting of new vines in
574-458: The Bohemian prince Bořivoj I , belonged to this tribe. Coins of the princess Emma , who died in 1005 or 1006, are the first demonstration of the existence of Mělník. In November 1274, Mělník gained the status of town from King Ottokar II and later became a dowry town belonging to queens of Bohemia. In 1449, the town gained the right to decide on its own affairs, through councilors headed by
615-559: The Czech Republic centers on southern Moravia, particularly around the river Dyje . Four wine growing sub-regions (Czech: Vinařská podoblast ) are located here, each named after a major town or region. These sub-regions are: Wine production intertwined with the local culture made Moravia a key wine tourism destination in Czech Republic. Established in 1999, Moravian Wine Trail is a unique project designed to protect cultural heritage and encourage further development of wine tourism in
656-554: The Great Moravian Prince Svatopluk sent the Bohemian Prince Bořivoj a barrel of wine to celebrate the birth of his son Spytihněv . Bořivoj's wife Ludmila sacrificed some of the wine to Krosyně (goddess of the harvest) while making a plea for abundant rain. Her wish came true, the crop was saved and Bořivoj and Ludmila planted the first Bohemian vineyards around Mělník . Their grandson Saint Wenceslas later learned how to cultivate vines in these vineyards and make wine. He
697-625: The Liechtenstein Duties Register, later to become the oldest preserved register of the Liechtenstein vineyards. The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) destroyed a significant portion of the vineyards in Moravia, and over the next hundred years they were gradually replanted. In 1763, Austrian vintners asked Maria Theresa to limit new vineyard plantings in Moravia to reduce the competition from Moravian wines. In 1783,
738-460: The NM scale is equivalent to one kilogram of natural sugar in 100 litres of grape must. Czech wine is typically labeled with its variety, detailed description of its origin, and wine quality attributes. In general, wine produced from grapes with a higher must-weight level and from a single vineyard is considered higher quality. A Czech wine label will typically specify the wine's origin with one or more of
779-863: The Wine Act. The original draft of the Amendment to the Wine Act also contained provisions for establishing the Czech Wine Fund through Act No. 50/2002 Sb. After the Czech Republic joined the European Union in 2004, the Wine Act No. 321/2004 Sb on viticulture and winemaking practices was adopted, bringing Czech wine legislation into conformity with EU standards. Czech wine law (2004) defines two wine-growing regions (Czech: Vinařská oblast ). These are Moravia ( Vinařská oblast Morava ) and Bohemia ( Vinařská oblast Čechy ). Wine production in
820-554: The application of Bergrecht laws and vineyard rules of Falkenstein, Lower Austria in the district of Mikulov. For those villages under the jurisdiction of the Falkenstein Bergrecht, Falkenstein served as the Supreme Appeals Court in vineyard disputes. By 1368, Mikulov was one of the largest wine centres in Moravia. In 1414, a large number of the vineyards around Mikulov and Valtice were documented in
861-458: The area of today's Kolín. Kolín was founded by King Ottokar II in the 13th century by relocation, when Starý Kolín ("Old Kolín") was threatened by floods and the king decided to move the settlement. The first written mention of Kolín is from 1261, when it was mentioned that Přelouč obtained town privileges , just like Kolín and Kouřim have. It lay on a trade route Prague – Český Brod – Čáslav – Moravia . Jewish people settled in Kolín in
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#1732782542057902-682: The confluence of the Elbe and Vltava rivers. The town lies in the Polabí lowlands. The southwestern part of the municipal territory lies in the Central Elbe Table , the northeastern part lies in the Jizera Table . The highest point is the hill Chloumeček at 282 m (925 ft) above sea level. In the 5th and 6th century, many Slavic tribes lived here and the tribe of Pšovans created its main settlement in Mělník. Saint Ludmila (the grandmother of Saint Wenceslaus ), who married
943-427: The confluence was strengthened with the help of wooden poles. Kolín is located about 47 kilometres (29 mi) east of Prague . It lies in a fertile landscape of the Central Elbe Table lowland. The Elbe River flows through the town. In the eastern part of the municipal territory is Sandberk, an artificial lake created by flooding a sandstone quarry. Ptolemy's world map of the 2nd century mentions Budorgis in
984-546: The end of the 15th century. In 1878–1910, the Gothic appearance of the church was restored by Josef Mocker . A notable landmark of the town square is the town hall. Originally a Gothic house from the 15th century, it was rebuilt in the Neo-Renaissance style in 1887. In Kolín is the original Jewish ghetto with a synagogue from 1696. It is the second oldest and most valuable synagogue in Bohemia . The Jewish cemetery
1025-429: The following terms: A Czech wine label must contain one of the following terms that designates its classification: 1. Jakostní víno s přívlastkem ( Quality Wine with Special Attributes ) 2. Jakostní víno (Quality wine) 3. Moravské zemské víno or České zemské víno (Country wine) 4. Stolní víno ( Table wine ) In the late 2000s, in parallel with the origin and the composition and quality attributes, system
1066-707: The following wine municipalities were the largest: The most commonly grown grape varieties in the Czech Republic, including the approximate percentage of wine produced for each variety, are listed below: The wine-producing areas of the Czech Republic are well known for their wine festivals (Czech: vinobraní ) which take place around harvest time in September. The biggest of these festivals in Znojmo , Mikulov , Brno and Mělník will feature samples of hundreds of local wines as well as local music, dancing and cuisine . These wine-festivals take place in big towns apart from
1107-667: The fortified settlement of Pšov, today's Mělník. Ludmila's grandson St. Wenceslaus personally took care of the vineyards, and became the patron saint of winemakers. Mělník is situated on the crossroads of two first-class roads: the I/9 (which connects the D8 motorway with Česká Lípa and the Czech-German border) and the I/16 (the section from the D8 motorway to Mladá Boleslav ). Mělník is located on
1148-669: The local Bergrecht laws and the activities of the wine regulation court in Moravia were abolished by Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor and replaced with a new set of vineyard regulations for Moravia. Wine academies, dedicated to training capable enologists in the art and science of winemaking, were founded in Bzenec (1855), Znojmo (1868), Valtice (1873), Mělník (1882), Lednice (1895), Mikulov (1903) and Klobouky (1921). The vine pest Phylloxera arrived in Šatov in 1890, Mikulov and Dolní Dunajovice in 1900, struck Perná in 1901, and hit Horní Věstonice and Bavory in 1902, devastating
1189-487: The mayor. The town gained fame in the first half of the 16th century thanks to viticulture , the origins of which date back to the end of the 9th century, but the preconditions for its real development were created only by Charles IV , who brought vines from Burgundy to Mělník. The town suffered from the events of the Thirty Years' War . Mělník became moderately involved in the Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620), and
1230-760: The northern Roman colonies. Modern-day archaeological excavations of the ancient Roman outpost near Pasohlávky have yielded many artifacts, including a vine pruning knife. Wine historians theorize that, during the Roman occupation, the Grüner Veltliner and Welschriesling grape varieties may have been introduced to the region. Viticulture was practiced during the Great Moravian Empire (833–906), as evidenced by numerous pruning knives and grape seeds unearthed during archaeological excavations of Slavic settlements. Around 875, according to legend,
1271-531: The old school, formerly the seat of the Mělník's chapter. It used to be a part of the town's fortifications. Remains of the fortifications are still preserved, including a 20m high water tower from the 16th century. The most preserved part is the Prague Gate from the 1530s. Near the castle there is Villa Carola, where the town library is located, which is a part of the Culture Centre of Mělník. Mělník
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1312-487: The railway lines Ústí nad Labem – Kolín and Prague–Mělník. Mělník is one of the largest river ports in the Czech Republic and a place of container transshipment. Míru Square is the historic centre of Mělník. It is lined with valuable Renaissance and Neo-Renaissance houses. The landmark of the square is the town hall with Renaissance archways, Gothic bay window of the Chapel of St. Barbara, and Baroque tower. The Church of
1353-537: The region. The trail covers almost 300 towns and villages in the Moravian region inter-connected by a network of cycling routes. The Czech National Wine Centre and Wine Salon of the Czech Republic in Valtice Castle are located in Moravian wine country. Bohemia is home to a relatively tiny collection of vineyards that are among the most northerly in Europe. They are situated around 50° north latitude,
1394-671: The same as Wiesbaden in the Rheingau . Two defined wine-growing subregions are located in Bohemia: Small vineyards can be found in Prague , but they do not produce a significant amount of wine. The top five grape varieties grown in Bohemia are Müller-Thurgau (26% of vineyards), Riesling (16% of vineyards), St. Laurent (14% of vineyards), Blauer Portugieser (10% of vineyards), and Pinot noir (8% of vineyards). As of 2018,
1435-525: The town, formed by the Karlovo Square and surrounding streets, has many Gothic and Baroque buildings. The most important monument is the Church of Saint Bartholomew, protected as a national cultural monument . It has an early Gothic core from the second half of the 13th century. In the mid-14th century, it was rebuilt by the architect Peter Parler . A separate bell tower was built next to the church at
1476-571: The vineyards throughout Moravia. Using Phylloxera-resistant rootstock, the vineyards were replanted with quality vines of single varietals. The establishment of modern wine laws in the Czech Republic began in 1995 with the enactment of Wine Act No. 115/1995 on viticulture and winemaking practices into the Collection of Laws (Sb). The wine section of the European Union regulations was translated into Czech and subsequently incorporated into
1517-565: The vineyards, protect against thieves, and to collect tithe payments and taxes during the harvest. In 1249, Ottokar II of Bohemia granted the land of Mikulov (then called Nikolsburg) and the surrounding area to the Austrian noble Henry I of Liechtenstein . Afterward, more vineyards were planted in the Pálava Hills. In 1309, a new set of viticultural and winemaking regulations was established for many southern Moravian villages, based on
1558-585: The wine-producing areas as well (such as Prague ). Czech wine law classifies wine according to the origin of the grapes and the ripeness of the grapes determined by measuring the must weight in the grape juice at the time of harvest. Sugar content is expressed in units of °NM on the Czecho-Slovak Normalised Must-Weight Scale (Czech: Normalizovaný moštoměr ), which indicates how many kilograms of sugar are contained in one hundred litres of grape juice. One degree on
1599-477: Was most affected by the fire in 1765, which destroyed 42 houses including the town hall and Capuchin monastery. It was followed by another stage of the Baroque transformation of the town. In 1850, Mělník became a district town. In 1869, a sugar factory was established, for a long time the only industrial company in the town. In 1874 a railway line was brought to Mělník, which helped its economic development. In 1888
1640-521: Was punished by confiscation of property and gradual re-Catholicization. In 1628, its population was predominantly Catholic. Mělník had to deal with enemy military incursions, especially the Saxons and the Swedes; it was also affected by devastating fires (1646, 1652, 1681) and by plague. The church, castle and town hall were damaged. The wars in the 18th century brought considerable damage to the town, but it
1681-433: Was rebuilt three times. Construction began at the turn of the 10th and 11th centuries, but the oldest preserved part is from the 1480s. The opulent presbytary is from around 1520. Other major reconstructions were made and the fires in 1555 and 1681, when renaissance gables and the baroque dome of a gothic tower were damaged. The current appearance of the church is the result of extensive repairs in 1910 and 1913–1915. The church