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34-530: The oldest known mention of the village comes from the Bull of Gniezno from 1136, when it was part of Piast -ruled Poland . It is famous as the place of the assassination of Leszek I the White , High Duke of Poland (November 23, 1227). Gąsawa received town rights in 1388 from King Władysław II Jagiełło and lost them in 1934. The town name appears as "Gonzawa", "Gonsawa", or "Gassawa" in certain older documents. It

68-480: A basilica (court hall), which separated the judge and counsel from the audience. A chancellor's office is called a chancellery or chancery . The word is now used in the titles of many various officers in various settings (government, education, religion ). Nowadays the term is most often used to describe: The Chancellor of Austria ( Bundeskanzler ), is the head of the Government of Austria. Since 2021,

102-441: A university's chancellor . The chancellor is the principal record-keeper of a diocese or eparchy , or their equivalent. The chancellor is a notary, so that he may certify official documents, and often has other duties at the discretion of the bishop of the diocese: he may be in charge of some aspect of finances or of managing the personnel connected with diocesan offices, although his delegated authority cannot extend to vicars of

136-521: A Chancellor ( Kantsler ) directs the work of a ministry and coordinates institutions subject to the ministry, comparably to a Permanent Secretary in Great Britain. A ministry can also have one or several Vice-Chancellors ( Asekantsler ), who fulfill the duties of the Chancellor, when they are absent. The Chancellor of Justice ( Õiguskantsler , currently Ülle Madise ) supervises

170-458: A consultative vote and prepares the reports on policy and activities of the council to parliament (assembly). The chancellery is responsible for the publication of all federal laws. In most Swiss cantons there is a State Chancellor who heads the central administrative unit of the cantonal government. In the Canton of Geneva , the first documents attesting to the existence of a Chancellor go back to

204-412: A few instances, the term chancellor applies to a student or faculty member in a high school or an institution of higher learning who is either appointed or elected as chancellor to preside on the highest ranking judicial board or tribunal . They handle non-academic matters such as violations of behavior. In Germany many heads of university administration carry the title Kanzler (Chancellor) while

238-686: A vassal of Emperor Lothair and agreed to pay tribute to the Holy Roman Empire. On July 7, 1136, Pope Innocent upheld the independence of the Polish church from the Archdiocese of Magdeburg in a papal bull entitled Ex commisso nobis. During World War II , the archdiocesan archives in Gniezno were plundered by Nazi Germany , and the bull, along with numerous other artefacts, were moved west towards Germany . The Nazis were intercepted by

272-445: Is the 17th century wooden St. Nicolas Church with a unique collection of multi-layered mural paintings, the earliest from the 17th century, and the most recent from 1807. The church itself, a larch construction with a slate roof, was in such a bad state around 1850 that local officials asked the regional Prussian government to allow the church to be dismantled and build a new one instead. The response gave permission to only overhaul

306-681: The District of Columbia Public Schools , who run the municipally-operated public schools in those jurisdictions, carry the title of Chancellor. New York State also has a Chancellor of the University of the State of New York , the body that licenses and regulates all educational and research institutions in the state and many professions (not to be confused with the State University of New York , an actual institution of higher learning). In

340-770: The Finnish Council of State . In Sweden the Chancellor of Justice or Justitiekanslern acts as the Solicitor General for the Swedish Government . The office was introduced by Charles XII of Sweden in 1713. Historically there was also a Lord High Chancellor or Rikskansler as the most senior member of the Privy Council of Sweden . There is in addition to this a University Chancellor or Universitetskansler , who leads

374-680: The Roman Catholic Church . The Polish church supported the appointment of the Antipope Anacletus II , while Saint Norbert of Xanten , Archbishop of Magdeburg , remained faithful to Innocent. In Norbert's last years, he was chancellor and adviser to Lothair II , the Holy Roman Emperor , and persuaded him to lead an army to Rome to restore Innocent to the papacy in 1133. Following Norbert's death, Lothair pressured Innocent to issue an order rejecting

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408-641: The Soviet Red Army , however, and the bull was taken to Moscow . The document remained in the Russian capital for fifty years before being returned to Gniezno. Upon the document's return, the National Library of Poland performed a series of tests on the bull under the authority of Professor Andrzej Wyczański . The scientists discovered that when viewed under ultraviolet light , the document showed traces of different washed-out text. Due to

442-480: The 12th century, and until 1660 it was the title of the leader of the state administration (a kind of a "Home Office" but often with foreign political duties). Often he appeared to be the real leader of the government. From 1660 until 1848, the title continued as "Grand Chancellor" or "President of the Danish Chancellery", and was replaced in 1730 by the title "Minister of Domestic Affairs". In Estonia,

476-707: The 12th century. In the 16th century the Chancery is officially described as the permanent secretariat of the executive and legislature. The first of these functions still constitutes an important part of its activities in Geneva and other cantons. In the canton of Bern , the Chancellor is elected by the Grand Council (i.e. Parliament) and has the task of supporting the Grand Council and the Executive Council in carrying out their tasks. The Chancellor directs

510-633: The Annual Conference usually hires outside professional counsel in matters that require legal representation, that hiring and representation is done under the supervision, and with the consent, of the Conference Chancellor. A chancellor is the leader, either ceremonial or executive, of many public and private universities and related institutions. The heads of the New York City Department of Education and

544-576: The Bishopric of Gniezno from the Archbishop of Magdeburg . From a historical perspective, the bull is especially important as it contains the earliest written record of the Polish language . Slavic language scholar Aleksander Brückner called the document " złota bulla języka polskiego " ("the golden bull of the Polish language"). The election of Pope Innocent II in 1130 prompted a schism in

578-597: The Chancellor (together with the whole cabinet) can only be removed from office by a konstruktives Misstrauensvotum ( constructive vote of no confidence ), which consists of the Bundestag electing a successor. Since 2021, the Chancellor of Germany is Olaf Scholz of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) The former German Empire , the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany had

612-597: The Chancellor of Austria is Karl Nehammer . The Chancellor of Germany ( Bundeskanzler ) is the head of government in Germany. In German politics , the Bundeskanzler is equivalent to a prime minister and is elected by the Bundestag ("Federal Diet", the directly elected federal parliament) every four years on the beginning of the electoral period after general elections. Between general elections,

646-521: The German foreign service, the term Kanzler (chancellor) refers to the administrative head of a diplomatic mission. In Finland the Chancellor of Justice ( Oikeuskansleri , Justitiekanslern ) supervises the legality of actions taken by the government and monitors the implementation of basic civil liberties. In this special function the chancellor also sits in the Finnish Cabinet ,

680-554: The National Agency for Higher Education . In the legal system of the United Kingdom, the term can refer to these officials: Some U.S. states , like Delaware , Tennessee , and Mississippi , still maintain a separate Court of Chancery with jurisdiction over equity cases. Judges who sit on those courts are called chancellors. In Denmark, the office of chancellor (or royal chancellor) seems to have appeared in

714-687: The Swiss Federal Government. He is elected by the Swiss Federal Assembly (German: Bundesversammlung , French: Assemblée fédérale , Italian: Assemblea federale ) to head the Federal Chancellery (German: Bundeskanzlei ) — the general staff of the seven-member executive Federal Council , the Swiss federal government. The Chancellor participates in the meetings of the seven Federal Councilors with

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748-550: The building. Existing wall paintings were covered with a layer of reed and ordinary plaster, and forgotten for some 150 years. At the local parish cemetery there are graves of fallen Polish insurgents of the Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919) . Bull of Gniezno Ex commisso nobis , more commonly known as the Bull of Gniezno , was a papal bull issued on July 7, 1136 by Pope Innocent II . The bull split off

782-486: The diocesan bishop, such as vicars general , episcopal vicars or judicial vicars. His office is within the " chancery ". Vice-chancellors may be appointed to assist the chancellor in busy chanceries. Normally, the chancellor is a priest or deacon, although in some circumstances a layperson may be appointed to the post. In the eparchial curia a chancellor is to be appointed who is to be a presbyter (priest) or deacon and whose principal obligation, unless otherwise established by

816-614: The equivalent position of Reichskanzler as the head of the executive. Between 1871 and 1918, the Chancellor was appointed by the German Emperor . During the Weimar Republic (1919-1933), the Chancellor was chosen by the President and stood under his authority. This continued (formally) during the first year of the Nazi regime until the death of President Paul von Hindenburg in 1934. Between 1934 and 1945, Adolf Hitler combined

850-578: The independence and authority of the Archbishop of Gniezno , and affirming the Archbishop of Magdeburg's authority over the Archdiocese of Gniezno and, by default, the entirety of the Polish church. As a result, the Polish prelates swore fealty to the Antipope. In August 1135, in exchange for the independence of the Polish episcopate, Bolesław III Wrymouth , Duke of Poland , declared himself

884-408: The lack of adequate testing facilities, the library abandoned further research efforts, which have not been resumed since. Chancellor Chancellor ( Latin : cancellarius ) is a title of various official positions in the governments of many countries. The original chancellors were the cancellarii of Roman courts of justice—ushers, who sat at the cancelli (lattice work screens) of

918-693: The legality of actions taken by the government and monitors the implementation of basic civil liberties. In the United States, the only "chancellor" established by the federal government is the Chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution , a largely ceremonial office held by the Chief Justice of the United States . As the Smithsonian is a research and museum system, its use of the title is perhaps best thought of as akin to

952-665: The particular law, is to see that the acts of the curia are gathered and arranged as well as preserved in the archives of the eparchial curia. In England, the Consistory courts of the Church of England are each presided over by a Chancellor of the Diocese. In the United Methodist Church , each Annual Conference has a Conference Chancellor, who is the Annual Conference's legal adviser and representative. While

986-834: The post of foreign minister . It is often used as a synonym to the full titles of the ministers of foreign affairs . Likewise, the ministry of foreign affairs in Spanish-speaking countries in the Americas is referred to as the Cancillería or in Portuguese-speaking Brazil as Chancelaria . However, in Spain the term canciller refers to a civil servant in the Spanish diplomatic service responsible for technical issues relating to foreign affairs. As to

1020-470: The roles of head of state, head of government and leader of the ruling party, being officially titled " Führer und Reichskanzler " (literally "Leader and Chancellor"). In Switzerland , the Chancellor (German: Bundeskanzler , French: Chancelier fédéral , Italian: Cancelliere della Confederazione ) is not the political head of government, but rather its chief administrator as the Chief of Staff of

1054-552: The short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw . Following the duchy's dissolution in 1815, it was reannexed by Prussia, and from 1871 it also formed part of Germany. Following World War I , in 1918, Poland regained independence and the Greater Poland uprising against Germany broke out, during which the Poles regained control of Gąsawa. Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland , which started World War II in September 1939, it

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1088-628: The staff of the Executive Council, supports the President of the Government and the Executive Council in the performance of their duties, and usually participates as an advisor to the President of the Grand Council in Grand Council sessions. In most countries of Latin America , the equivalents to "chancellor" ( Canciller in Spanish and Chanceler in Portuguese ) are commonly used to refer to

1122-616: Was occupied by Germany until 1945. The Germans renamed it to Gerlingen to erase traces of Polish origin. In 1940, the occupiers carried out expulsions of Poles , particularly owners of larger farms, which were then handed over to German colonists as part of the Lebensraum policy, while the Poles were deported to the General Government in the more eastern part of German-occupied Poland. The main tourist attraction in Gąsawa

1156-756: Was a private church town, administratively located in the Gniezno County in the Kalisz Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1600 Gąsawa hosted the Lubrański Academy ( Polish : Kolegium Lubrańskiego ) which temporarily moved out of plague-stricken Poznań . In the late 18th-century Partitions of Poland it was annexed by Prussia . In 1807 it was regained by Poles and included within

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