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84-413: [REDACTED] Sasanian empire Byzantine–Sasanian Wars or Byzantine–Persian Wars it is a series of conflicts between the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanian Empire that lasted 207 years and ended with the victory of Byzantine empire , after which the Sassanian Empire declined and was conquered by the Arabs after 30 years. Throughout its history, the Sasanian Empire sought to gain control of

168-620: A small skirmish , they forced Belisarius to retreat to Dara . In 530, the Byzantines managed to win a number of major victories. Under Dara, Belisarius routed a completely superior force, while Sittas and Dorotheus defeated the Sasanian army at Satala (530) . However, in 531 Belisarius was defeated at Callinicum and was removed from command of the army, the Persian general Azaret was also removed because he failed to take advantage of

252-536: A colony there. The last battle between Rome and Parthia was fought in the vicinity of the city in 217. With the fresh energy of the new Sassanid dynasty , Shapur I conquered Nisibis, was driven out, and returned in the 260s. In 298, by a treaty with Narseh , the province of Nisibis was acquired by the Roman Empire. During the Roman–Persian Wars (337–363 CE) Nisibis was unsuccessfully besieged by

336-535: A title also given to the instructors. The administration was confided to a major-domo, who was steward, prefect of discipline and librarian, but under the supervision of a council. Unlike the Jacobite schools, devoted chiefly to profane studies, the School of Nisibis was above all a school of theology. The two chief masters were the instructors in reading and in the interpretation of Holy Scripture, explained chiefly with

420-460: A town inhabited by Chaldeans, Arabs, and Jews. The town was largely Arabic-speaking such that Kurdish families settling in the town eventually learned Arabic. The ethnic and linguistic demographics changed after mid-century. Jews migrated to Israel, and Assyrian population substantially decreased. After dense Kurdish migration in late 20th century, Nusaybin became a largely Kurdish-speaking and Kurdish town. A very small Assyrian population remains in

504-669: A year later after an abortive invasion of Commagene. In 543, a Roman invasion of Armenia was defeated by a small Persian force at Anglon, and Khosrow I unsuccessfully besieged Edessa in Mesopotamia a year later. A peace treaty was signed in 545. In Lazica, Khosrow I's attempt to establish direct Persian control over the country and the missionary zeal of the Zoroastrian priests soon caused discontent in Christian Lazica and King Gubazes revolted in 548, this time against

588-677: Is 115,586 (2022). The city is populated by Kurds of different tribal affiliation. Nusaybin is separated from the larger Kurdish-majority city of Qamishli by the Syria–Turkey border . The city is at the foot of the Mount Izla escarpment at the southern edge of the Tur Abdin hills, standing on the banks of the Jaghjagh River ( Turkish : Çağçağ ), the ancient Mygdonius ( Ancient Greek : Μυγδόνιος ). The city existed in

672-403: Is certainly in line with contemporary Roman public opinion. According to Al-Tabari , some 12,000 Persians of good lineage from Istakhr , Isfahan , and other regions settled at Nisibis in the fourth century, and their descendants were still there at the beginning of the seventh century. The School of Nisibis , founded at the introduction of Christianity into the city by ethnic Assyrians of

756-451: Is generally sparse. Nusaybin is predominantly ethnically Kurdish . The city's people have historically close ties with those of neighboring Qamishli, and cross-border marriages are a common practice. The city also contains a minority Arab population. In early 20th century, Nusaybin was composed mostly of Arabs who came from Mardin , roughly 500 Jews, and some Assyrians, totaling to 2000 people. Likewise, Mark Sykes recorded Nusaybin as

840-564: Is on the north side of the Syria-Turkey border, which divides it from the city of Qamishli. The Jaghjagh River flows through both cities. The Nusaybin side of the border has a minefield , with a total of some 600,000 landmines having been set by the Turkish Armed Forces since the 1950s. Located to the east is Mount Judi , which people (including Muslims ) consider to be the place where the ark of Nuh or Noah (who

924-615: Is regarded as a Nabi or Prophet in Abrahamic religions ) came to rest. There are 84 neighbourhoods in Nusaybin District. Fifteen of these (8 Mart, Abdulkadirpaşa, Barış, Devrim, Dicle, Fırat, Gırnavas, İpekyolu, Kışla, Mor-Yakup, Selahattin Eyyübi, Yenişehir, Yenituran and Zeynelabidin) form the central town ( merkez ) of Nusaybin. Nusaybin has a semi-arid climate with extremely hot summers and cool winters. Rainfall

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1008-715: The Assyrian Church of the East , was closed when the province was ceded to the Persians. Ephrem the Syrian , an Assyrian poet, commentator, preacher and defender of orthodoxy, joined the general exodus of Christians and re-established the school on more securely Roman soil at Edessa . In the fifth century, the school became a center of Nestorian Christianity , and was closed down by Archbishop Cyrus in 489. The expelled masters and pupils withdrew once more, back to Nisibis, under

1092-970: The Assyrian Empire and is recorded in Akkadian inscriptions as Naṣibīna . Having been part of the Achaemenid Empire , in the Hellenistic period the settlement was re-founded as a polis named "Antioch on the Mygdonius" by the Seleucid dynasty after the conquests of Alexander the Great . A part of first the Roman Republic and then the Roman Empire , the city ( Latin : Nisibis ; ‹See Tfd› Greek : Νίσιβις )

1176-508: The Avars and Slavs , the Persians made a final attempt to take Constantinople in 626 , but were defeated there. In 627, allied with Turks , Heraclius invaded the heartland of Persia. After the Battle of Nineveh (627), Iranian forces were finally broken and Byzantium won war, forcing civil war-torn Persia to seek peace. Sasanian empire Too Many Requests If you report this error to

1260-812: The Chaldean Catholic Church and the Maronite Catholic Church . When the Syriac Catholic Eparchy of Hassaké was promoted to archiepiscopal rank, it added Nisibi to its name, becoming the Syriac Catholic Archeparchy of Hassaké-Nisibi (not Metropolitan, directly dependent on the Syriac Catholic Patriarch of Antioch ). Established in the 18th century as Titular Archiepiscopal see of Nisibis (informally Nisibis of

1344-706: The Roman Empire had since their peace treaty in 387 agreed that they both were obligated to cooperate in the defense of the Caucasus against nomadic attacks. The Romans helped in the defense of the Caucasus by paying the Iranians roughly 500 lbs (226 kg) of gold at irregular intervals. While the Romans saw this payment as political subsidies, the Iranians saw it as an opportunity to influence Roman military affairs. The Roman emperor Theodosius II 's unwillingness to continue

1428-802: The Sassanid Empire thrice, in 337, 346 and 350. According to the Expositio totius mundi et gentium bronze and iron were forbidden to be exported to the Persians, but for other goods, Nisibis was the site of substantial trade across the Roman–Persian frontier. Upon the death of Constantine the Great in 337 CE, the Sassanid Shah Shapur II marched against Roman held Nisibis with a vast army composed of cavalry, infantry and elephants. His combat engineers raised siege works, including towers, so his archers could rain down arrows at

1512-536: The Tskhenistskali ). Nevertheless, the Persians manage to resupply Petra. The new Byzantine commander Bessas quelled a pro-Persian revolt of the Abasgi tribe, took and dismantled the fort of Petra after a lengthy siege and fierce fighting as Mihr-Mihroe did not arrive in time. The latter unsuccessfully diverted his force against Archaeopolis in 551 as many of his men were lost due to a lack of supplies. However,

1596-659: The Turkish Historical Society , Yusuf Halaçoğlu, following the Turkish government's policy of Armenian genocide denial , said that the remains dated back to Roman times. Özgür Gündem reported that the Turkish military and police pressed the Turkish media not to report the discovery. The Turkish Interior Ministry looked into dissolving Nusaybin city council in 2012 after it decided to use Arabic , Armenian , Aramaic , and Kurmanji on signposts in

1680-616: The marches where Roman and Parthian powers confronted one another, Nisibis was often taken and retaken. In 115 CE, it was captured by the Roman Emperor Trajan , for which he gained the name of Parthicus , then lost to and regained from the Jews during the Diaspora Revolt . After the Romans again lost the city in 194, it was once more conquered by Septimius Severus , who made it his headquarters and re-established

1764-523: The metropolitan bishop of the five erstwhile Transtigritine provinces. Narsai , formerly a theologian at the School of Edessa , founded the famous School of Nisibis with the bishop, Barsauma , in the 470s. When the Roman emperor Zeno ( r.  474–491 ) closed the School of Edessa in 489, the scholars migrated to Nisibis's school and established the city as the foremost centre of Christian thought in

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1848-512: The "Great Monastery" of Mount Izla, underwent substantial revival in the years after the Muslim conquest. However, besides the baptistery known as the Church of Saint Jacob ( Mar Ya‘qub ) and built in 359 by bishop Vologeses, little remains of ancient Nisibis, probably because of ruinous earthquake in 717. Archaeological excavations were conducted in the vicinity of the 4th-century baptistery in

1932-469: The 14th century, composed his celebrated catalogue of ecclesiastical writers. The disorders and dissensions, which arose in the sixth century in the school of Nisibis, favoured the development of its rivals, especially that of Seleucia; however, it did not really begin to decline until after the foundation of the School of Baghdad (832). Notable people associated with the school include its founder Narses; Abraham, his nephew and successor; Abraham of Kashgar ,

2016-463: The 5th century was the most important episcopal see of the Church of the East after Seleucia - Ctesiphon . Many of its Nestorian or Assyrian Church of the East and Jacobite bishops were renowned for their writings, including Barsumas, Osee, Narses, Jesusyab and Ebed-Jesus. The Roman Catholic Church has defined titular archbishoprics of Nisibis, for various rites – one Latin and four Eastern Catholic for particular churches sui iuris , notably

2100-410: The 80s neither side was able to achieve anything. In 589, the Persian general Bahram 6, was able to repel the Roman offensive, but after a single defeat he was dismissed. The angry general raised an uprising, as a result of which Khosrow 2 was elevated to the throne, but Bahram was still dissatisfied, after a while Khosrow was forced to flee to Byzantium, and Bahram IV became emperor, but a year later he

2184-587: The Armenian provinces into the empire and deploying Roman garrisons in the area. Already in 526, an open confrontation began between the empires in the Transcaucasus . At first, the Persians were lucky, the uprising in Iberia was suppressed, the Roman offensives were repelled, and attempts to strengthen the border were stopped by Persian raids. In 528, the Persians moved from Iberia to Lazica , where, in

2268-535: The Byzantines move deeper into Persia, all the way to Caucasian Albania . In Mesopotamia, however, the war began disastrously for the Byzantines. After a victory at Sargathon in 573, they laid siege to Nisibis and were apparently on the point of capturing this, the chief bulwark of the Persian frontier defences, when the abrupt dismissal of their general Marcian led to a disorderly retreat. Taking advantage of Byzantine confusion, Sassanid forces under Khosrow I swiftly counter-attacked and encircled Dara , capturing

2352-572: The Church of the East. According to the Damascene monk John Moschus , the city's cathedral had five doors in the 7th century, and the monastic and later bishop of Harran , Symeon of the Olives , was recorded as having renewed several ecclesiastical buildings in the early period of Arab rule. The monasteries of the nearby Tur Abdin, led by the reforms of Abraham the Great of Kashkar , founder of

2436-612: The Middle East, justifying this with the Achaemenid legacy. Byzantine empire , in turn, sought to seize Transcaucasia and the trade routes coming from distant China. During Julian's Persian campaign , the Romans suffered a crushing defeat. As a result of the humiliating peace treaty for the Romans, a huge number of territories in the east were ceded to the Sasanian Empire , including Armenia. The last conflict in

2520-571: The Orient". After the defeat of the Romans in Julian's Persian War , Julian's successor Jovian ( r.  363–364 ) was forced to cede the five Transtigritine provinces to the Persians, including Nisibis. The city was evacuated and its citizens forced to migrate to Amida ( Diyarbakır ) – which was expanded to accommodate them – and to Edessa ( Urfa ). According to the Latin historian Eutropius ,

2604-519: The Persians. Gubazes II requested aid from Emperor Justinian I and allied with the Alans and Sabirs . Justinian sent 7,000 Roman and 1,000 Tzani (relatives of the Lazes ) auxiliaries under Dagisthaeus to assist Gubazes and besieged the fortress of Petra but faced tough resistance from its heavily outnumbered garrison. Persian reinforcements under Mihr-Mihroe defeated a small Byzantine force guarding

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2688-518: The River Mygdonius to bring down a section of the walls, and creating a lake around the city and using boats with siege engines to bring down another section. Unlike the first siege, as the walls fell, Persian assault troops immediately entered the breaches supported by war elephants. Despite all this they failed to break through the breaches and the attack stalled. The Romans, experts at close-quarter combat, and supported by arrows and bolts from

2772-503: The Romans ). It has been vacant for several decades, having previously had the following incumbents, all of the (intermediary) archiepiscopal rank: Established as Titular Archiepiscopal see of Nisibis (informally Nisibis of the Armenians ) in circa 1910. It was suppressed in 1933, having had a single incumbent, of the (intermediary) archiepiscopal rank : Established as Titular Archiepiscopal see of Nisibis (informally Nisibis of

2856-486: The Sasanian king Khosrow II regain his throne. In 602, Maurice was murdered by his political rival Phocas . Khosrow declared war, ostensibly to avenge the death of the deposed emperor Maurice. This became a decades-long conflict, the longest war in the series, and was fought throughout the Middle East, the Aegean Sea , and before the walls of Constantinople itself. While the Persians proved largely successful during

2940-495: The Turkish army claimed that 325 were "neutralised" by 4 May. A curfew was in place between 14 March and 25 July in the majority of the town. After the fighting ended in a Turkish Army victory, in late September 2016 the Turkish government began demolishing a quarter of the city's residential buildings. This rendered 30,000 citizens homeless and caused a mass evacuation of tens of thousands of residents to neighboring towns and villages. Over 6,000 houses were bulldozed. After demolition

3024-674: The Turkish government, and Ali Atalan and Gülser Yıldırım, two elected members of the Grand National Assembly from the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), began a hunger strike in protest. Two civilians and ten PKK fighters were killed by security forces in the ensuing unrest. By March 2016, PKK forces controlled about half of Nusaybin according to Al-Masdar News and the YPS controlled "much" of it, according to The Independent . The Turkish state imposed eight successive curfews over several months and employed

3108-566: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 256370433 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 11:04:19 GMT Nisibis Nusaybin ( pronounced [nuˈsajbin] ) is a municipality and district of Mardin Province , Turkey . Its area is 1,079 km , and its population

3192-454: The aid of Theodore of Mopsuestia . The free course of studies lasted three years, the students providing for their own support. During their sojourn at the university, masters and students led a monastic life under somewhat special conditions. The school had a tribunal and enjoyed the right of acquiring all sorts of property. Its rich library possessed a most beautiful collection of Nestorian works; from its remains Ebed-Jesus, Bishop of Nisibis in

3276-575: The army of Areobind. Kavadh I , who reached Edessa , began demanding peace in exchange for a payment of 10,000 pounds from Byzantium, but Areobindus refused this. The success of the Byzantine forces at Amida, as well as the invasion of the Huns, forced the Sassanids to retreat from Edessa . Lazica , a kingdom usually allied with the Persians, converted to Christianity and sided with Byzantium. He

3360-474: The care of Barsauma , who had been trained at Edessa, under the patronage of Narses, who established the statutes of the new school. Those that have been discovered and published belong to Osee, the successor of Barsauma in the See of Nisibis, and bear the date 496; they must be substantially the same as those of 489. In 590, they were again modified. The monastery school was under a superior called Rabban ("master"),

3444-687: The cessation in smuggling has led to a 90% rise in unemployment in the city. Nusaybin is served by the E90 roadway and other roads to surrounding towns. The Nusaybin Railway Station is served by two daily trains. The closest airport is Qamishli Airport five kilometers to the south, in Qamishli in Syria. The closest Turkish airport is Mardin Airport , 55 kilometers northwest of Nusaybin. Nusaybin

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3528-486: The cession of Nisibis was supposed to last 120 years. Nisibis remained a major entrepôt ; one of only three such cities of commercial exchange allowed by Roman law promulgated in 408/9. However, despite several Roman attempts to recapture Nisibis through the remainder of the Roman–Persian Wars and the construction of nearby Dara to defend against Persian attack, Nisibis was not returned to Roman control before it

3612-561: The city after a four-month siege . At the same time, a smaller Persian army under Adarmahan ravaged Syria, sacking Apamea and a number of other cities. They were only pushed away from Syria proper by a bumbling Byzantine defence near Antioch. To make matters worse, in 572 the Byzantine emperor Justin II had ordered the assassination of the Ghassanid king al-Mundhir III ; as a result of

3696-409: The city because the approaches to the breaches were impassable due to floodwater, mud and debris. The soldiers and citizens inside the city worked all night and by dawn the breaches were closed with makeshift barriers. Shapur's assault troops attacked the breaches, but their assault was repulsed. A few days later the Persian lifted the siege. Nisibis was besieged a second time in 346 CE. The details of

3780-555: The city in 338, 346, and 350, when St Jacob or James of Nisibis , Babu's successor, was its bishop. Nisibis was the home of Ephrem the Syrian , who remained until its surrender to the Sassanid Persians by Roman Emperor Jovian in 363. The bishop of Nisibis was the Metropolitan Archbishop of the ecclesiastical province of Bit-Arbaye . By 410, it had six suffragan sees and as early as the middle of

3864-436: The city was populated by descendants of Spartans . Around the 1st century CE, Nisibis ( Hebrew : נציבין , romanized :  Netzivin ) was the home of Judah ben Bethera , who founded a famous yeshiva there. In 67 BCE, during Rome's first war with Armenia , the Roman general Lucullus took Nisibis ( Armenian : Մծբին , romanized :  Mtsbin ) from the brother of Tigranes . Like many other cities in

3948-537: The city; what remained of the Assyrian population emigrated during the height of the Kurdish-Turkish conflict in the 1990s and as a result of the resumption of the conflict in 2016 , only one Assyrian family reportedly remained in the city. Nisibis ( Syriac : ܢܨܝܒܝܢ , Nṣibin , later Syriac ܨܘܒܐ , Ṣōbā ) had an Assyrian Christian bishop from 300, founded by Babu (died 309). Shapur II besieged

4032-446: The command of Areobindus . This army was divided into two parts: one of them went to capture Amidah, the second besieged Nisibis . Although the Byzantines were initially successful at Nisibis , they could not consolidate the advantage, Kavadh I forced Areobindus to retreat during a counterattack. The second part of the army tried to come to the support of the first, but it was too late, the Persians defeated this army, separately from

4116-414: The defences in his Carmina Nisibena , 'song of Nisibis', while the Roman caesar Julian ( r.  355–363 ) described the third siege in his panegyric to his senior co-emperor, the augustus Constantius II ( r.  337–361 ). The Roman soldier and Latin historian Ammianus Marcellinus described Nisibis, fortified with walls, towers, and a citadel, as "the strongest bulwark of

4200-465: The defenders. They also undermined the walls, dammed the Mygdonius River and constructed dikes to direct the river against the walls. On the seventieth day of the siege, the water was released and the torrent struck the walls; entire sections of the city walls collapsed. The water passed through the city and knocked down a section of the opposite wall as well. The Persians were unable to assault

4284-663: The early 20th century for economic reasons. A synagogue in Jerusalem practises the Nisibis and Qamishli rites today. Nusaybin made headlines in 2006 when villagers near Kuru uncovered a mass grave, suspected of belonging to Ottoman Armenians and Assyrians killed during the Armenian and Assyrian genocides . Swedish historian David Gaunt visited the site to investigate its origins, but left after finding evidence of tampering. Gaunt, who has studied 150 massacres carried out in

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4368-404: The early 21st century, revealing various buildings including the 4th-century cathedral. First mentioned in 901 BCE, Naṣibīna was an Aramean kingdom captured by the Assyrian king Adad-Nirari II in 896. By 852 BCE, Naṣibīna had been fully annexed to the Neo-Assyrian Empire and appeared in the Assyrian Eponym List as the seat of an Assyrian provincial governor named Shamash-Abua. It

4452-400: The first stage of the war from 602 to 622, conquering much of the Levant, Egypt, several islands in the Aegean Sea and parts of Anatolia, the ascendancy of the emperor Heraclius in 610 led, despite initial setbacks, to a status quo ante bellum . Heraclius's campaigns in Iranian lands from 622 to 626 forced the Persians onto the defensive, allowing his forces to regain momentum. Allied with

4536-434: The governments of France and the new Republic of Turkey in the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne , the Turkey-Syria border would follow the line of the Baghdad Railway until Nusaybin, after which it would follow the path of a Roman road leading to Cizre . After the establishment of the French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon , Nusaybin lost over 60% of its population to the settlements there, most prominently Qamishli . Nusaybin

4620-406: The history of the Roman-Sasanian wars was the Shapur 3 campaign in Armenia , as a result of the peace treaty , Armenia was divided into two parts: Persarmenia (territory ceded to the Sassanians) and Armenia Minor (territory ceded to the Romans). In 421, Bahram V became emperor of the Sasanian Empire and continued the persecution of Christians in the territory of the Sasanian Empire, which

4704-421: The latter was unopposed elsewhere in the field and managed to capture Cotais and the fortress of Uthimereos, blocking the important roads to the highland regions of Scymnia and Souania , which were also captured by him later. In the summer of 555, he dislodged a superior Byzantine-Lazic force at Telephis and Ollaria by stratagem and forced them to retreat to Nesos. Mihr-Mihroe died of illness shortly after and

4788-406: The mountain passes and then relieved the besieged Petra. Lacking enough supplies, Mihr-Mihroe garrisoned 3,000 men in the fortress and marched to Armenia leaving 5,000 soldiers to supply Petra. This force was destroyed by Dagisthaeus at the Phasis river in 549. The next Persian offensive also proved to be unsuccessful with the commander Chorianes killed in a decisive battle at the river Hippis (now

4872-402: The payment made shah Yazdegerd II declare war against the Romans, which had ultimately little success for either side. The Persian king Kavadh I was sorely short of money, for this reason he declared war on Byzantium. In 502, the Sassanid emperor invaded Byzantine empire , and captured a number of fortresses not ready for war by the Romans. Anastasius I sent an army of 52,000 men under

4956-523: The province from the Huns while the Thracian Roman troops were sent to the East. Ardabur sent Anatolius to Persarmenia , where he joined the rebels, while Ardabur entered Persian territory and devastated Arzanene . The general of the Sassanid army , Narses, engaged Ardabur in battle, but was defeated and forced to retreat. Narses planned to attack Mesopotamia , a Roman province that had been left unguarded, and moved there, but Ardabur foresaw his enemy's plan and intercepted him there. The Sasanian and

5040-456: The restorer of monastic life; and Archbishop   Elijah of Nisibis . As a fortified frontier city, Nisibis played a major role in the Roman-Persian Wars . It became the capital of the newly created province of Mesopotamia after Diocletian 's organization of the eastern Roman frontier. It became known as the "Shield of the Empire" after a successful resistance in 337–350. The city changed hands several times, and once in Sasanian hands, Nisibis

5124-417: The second siege have not survived. Shapur besieged the city for seventy-eight days and then lifted the siege. In 350 CE, while the Roman Emperor Constantius II was engaged in a civil war against the usurper Magnentius in the West, the Persians invaded and laid siege to Nisibis for the third time. The siege lasted between 100 and 160 days. The Persian engineers tried several innovative siege technics; using

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5208-453: The situation and began raiding Caucasian Albania , wintering there and plundering territories. Khosrow wanted to ask for peace, but the victory of his general in Armenia stopped him. In 578, the main front moved to Mesopotamia . Mauritius has conducted successful raids on both banks of the Tigris . Khosrow wanted to ask for peace again, but died, and his heir Hormizd IV interrupted the negotiations. In 582, Maurice became emperor, but in

5292-400: The summer of 1915 in Mardin , said that the Committee of Union and Progress 's governor for Mardin, Halil Edip, had likely ordered the massacre on 14 June 1915, leaving 150 Armenians and 120 Assyrians dead. The settlement was then known as Dara (now Oğuz). Gaunt added that the death squad, named El-Hamşin (meaning "fifty men"), was headed by officer Refik Nizamettin Kaddur. The president of

5376-400: The town, in addition to the Turkish language . In November 2013, Nusaybin's mayor, Ayşe Gökkan , commenced a hunger strike to protest against the construction of a wall between Nusaybin and the neighboring Kurdish -majority city of Qamishli in Syria . Construction of the wall stopped as a result of this and other protests. On 13 November 2015, the town was placed under a curfew by

5460-458: The unsuccessful attempt on his life, al-Mundhir severed his alliance with the Byzantines, leaving their desert frontier exposed. In 575, the Byzantines managed to resolve their conflict with the Ghassanids , the latter in turn plundered the capital of the Arabs allied to the Persians. Khosrow I prepared a grandiose campaign through the Caucasus to Anatolia , but during this campaign he was defeated near Melitene. The Byzantines took advantage of

5544-407: The use of heavy weapons in defeating the Kurdish militants, resulting in large swathes of Nusaybin being destroyed. 61 members of the security forces had been killed by May 2016. By 9 April, 60,000 residents of the city had been displaced, yet 30,000 civilians remained in the city, including in the six neighborhoods where fighting continued. YPS reportedly had 700–800 militants in the city, of which

5628-440: The victory at Callinicum. After the failure of the Siege of Martyropolis and the death of Kavadh I , a peace was concluded, according to which Byzantium retained Lazica and the Sassanids retained Iberia . Those calls were answered that year by the Persian king Khosrow I , who entered Lazica, captured the Byzantine main stronghold of Petra, and established another protectorate over the country. Khosrow I retreated to Persia

5712-435: The walls and towers checked the assault and a sortie from one of the gates forced the Persians to withdraw. Shortly after the Persian Army, suffering heavy casualties from combat and disease, lifted the siege and withdrew. The Roman historian of the 4th century, Ammianus Marcellinus , gained his first practical experience of warfare as a young man at Nisibis under the magister equitum , Ursicinus . From 360 to 363, Nisibis

5796-578: Was raided by the Qarmatians . Nisibis was captured in 942 by the Byzantine Empire but was subsequently recaptured by the Hamdanid dynasty . It was attacked by the Byzantines once again in 972. Following the Hamdanids, the city was administered by the Marwanids and the Uqaylids . From the middle of the 11th century onwards, it was subjected to Turkish raids and being threatened by the County of Edessa , being attacked and damaged by Seljuq forces under Tughril in 1043. The city nevertheless remained an important centre of commerce and transport. In 1120, it

5880-475: Was a focus of international trade, and according to the Greek history of Peter the Patrician , the primary point of contact between Roman and Persian empires. Nisibis was besieged three times by the Sasanian army under Shapur II ( r.  309–379 ) in the first half of the 4th century; each time, the city's fortifications held. The Syriac poet Ephrem the Syrian witnessed all three sieges, and praised Nisibis's successive bishops for their contributions to

5964-435: Was a place on the transit routes of Syrian Jews leaving the country after the 1948 formation of Israel and the subsequent Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries . Upon reaching Turkey, after a route that took them through Aleppo and the Jazira sometimes with the help of Bedouin smugglers, most headed for Israel . There had been a large Jewish community in Nisbis since antiquity, many of whom moved to Qamishli in

6048-702: Was captured by the Artuqids under Necmeddin Ilgazi , followed by the Zengids and Ayyubids . The city is described as a very prosperous one by the period's Arab geographers and historians, with imposing baths, walls, lavish houses, a bridge and a hospital. In 1230, the city was invaded by the Mongol Empire . Mongol sovereignty was followed by that of the Ag Qoyunlu , Kara Koyunlu and Safavids . In 1515, it

6132-473: Was ceded to the Sassanian Empire after the defeat of Julian. Before that time the population of the town was forced by the Roman authorities to leave Nisibis and move to Amida . Emperor Jovian allowed them only three days for the evacuation. Historian Ammianus Marcellinus was again an eyewitness and condemns Emperor Jovian for giving up the fortified town without a fight. Marcellinus' point-of-view

6216-595: Was completed in March 2017, over one hundred apartment towers were built. The Turkish government offered to compensate homeowners at 12% of the value of their destroyed houses if they agreed to certain relocation conditions. As a result of Turkish government policy to close all border crossings with the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria , the city's border with Syria (i.e. the large Syrian city of Qamishli) has been closed, with claims that

6300-714: Was conquered in 639 by the Rashidun Caliphate during the Muslim conquest of the Levant . Under Sasanian rule and after, Nisibis was a major centre of the Christian Church , and the bishop of Nisibis attended the Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon convened in 410 by the emperor Yazdegerd I ( r.  399–420 ). As a result of this council, the Church of the East was set up, and the bishop of Nisibis became

6384-623: Was defeated and Khosrow II came to power. The Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 , also called the Last Great War of Antiquity, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Persian Sasanian Empire . It was the final and most devastating conflict of the Roman–Persian Wars (54 BC – AD 628). The previous war between the two powers had ended in 591 after Emperor Maurice helped

6468-465: Was followed by the rest of the Caucasian kingdoms, such as Iberia , to get out from under the influence of the Persians. The Persians tried to bring back the now Christian kingdom of Iberia to Zoroastrianism , but this kingdom rebelled, following its neighbor Lazica . As part of his strategic consolidation of power in the East, Justinian I further strengthened the border defenses by incorporating

6552-585: Was mainly Syriac -speaking, and control of it was contested between the Kingdom of Armenia , the Romans, and the Parthian Empire . After a peace treaty contracted between the Sasanian Empire and the Romans in 298 and enduring until 337, Nisibis was capital of Roman Mesopotamia and the seat of its governor (Latin: dux mesopotamiae ). Jacob of Nisibis , the city's first known bishop , constructed its first cathedral between 313 and 320. Nisibis

6636-558: Was replaced by Nachoragan . Less than 10 years after the end of the Lazic War, tensions have risen again. The Persians invaded Yemen, expelling the Byzantine allies, and the allied Arabs raided the territories of Byzantium in the east. In 572, there was an uprising against the Persians in Armenia, which was suppressed, but the connection of the head of the uprising with the emperor helped unite all Christians in this region. This helped

6720-628: Was started by his father Yazdigerd I . The Persians hired several Roman gold miners, but now refused to send them back; moreover, the Sassanids seized the property of Roman merchants. This was the reason for the first Byzantine-Sasanian war . The commander-in-chief of the Roman army was Ardabur , who, incidentally, came from the Iranian tribe of the Alans . Ardabur needed to collect many troops for his campaign. Theodosius, therefore, allowed some Pannonian Ostrogoths to settle in Thracia , to defend

6804-612: Was taken by the Ottoman Empire under Selim I thanks to the efforts of Idris Bitlisi . On the eve of World War I , Nusaybin had a Christian community of 2000, along with a Jewish population of 600. A massacre of Christians took place in August 1915, after which the Christian community of Nusaybin diminished to 1200. Syrian Jacobites , Chaldean Catholics , Protestants, and Armenians were targeted. As agreed upon by

6888-419: Was the base of operations against the Romans. The city was also one of the main crossing points for merchants, although elaborate counter-espionage safeguards were also in place. The city was taken without resistance by the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate under Umar in 639 or 640. Under early Islamic rule, the city served as a local administrative centre. In 717, it was struck by an earthquake and in 927 it

6972-585: Was the camp of Legio I Parthica . Because of its strategic importance on the Persian border, Nisibis was heavily fortified. Ammianus lovingly calls Nisibis the "impregnable city" ( urbs inexpugnabilis ) and "bulwark of the provinces" ( murus provinciarum ). Sozomen writes that when the inhabitants of Nisibis asked for help because the Persians were about to invade the Roman territories and attack them, Emperor Julian refused to assist them because they were Christianized , and he told them that he would not help them if they did not return to paganism. In 363 Nisibis

7056-557: Was under Babylonian control until 536 BCE, when it fell to the Achaemenid Persians , and remained so until taken by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE. The Seleucids re-founded the city as Antiochia Mygdonia ( Greek : Ἀντιόχεια τῆς Μυγδονίας ), mentioned for the first time in Polybius ' description of the march of Antiochus III the Great against Molon ( Polybius , V, 51). The Greek historian Plutarch suggested that

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