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37-554: The details surrounding his biography are not clear. It is known that he worked during the reign of Ilkhan Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan (1316-1335), and that he was also a contemporary of the Persian poet Hafez (d. 1390), who was also from Shiraz. It is unclear whether '"Shahin" is the poet's first name or his pen name. It is possible that he was from Kashan and that he was buried in Shiraz. His works include epic cycles (poetic epics) from

74-595: A battle against Nogai of Golden Horde in 1289 during his 20s. Amir Chupan was mentioned as a supporter of Gaykhatu during the latter's successful campaign for the Ilkhanid throne. During Ghazan's fight with Baydu for the throne in 1295, Chupan met with him near the Ustunavand castle and changed sides. He participated in a campaign against Sulaimish of Oirats , who rebelled in Anatolia in 1299. He acted as

111-455: A commercial treaty with Venice in 1320, while also granting them to establish oratories throughout the empire. He also improved relations with Mamluk Egypt the same year, signing a treaty. He is also known to have corresponded with Muhammad b. Tughluq of Delhi Sultanate . Abu Sa'id had to face another invasion by Özbeg in 1335 and left to face him, but died on his way in Karabakh , on

148-522: A potential rival), as well as several other officers, for their military negligence, a conspiracy was then launched against him. The conspirators included Abu Sa'id's uncle Irinjin, who Chupan had dismissed from the governorship of Diyarbakr . Irinjin was defeated near Mianeh in June 1319. Following these events, Chupan gained almost complete influence over the Ilkhan, and his sons gained prominent positions as

185-549: A senior commander during Ghazan's three campaigns against Syria , then under the rule of the Mamelukes . However, later, Chupan's army under the command of Ghazan's chief military officer Qutlugh Shah , was defeated by the Mamelukes in the battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303) . When Qutlugh Shah fled, Chupan stayed with the army, and reached Ghazan in June. Ghazan, furious at the defeat, punished both Qutlugh Shah and Chupan, though

222-468: A truce, and then camped near Qazvin . When the shaikh failed, he continued west, with his troops pillaging on the way. Upon reaching Quha, he was a day's journey away from Abu Sa'id's camp, but as night fell, most of his army including Muhammad Beg, uncle of Abu Sa'id deserted him near Ray , taking 30.000 soldier with them, leaving Chupan no choice but to retreat to Herat . Upon reaching Saveh, he sent his wife Sati Beg back to Abu Sa'id. He then traveled in

259-564: The Blue Horde . As Chupan had reached the height of his power, he had also sown the seeds of his fall. While Abu Sa'id lacked a treasury, Chupan's son and administrative representative Demasq Kaja spent his wealth extravagantly. This situation annoyed the Ilkhan, who was further influenced against him by his viziers, particularly Rukn al-Din Sa'in, Chupan's own protégé. Chupan's efforts to keep Abu Sa'id from marrying his daughter Bagdad Katun , who

296-697: The Jalayirids , and new movements like the Sarbadars . On his return to Persia, the great voyager Ibn Battuta was amazed to discover that the realm which had seemed to be so mighty only twenty years before, had dissolved so quickly. The Ilkhanate lost cohesion after the death of Abu Sa'id, and that of his successor, Arpa Ke'un , becoming a plethora of little kingdoms run by Mongols , Turks , and Persians . Abu Sa'id married six times from different clans including Borjigin , Oirat and Suldus : Abu Sa'id had one daughter According to Ibn Battuta , Abu Sa'id

333-638: The Siege of Baghdad in 1258 while his uncle Akrunchi participated in a campaign in Georgia in 1318. His grandfather was Tudaun from the Suldus clan and was directly descended from Chilaun, who was one of Genghis Khan 's four great companions. Tudaun accompanied Hulagu on his campaign against Golden Horde in 1262 and named as governor of Diyar Bakr , died in 1277 at the Battle of Elbistan . He participated in

370-679: The Torah and from later parts of the Hebrew Bible . The Musā-nāmah was composed in 1327, and includes narratives from the books of Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers , Deuteronomy . The work contains close to 10,000 couplets . His versification of the Book of Genesis , the Bereshit-nāmah , was composed around 1358; it contains close to 8700 couplets . His epic poem on the tale of Esther , Ardashir-nāmah , includes multiple stories in addition to

407-564: The Ilkhan moved against rebels and met them near Mianeh. A decisive battle was fought on 20 June 1319 near Mianeh with an Ilkhanate victory. This victory granted young Abu Sa'id the honorific titles of Baghatur (from Mongolian "баатар", meaning "hero, warrior") and al-Sultan al-Adil (the just Sultan). In total 36 emirs and 7 khatuns, including Amir Toqmaq, Qurumishi, Princess Könchek (daughter of Tekuder ), her husband Irinjin and their sons Sheykh Ali and Vafadar were executed while Qurumushi's son Abdurrahman fled to Özbeg. Chupan subsequently

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444-514: The Ilkhanate was parceled out among them. His sons Timurtash , Shaikh Mahmud , Hasan and Demasq Kaja were given governorships of Anatolia , Georgia , Khorasan and Azerbaijan respectively. He also married Abu Sa'id's sister Sati Beg , whom he had been betrothed to since 1316. However, his son Timurtash rose in rebellion in 1322, claiming to be Mahdi . Chupan went to obtain his surrender personally and even managed to get reappointment to

481-462: The Ilkhanid court. It was at this time that Abu Sa'id decided to make his move. Using opportunity, on 25 August 1327, Abu Sa'id had one of Chupan's sons, Demasq Kaja , killed, apparently for his activities with a former concubine of Öljaitü's. Hearing this, Chupan marched against Abu Sa'id seeking revenge. he convinced the local religious leader of Simnan, Shaikh 'Ala' al-Daula, to try to negotiate

518-509: The Keraite tribe - Irinjin was the father of Öljaitü's widow Qutluqshah Khatun and a son-in-law to Tekuder , while Qurumshi's father Alinaq Noyan was also a son-in-law of Tekuder. A 40,000-strong rebel army caught Chupan with his two sons and 2,000-strong entourage unguarded near Georgia and caused him to flee. Chupan arrived in Tabriz and later went to Abu Sa'id to report. Hearing this news,

555-640: The Ulus, despite attempts by the Amir Sevinch to gain the position for himself. Moreover, Chupan was betrothed to Sati Beg , another daughter of Öljeitü in 1317. Chupan attempted to neutralize the influence of the viziers. In 1318, he convinced the discredited former vizier Rashid-al-Din Hamadani to return to the Ilkhanid court. Rashid, who had many enemies, was accused of poisoning Öljeitü soon after he returned. Chupan promptly turned on him, and Rashid-al-Din

592-607: The deaths of his elder brothers. He was assigned to govern Khorasan and Mazandaran in 1315 with the Uyghur noble Amir Sevinch as his guardian. He was brought back to Soltaniyeh by Sevinch in December, 1316. But his coronation was delayed until April, May, July or August 1317 due to a conflict between Chupan and Sevinch. Abu Said employed Rashid-al-Din Hamadani and Taj Al-Din Ali Shah Gilani as his viziers. However,

629-564: The direction of Tabas , with the intention of finding refuge in Transoxiana. Upon reaching the Murghab River, he changed his mind and headed for Khurasan. He was given a friendly welcome into Herat by the local Kartid ruler, Ghiyath ud-Din. However he was soon strangled to death under orders of Abu Sa'id in 1327. Chupan and his son Chilaun were both killed. As Chupan's friend, Ghiyath ordered that he be killed by strangulation, which

666-496: The emir Chupan as the de facto ruler of Ilkhanate, but the following years were tumultuous for Abu Sa'id's reign. Golden Horde khan Özbeg invaded Azerbaijan in 1319 in coordination with Chagatayid prince Yasa'ur who had pledged loyalty to Öljaitü earlier but revolted in 1319. Prior to that, he had Amir Yasaul, governor of Mazandaran, killed by his subordinate Begtüt. Abu Sa'id was forced to send Amir Husayn Jalayir to face Yasa'ur while he himself marched against Özbeg. Özbeg

703-497: The latter was dealt with more leniently. He also met Zahid Gilani sometime during reign of Ghazan. On 19 March 1305 Chupan was betrothed to the daughter of Ghazan's successor Öljeitü , Dowlandi Khatun. In 1307 he was given command of one of four armies assigned to quell the rebellious province of Gilan . Marching from Ardabil , he convinced the rulers of Astara and Gaskar to surrender peacefully, and then met up with Öljeitü. Qutlugh Shah's army, however, did not fare so well, and he

740-542: The latter's position across the Kur River was in danger. Several of Abu Sa'id's officers had deserted, leaving his army weakened. He rushed to his master's position, only to find the troops of the Blue Horde already in flight. Nevertheless, Chupan inflicted heavy casualties upon the enemy. The matter of Abu Sa'id's officers fleeing still needed to be addressed. When the amir enacted punishment against Qurumushi (also

777-470: The night of 30 November to 1 December 1335. His body was taken to Soltaniyeh and buried there. According to Ibn Battuta, he was poisoned by Baghdad Khatun on the grounds of jealousy. He might have been a victim of bubonic plague instead. Abu Sa'id died without an heir or an appointed successor, thus leaving the Ilkhanate vulnerable. This led to clashes between the major families, such as the Chupanids ,

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814-584: The post by Abu Sa'id. Abu Sa'id sometime fell in love with Baghdad Khatun , one of emir Chupan's daughters. The emir's efforts to keep Abu Sa'id from marrying his daughter, who was still married to Hasan Buzurg (another powerful kingmaker of the era), did not help the situation. Abu Said approached Chupan in 1325, claiming her unsuccessfully. Chupan sent his daughter and son-in-law to Karabakh instead while himself went against Özbeg and Tarmashirin who invaded Azerbaijan and Khorasan respectively. Same year Chupan defeated another force led by Özbeg, and even invaded

851-929: The post by Abu Sa'id. Abu Sa'id sometime fell in love with Baghdad Khatun , one of emir Chupan's daughters. The emir's efforts to keep Abu Sa'id from marrying his daughter, who was still married to Hasan Buzurg (another powerful kingmaker of the era), did not help the situation. Abu Said approached Chupan in 1325, claiming her unsuccessfully. Chupan sent his daughter and son-in-law to Karabakh instead while himself went against Özbeg and Tarmashirin who invaded Azerbaijan and Khorasan respectively. Using this opportunity, on 25 August 1327, Abu Sa'id had one of Chupan's sons, Demasq Kaja , killed, apparently for his activities with one of Öljaitü's former concubines. Hearing this, Chupan marched against Abu Sa'id seeking revenge. But many emirs including Muhammad Beg, uncle of Abu Sa'id deserted him near Ray , taking 30.000 soldiers with them, leaving Chupan no choice but to retreat to Herat . However he

888-514: The viziers were at odds and it led to Hamadani's dismissal in October 1317. Amir Sevinch died in January 1318, leaving young Abu Sa'id in the hands of Chupan. Although Chupan recalled Hamadani to serve in court, Gilani accused Hamadani (and his son Ibrahim Izzaddin, the cupbearer) of poisoning the late Ilkhan Öljaitü , which led to their eventual execution on 13 July 1318 near Abhar . This left

925-498: The well-known biblical narrative. For example, Shāhin also expounds on the adventures of Shiru, the son of Ardashir (Ahaseurus) and Queen Vashti . In 2022, Iranian-Canadian composer, Iman Habibi, composed Shāhīn-nāmeh as a winner of the 2022 Azrieli Music Prize. Shāhīn-nāmeh is a 25-minute piece for orchestra and soloist on the story of Queen Esther from Ardashir-Nameh, and uses poetry from Shahin Shirazi's Ardashir-nameh. This piece

962-615: Was accused of treason with Baghdad Khatun in 1332 but reinstated as governor of Anatolia later. However, Abu Sa'id divorced Baghdad and married her niece Dilshad Khatun in 1333. In 1334, Abu Sa'id appointed Amir Musaffar Inaq as governor of Shiraz to the resentment of Sharaf al-Din Mahmudshah Inju, founder of Injuid dynasty , who was ruling Fars region for a while since Chupan's death. He pursued Musaffar to Abu Sa'id's tent, accidentally making attempt on his life. Mahmudshah's rebellious act got him imprisoned. Abu Sa'id signed

999-746: Was already married to Hasan Buzurg, did not help the situation. Early in 1326, Chupan led an army to defend against an imminent invasion of Khurasan . By the request of Abu Said, the Khagan Yesün Temür awarded his custodian Chupan the nominal title of a chief-commander of all Mongol Khanates. In the autumn of that year, the Chagatai Khan Tarmashirin crossed the Oxus River , and was defeated by Chupan's son Hasan near Ghazna . The vizier Rukn al-Din Sa'in had traveled with Chupan, leaving Demasq Kaja in effective control at

1036-454: Was considered an honorable way to die. The Kartid leader then sent one of Chupan's fingers to Abu Sa'id as proof of the deed. Many of Chupan's sons were to also die in the next few years. His daughter soon forced to divorce Hasan Buzurg and marry Abu Sa'id. In compensation, Hasan was awarded former post of Chupan, rising to be new commander-in-chief of Ilkhanid army. He was buried in Medina , in

1073-470: Was defeated shortly after thanks to reinforcements by Chupan, while Yasa'ur was killed by Kebek in 1320. Several amirs did not come to the aid of Abu Sa'id, therefore they were subject to punishment by Chupan. Yet another revolt started in 1319, this time by Keraite emirs Irinjin , a former governor of Diyar Bakr , and Qurumishi , governor of Georgia who were among the emirs rebuked by Chupan. Qurumishi and Irinjin were related in addition to both being from

1110-489: Was given hand of Sati Beg , sister of Abu Sa'id on 6 September 1319, thus growing his family's power greatly. His sons Timurtash , Shaikh Mahmud , Hasan and Demasq Kaja were given governorships of Anatolia , Georgia , Khorasan and Azerbaijan , respectively. However, Timurtash rose in rebellion in 1322, claiming to be the Mahdi . Chupan went to obtain his surrender personally and even managed to get his reappointment to

1147-484: Was killed by the Gilakis. Following his death, Öljeitü made Chupan his chief military commander or Amir of the Ulus (nation). This was followed by his marriage to his fiancée Dowlandi on 30 September 1307. Chupan was now a major influence behind the throne, though he had to contend with the court viziers. Dowlandi died in 1314; following the death of Öljeitü in 1316, his son Abu Sa'id confirmed Chupan's status as Amir of

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1184-573: Was one of "the most beautiful of God's creatures". Being a cultured ruler, he was the only Il-Khan to be known to author poetry as well as music. Chupan Amir Chūpān ( Persian : امیر چوپان ; died November 1327), also spelt Choban or Coban , was a Chupanid noble of the Ilkhanate , and nominal general of the Mongol Empire . He was ennobled by Emperor Taiding of Yuan as Duke of Yi (翊國公). Chupan's father Malek participated in

1221-694: Was premiered by Orchestre Métropolitain and Sepideh Raissadat in Montreal. This article about an Iranian writer or poet is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This biographical article about a person notable in connection with Judaism is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Abu Sa%27id Bahadur Khan Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan (June 2, 1305 – December 1, 1335; Persian : ابو سعید بهادر خان ), also spelled Abusaid Bahador Khan , Abu Sa'id Behauder (Modern Mongolian : Бу-Саид Баатар хан , Abu sayid Baghatur Khan , [ˈabusæt ˈbaːtər xaːŋ] in modern Mongolian ),

1258-556: Was put to death in July of that year. In 1319, armies under the command of the khan of the Blue Horde , Öz-Beg , invaded the Ilkhanate. Abu Sa'id led a campaign to stop the invasion. Chupan was on his way to assist Amir Husain (the father of the founder of the Jalayirids , Hasan Buzurg ) against the raids of the Chagatai prince Yasa'ur , who was devastating Khurasan , but then turned around to support Abu Sa'id upon receiving word that

1295-624: Was responsible for Chupan's downfall and Abu Sa'id's uncle Ali Padshah were granted governorates of Khorasan and Baghdad respectively. However Ghiyas al-Din's enforcement of central authority didn't coincide with other amirs' plans. Narin Taghai left his post in 1329 to kill Ghiyas al-Din. He was aided by emirs Ali Padshah and Misr Khwaja. Narin Taghay was executed in September or 29 July 1329, ending another serious threat. Later Hasan Buzurg too

1332-447: Was soon strangled by Kartid ruler Ghiyath-uddin under orders of Abu Sa'id in 1327. His daughter was soon forced to divorce Hasan Buzurg and marry Abu Sa'id. In compensation, Hasan was awarded Chupan former post, rising to be a new commander-in-chief of the Ilkhanid army. Now ruling personally, Abu Sa'id invited Ghiyas al-Din , son of Rashid al-Din to be his vizier. Narin Taghai (a nephew of Taghachar and grandson of Kitbuqa ) who

1369-487: Was the ninth ruler (c. 1316 – 1335) of the Ilkhanate , a division of the Mongol Empire that encompassed the present day countries of Iran , Azerbaijan , Georgia , and Armenia , as well as parts of Iraq , Turkey , Afghanistan , and Pakistan . After his death in 1335, the Ilkhanate disintegrated. He was born on 2 June 1305, near Ujan, Tabriz to Öljaitü and Hajji Khatun. He became his father's heir after

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