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45-660: Calea Dorobanți is one of the oldest streets with heavy traffic in Bucharest. The area around the street was designed and built as an exclusive district. The current name was given to the street in 1878, after the Romanian War of Independence , as a tribute to the Romanian infantry troops ( Dorobanți in Romanian) who fought at Pleven , Vidin and Grivitsa . The street runs from Lahovari Square  [ ro ] to

90-534: A lieutenant general and returned for a short while to Constantinople, before being sent to Scutari and later to Bosnia where he was appointed in charge of Trebinje . His appointment there didn't last long because he couldn't get along with the local governor, Ibrahim Dervish Pasha , so he was moved to the Fourth Army. In 1876, the Principality of Serbia proclaimed its independence and declared war on

135-844: A hero's welcome in Constantinople. He was awarded the title of Gazi ("warrior" or "veteran" or "victorious") for gallantry and promoted to the rank of Field Marshal . In addition to his Adjutancy title, Osman received the Order of the Medjidiye , First Class Order (Gold), and the Imtiyaz Medal in Gold for his services to the Empire. He was made Marshal of the Palace by the Sultan and

180-694: A region conquered by Turks around the late 15th century and ruled until the late 19th century when it was conquered by Russians) were taken from the Russian Empire , defeated in the Crimean War , and given back to the Romanians in Principality of Moldavia . The Russian Empire wanted to conquer as much as possible from the sick man of Europe , the Black Sea region (control of Danube ) all the way to Constantinopole ( Dardanelles / Bosphorus ) and

225-532: A so-called "compensation" the old Romanian counties of Southern Bessarabia ( Cahul , Bolgrad and Ismail ), which by the Treaty of Paris of 1856 (after the Crimean War ) were included in Moldavia . Prince Carol was most unhappy by this unfavorable turn of negotiations; he was finally persuaded by Bismarck (in now-published original letters exchanged at that time) to accept this compromise with Russia in view of

270-563: Is still revered in Turkey today as a sort of tragic hero who displayed gallant perseverance in the face of hopeless odds, and a Turkish flag is often seen draped on his tomb. During the Russian attack on Nikopol , Osman Pasha was in Vidin with his army. The Ottoman high command ordered Osman Pasha to reinforce Nikopol with 20,000 soldiers. While Osman was on his way to Nikopol, the city fell to

315-558: Is the name used in Romanian historiography to refer to the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) , following which Romania, fighting on the Russian side, gained independence from the Ottoman Empire . On April 16 [ O.S. April 4] 1877, Romania and the Russian Empire signed a treaty at Bucharest under which Russian troops were allowed to pass through Romanian territory, with the condition that Russia respected

360-614: The Battle of Nikopol . Osman knew that the Russia's next objective would be to cross the Balkans , the last important natural obstacle before Constantinople itself, but they could not risk that if they had a strong enemy force behind them. So he moved his army 20 miles south of Nikopol, at Plevna , a small town surrounded by hills and ravines. The first Russian attack was easily repulsed on 20 July. After that, Osman set about preparing for

405-529: The Cavalry Arm at the beginning of the Crimean War . He entered the Cavalry Arm at the beginning and served in the Crimean War , where his bravery secured him a promotion as first lieutenant . After the end of the war, Osman was appointed to the General Staff and, a year later, had risen to the rank of captain with the title of Bey . In 1859 he was appointed as a military representative in

450-650: The Mediterranean Sea . The treaty was not recognised by the Central Powers and the 1878 peace conference in Berlin decided that Russia would give Romania its independence, the territories of Northern Dobruja , the Danube Delta and access to the Black Sea including the ancient port of Tomis , as well as the tiny Snake Island ( Insula Şerpilor ), but Russia would nevertheless occupy as

495-534: The Order of St. George , while Major Murgescu was decorated with the Order of Saint Vladimir as well as the Order of the Star of Romania . Rândunica was returned to full Romanian control in 1878, after the Russian ground forces had finished crossing the Danube . The Ottoman monitor Seyfi was a 400-ton ironclad warship, with a maximum armor thickness of 76 mm and armed with two 120 mm guns. Another Ottoman monitor,

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540-521: The Podgoriçe , was shelled and sunk by Romanian coastal artillery on 7 November 1877. The peace treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire was signed at San Stefano , on 3 March 1878. It created a Bulgarian principality and recognized the independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania. The Convention between Russia and Romania, which established the transit of Russian troops through

585-571: The Allies launched another large-scale attack on Plevna on 11 September. After two days of fighting, even though the Allies had managed to dislodge the Ottomans from a few of the redoubts, almost all of them were recaptured, with the exception of Grivitza 1, taken by the Romanian soldiers. The Allies could not withstand such severe casualties, so they settled in for a siege and fully surrounded Plevna. Osman Pasha asked for permission to withdraw before

630-401: The Allies, Osman Pasha had no choice but to capitulate surrender to Mihail Cerchez . In 1878, after the Treaty of Berlin was signed on 13 July, which recognized an autonomous Principality of Bulgaria and the independence of the Principality of Romania , the Principality of Serbia and the Principality of Montenegro from the Ottoman Empire, he returned from Russian captivity and received

675-674: The Ottoman Empire requested an armistice, which was accepted by Russia and Romania. Romania won the war but at a cost of about 10,000 casualties. Additionally, another 19,084 soldiers fell sick during the campaign. Its independence from the Porte was finally recognized on 13 July 1878. The Romanian Navy consisted of three gunboats: Ştefan cel Mare , România and Fulgerul and one spar torpedo boat , Rândunica . The three gunboats displaced 352, 130 and 85 tons respectively. Ştefan cel Mare and România were each armed with four guns and Fulgerul with one gun. Despite its inferiority on paper,

720-648: The Ottoman Empire. Due to great losses, the Russian Empire asked Romania to intervene. On July 24 [ O.S. July 12] 1877, the first Romanian Army units crossed the Danube and joined forces with the Russian Army. On May 21 [ O.S. May 9] 1877, in the Romanian parliament, Mihail Kogălniceanu read the act of independence of Romania as the will of the Romanian people. A day later, on May 22 [ O.S. May 10] 1877,

765-512: The Ottoman Empire. Osman Pasha, who had at that time his headquarters at Vidin , defeated the Serbian Army, but in April 1877 Russia declared war on the Ottomans. The Russian troops crossed the Danube into Bulgaria and Osman, with his army of 15,000 men and 174 cannons, was tasked with protecting the important fortress of Nikopol . Before he could get there, the city fell on 16 July after

810-601: The Ottoman military anthem, still used today by Turkey , called Plevna March , was composed for his achievements in Plevna. He would go on to serve as War Minister on four occasions. On the night of 4 to 5 April 1900, he died in Constantinople. He was buried next to the Mosque of Fatih Sultan Mehmet as he had requested. His tomb was personally commissioned by Abdülhamit II, who regarded him as one of his greatest generals. He

855-484: The Ottoman warship rising up to 40 meters in the air. The half-sunk monitor then re-opened fire, but was struck once again, with the same devastating effects. The crew of Seyfi subsequently fired their rifles at Rândunica , as the latter was retreating and their monitor was sinking. Following this action, Ottoman warships throughout the remainder of the war would always retreat upon sighting spar torpedo boats. The Russian Lieutenants Dubasov and Shestakov were decorated with

900-422: The Ottomans lost only 5,000. Since the beginning of the war, Russian and Romanian losses reached up to 50,000. As more Russian and Romanian troops joined the siege, all attacks were halted. General Eduard Ivanovich Todleben came to see the situation of the siege. He was experienced in siege warfare, and decided to encircle the city. The Russian-Romanian army closed in by 24 October, as supplies began to run low in

945-593: The Romanian Navy destroyed many Turkish river gunboats. According to the Russian-Romanian treaty signed in April that year, the Romanian spar torpedo boat Rândunica served under joint Romanian-Russian command. She was also known as Tsarevich by the Russians. Her crew consisted of two Russian Lieutenants, Dubasov and Shestakov, and three Romanians: Major Murgescu (the official liaison officer with

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990-613: The Romanian War Ministry. Initially, before 1877, Russia did not wish to cooperate with Romania, since they did not wish Romania to participate in the peace treaties after the war, but the Russians encountered a very strong Ottoman army of 40,000 soldiers, led by Osman Pasha , at the Siege of Plevna ( Pleven ) where the Russian troops, led by Russian generals, suffered very heavy losses and were routed in several battles. Due to great losses, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich ,

1035-632: The Russian commander-in-chief, asked Prince Carol I for the Romanian Army to intervene and join forces with the Russian Army . Prince Carol I accepted the Duke's proposal to become the Marshal of the Russian troops in addition to the command of his own Romanian army, thus being able to lead the combined armed forces to the conquest of Plevna and the formal surrender, after heavy fighting, of

1080-412: The Russian headquarters), an engine mechanic and a navigator. The attack of Rândunica took place during the night of 25–26 May 1877, near Măcin . As she was approaching the Ottoman monitor Seyfi , the latter fired three rounds at her without any effect. Before she could fire the fourth round, Rândunica' s spar struck her between the midships and the stern. A powerful explosion followed, with debris from

1125-507: The Russian troops, sent an urgent telegram to Prince Carol I of the newly independent Principality of Romania asking for Romanian support. The Romanian Army sent 40,000 soldiers with 112 guns, modern Krupp pieces equal to those of the Ottomans, and Carol I was named commander of the joint Russian-Romanian troops around Plevna. By now, the Allied Army numbered 80,000 soldiers against an Ottoman force of around 40,000. Against Carol's wishes,

1170-441: The Russians on 16 July 1877. The Russians, knowing that Osman Pasha was heading to Nikopol, planned to intercept and attack his forces. Osman Pasha's troops were 20 miles away from Nikopol. Osman Pasha quickly created a strong network of fortifications, raising earthworks with redoubts, digging trenches and gun emplacements. On 19 July, Russian troops reached Pleven and started bombarding the town. The next day Russian troops continued

1215-424: The Russians attacked again only to lose over 7,000 soldiers (almost a third of the attacking force). By now, with the Russian forces severely depleted and demoralized, Osman Pasha could have launched a counterattack that would have endangered the whole Russian army south of the Danube , but he chose to obey his orders and instead defended Plevna. The Russians were quick to recover. Grand Duke Nicholas , commander of

1260-467: The Russians recovered and closed the breach after bitter hand-to-hand fighting, driving the Ottomans back. But the enveloped army could not return to Plevna because during the engagement with the Russian forces, the Romanian army had stormed the defenses protecting their rear, making a withdrawal to the fortifications impossible. Furthermore, Osman was wounded in the leg by a bullet and his troops panicked, thinking that he had died. With his army caught between

1305-427: The Russians were able to cut off all communications and supply lines to Pleven. By now, Osman Pasha's army had been reinforced to 30,000, while the Russian forces numbered 100,000. On 11 September, the Russians resumed the artillery bombardment, and mounted another assault. The assault succeeded in taking a few redoubts but Osman Pasha retook most of them. After the third battle, the Russians lost roughly 20,000 men, while

1350-582: The Turkish General Osman Pasha . The Army won the battles of Grivitsa and Rahova , and on 28 November 1877 the Plevna citadel capitulated, and Osman Pasha surrendered the city, the garrison and his sword to the Romanian colonel Mihail Cerchez and Russian division commander Ivan Ganetsky . After the occupation of Plevna, the Romanian Army returned to the Danube and won the battles of Vidin and Smârdan . On 19 January 1878,

1395-534: The act was signed by Prince Carol I . For symbolic reasons, the date of May 10 was celebrated as Independence Day, until 1947, since it also marked the celebration of the day when the German Prince Carol first came to Bucharest (May 10, 1866). After the Declaration, the Romanian government immediately cancelled paying tribute to the Ottoman Empire (914,000 lei ), and the sum was given instead to

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1440-449: The attacking army. On 31 July the Russians attacked Pleven again, but Ottoman troops managed to repulse the assault. After this second engagement, the Russians lost 10.000 men, while Ottomans lost 2,000. After suffering heavy casualties during the assault, the Russians sent out scouts, and resolved to cut off the Ottoman supply lines. To this end, Russian forces attacked the Ottoman garrison at Lovcha . This attack proved to be successful, and

1485-438: The bombardment, eventually forcing some Ottoman units off the outer defences. Reinforcements began arriving to both sides, as fighting intensified, and the Russians launched an assault. During the first assault, the Russians suffered 4,000 casualties, while the Ottomans suffered 1,000. After this, Osman Pasha strengthened his defences. The Russians were reinforced by the army of Prince Carol I of Romania , who assumed command of

1530-405: The city. On 9 December, Osman Pasha decided to attempt replay attack and attacked the Russian contingent during the night. Close-quarters combat ensued, but the Russian forces outnumbered the Ottomans. Osman Pasha's troops were driven back and he was struck in the leg by a stray bullet. Rumors of Osman Pasha's death spread panic, and Ottoman troops were driven back and enveloped by Romanian forces. At

1575-514: The country, is one by which Russia obliged itself "to maintain and have the political rights of Romanian state observed, such as they result from the internal laws and the existent tratatives and also to defend the present integrity of Romania". The Romanians believe that " defend " in a diplomatic act means recognition of the status-quo set by Congress of Paris of 1856, whereby three counties in Southern Bessarabia (part of Budjak ,

1620-434: The encirclement was complete, but he was denied. By December, with food and ammunition running low and his troops suffering from starvation, cold and disease, Osman knew he could not hold on throughout the winter and that no help from outside was available. Instead of surrendering, he chose to try and break through the siege lines. On 9 December, the Ottoman army attacked a sector of the Russian line and nearly broke through. But

1665-457: The forming of the cadastral and census map of the Ottoman Empire, a job he fulfilled for the next two years. In 1861, Osman was sent to Beirut Vilayet , where a rebellion had been started by Yusuf Ekrem in Syria . In 1866 he was dispatched to another troubled area of the Empire, Crete , which was engulfed in a massive revolt . His efforts there were noticed by Serdar-ı Ekrem Omar Pasha , so he

1710-467: The great economical potential of Romania's direct access to the Black Sea and its ancient ports at the expense of Bulgaria . Osman Nuri Pasha Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) Osman Nuri Pasha ( Ottoman Turkish : عثمان نوری پاشا ‎; 1832, Tokat , Ottoman Empire – 4 to 5 April 1900, Constantinople , Ottoman Empire), also known as Gazi Osman Pasha ( Turkish : Gazi Osman Paşa ),

1755-431: The integrity of Romania. Consequently, the mobilization of the Romanian troops also began, and about 120,000 soldiers were massed in the south of the country to defend against an eventual attack of the Ottoman forces from south of the Danube . On April 24 [ O.S. April 12] 1877, Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire and its troops entered Romania through the newly built Eiffel Bridge , on their way to

1800-456: The next attack. He took advantage of the natural landscape and built a strong network of forts, trench lines, and redoubts that enabled him to fully use his superior armament (his troops had Krupp breech-loading artillery, long range Peabody-Martini rifles and Winchester repeaters, which severely outgunned and outranged the Russians). He also received 5,000 soldiers as reinforcements. On 30 July

1845-638: The north-east by Primăverii neighborhood, in the north by Herăstrău neighborhood, in the west by Aviatorilor Avenue and Victory Square , and in the south-west by Lascăr Catargiu Avenue. 44°27′33″N 26°05′42″E  /  44.459178°N 26.094997°E  / 44.459178; 26.094997 Romanian War of Independence Romanian - Russian victory [REDACTED] 4,302 killed and missing 3,316 wounded 19,904 sick [REDACTED] 15,567 killed 56,652 wounded 6,824 died from wounds 81,363 died from disease 1,713 died from other causes 3,500 missing The Romanian War of Independence

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1890-523: The south to Dorobanți Square to the north. The Ion Luca Caragiale National College is located at the northern end of Calea Dorobanți. In 1947, the Zambaccian Museum was founded in the neighbourhood. Dorobanți neighborhood is delimited in the south by Piața Romană , in the south-east by Mihai Eminescu Street, in the east by Polonă Street, Floreasca Avenue, and the Floreasca district, in

1935-455: Was an Ottoman Turkish field marshal . Being one of the most respected and decorated Ottoman pashas of all time, many songs have been written for him, and many places named after him. This is mainly because he held the Bulgarian town of Plevna for five months against superior Russo-Romanian forces in 1877 during the Russo-Turkish War , though the city eventually fell. Osman Nuri

1980-557: Was born into the prominent Muslim Turkish Yağcıoğulları family of the city of Tokat . His father was a civil worker who, soon after Osman's birth, was appointed to a position in the Ottoman capital, so the family moved to Constantinople (now Istanbul ). Osman attended the Kuleli Military High School and then graduated from the Ottoman Military College in 1852 as a lieutenant , entering

2025-570: Was promoted to colonel and awarded the Order of the Medjidie , Third Class Order (Gold). His next appointment was Yemen , in 1868, where he was promoted to the rank of major-general with the title of Pasha , but also caught a disease which forced him to return to Constantinople in 1871. After a few months of rest, he was placed in charge of the Third Army in Rumelia . In 1873 he became

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