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40-493: Puławy Legion ( Polish : Legion Puławski , Russian : Легион Пулави ) was a Polish military formation of World War I as part of the Imperial Russian Army . It was created in late 1914 from volunteers gathered together due to several initiatives, most notably of which was that of the pro-Russian Polish National Committee , supported by Polish National Democrats . The initiative was supposed to counteract

80-589: A counter-attack from Puławy that encircled and defeated a 177,000-strong Soviet force. The attack drove the Red Army from Poland and established Poland's security for two decades, until the German invasion of 1939 . In the Second Polish Republic , Puławy began a slow process of modernization. In 1934, the town significantly grew in size, after several local villages merged with it. Furthermore, in

120-539: A former town hall, former Orthodox church, and historic inn. Since the mid-19th century, Puławy has been a center of higher education. Institutions operating here are: Since 2008, local institutes, together with Town Council and the Kazimierz Pułaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom have been working on a modern scientific campus, which will be located in the district of Azoty. Among others,

160-555: A growing group of Polish volunteers gathering from October and November 1914 first at Chełm and Brest , and later at Puławy . This initiative, supported by the Polish National Democrats , was also aimed at countering the (eventually more successful) initiative of Józef Piłsudski , who was forming his own Polish Legions under the supervision of the Austro-Hungarian Army . The organization of

200-642: A military headquarters in Puławy. The Soviet Union 's Red Army held most of eastern Poland and was besieging Warsaw, (see Polish–Soviet War ). Piłsudski's radio-monitoring, cryptological and intelligence services detected a gap in the Soviet flanks in the Puławy region, and he ordered a concentration of Polish forces in the surrounding area around the Wieprz River . On 18 August 1920, the Polish Army launched

240-676: A road junction. Nearby Dęblin has a military airport. Puławy lies in the western part of Lublin Voivodeship , at the edge of the picturesque Lesser Polish Gorge of the Vistula , and near the easternmost point of the Vistula river. Historically the town belongs to Lesser Poland , and geographically, it lies at the border of Mazovian Lowland and Lublin Upland . The area of the town is 50.49 square kilometres (19.49 sq mi). Puławy

280-755: A settlement near a Vistula river ford was established. In the late 17th century it emerged as the location of a rural residence of the Lubomirski and the Sieniawski noble families and in 1676–1679, Prince Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski built a summer palace, now known as the Pałac Czartoryskich or the Czartoryskich Palace. In 1687, Lubomirski's daughter Elżbieta (who was called the uncrowned Queen of Poland ), married Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski , bringing Puławy her dowry . In 1706, during

320-515: Is located on Polish Expressway S12 (highway), and the intersection of the S17 and S12 highways is located nearby, east of the city. Furthermore, the town has four rail stations ( Puławy, Puławy Azoty, Puławy Chemia and Puławy Miasto ). Long-distance rail transport is served by the Puławy Miasto station, with connections to all Polish cities. The history of Puławy dates back to the 15th century when

360-464: Is the Baroque -Classicist Czartoryski Palace , dating from 1676–1679 (architect Tylman van Gameren ), burned in 1706, remodeled 1722–36, and again by Chrystian Piotr Aigner ca. 1800. The palace is surrounded by a 30-hectare park, in 1798-1806 fashioned into an English landscape garden , which includes classicist park pavilions dating from the early 19th century. One, the colonnaded round Temple of

400-931: The Austro-Hungarian Empire . Initially, the Polish Legions were composed of two legions: the Eastern and the Western Legion, both formed on August 27. After a Russian victory in the Battle of Galicia (August–September 1914) the Eastern Polish legion refused to fight on behalf of the Austro-Hungarian side against Russia and was disbanded on September 21. On December 19, the Western legion was transformed into three brigades :

440-609: The Great Northern War , the settlement together with the castle were destroyed by Swedish soldiers as Elżbieta was a supporter of King Augustus II the Strong . In 1731, Maria Zofia Sieniawska (the daughter of Elżbieta and Adam Sieniawski), married August Aleksander Czartoryski . As a result, Puławy remained in the hands of the Czartoryski family for the next 100 years. The settlement prospered, and in 1784 it became

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480-804: The I Brigade of the Polish Legions under Józef Piłsudski , formed in mid-December; the II Brigade of the Polish Legions under Józef Haller de Hallenburg , formed between mid-December and March (sources vary); and the III Brigade of the Polish Legions under Zygmunt Zieliński (later Bolesław Roja ), formed on May 8, 1915. All brigades had the following: The commanders of the Legions were consecutively: Gen. Karol Trzaska-Durski (September 1914 – February 1916), Gen. Stanisław Puchalski (until November 1916), Col. Stanisław Szeptycki (until April 1917), and Col. Zygmunt Zieliński (until August 1917). After

520-897: The Polish Legions of Józef Piłsudski forming under the Austro–Hungarian Army . The formation finished organizing in January 1915; at that time it numbered about 1,000 soldiers, and constituted a battalion of the Russian Army. The formation was used in combat against the German Empire . Eventually, the Legion was disbanded in October 1915 and reorganized into the Polish Rifle Brigade . In 1795 Poland

560-730: The Polish army in the West against the anti-Polish German-Bolshevik treaty . The Legions took part in many battles against the forces of the Imperial Russia , both in Galicia and in the Carpathian Mountains. They suffered heavy casualties outnumbered three to one in the Battle of Łowczówek . They captured Kielce, and in 1915 took part in the offensive on Warsaw. In June 1916 the unit had approximately 25,000 soldiers. Both

600-509: The Germans and Austro-Hungarians to leave too, but he held secret meetings with representatives of France and Great Britain to make clear to the western members of the Entente that Polish troops would never fight against them, only against Russia." The formation of the Legions was declared by Józef Piłsudski in his order of August 22, 1914. The Austrian government, having jurisdiction over

640-489: The Legion sustained heavy casualties – 415 dead and 1,016 wounded (92% of its initial numbers). Eventually, the Legion was disbanded in October 1915; some troops joined the newly forming Polish Rifle Brigade ( Polish : Brygada Strzelców Polskich ). The reorganization was a result of efforts by Colonel Rządkowaski and others aiming at increasing the size of the Polish forces in the Russian Army. Pu%C5%82awy Puławy

680-524: The Polish Legion(s), and was subordinate to the 59th Defence Brigade of General Piotr Szymanowski . By January 1915 the Legion has finished organizing, at that time numbering about 1,000 volunteers; an equivalent of an Imperial Russian Army infantry battalion (in February it would be divided into four companies). It was however still plagued by logistical problems (for example, it did not receive

720-748: The Sibyl , is the setting of Bolesław Prus ' striking 1884 micro-story , " Mold of the Earth ." Near the Temple of the Sibyl is the "Gothic House", built between 1800 and 1809 to commemorate Prince Józef Poniatowski ’s visit to Puławy; it now houses the Regional Museum. Other palace buildings house the Soil and Fertilizer Institute. Additional interesting buildings within the park include: The town of Puławy itself features some interesting buildings, including

760-511: The area, officially agreed to the formation on August 27, 1914. The unit became an independent formation of the Austro-Hungarian Army thanks to the efforts of the KSSN and the Polish members of the Austrian parliament. Personnel came mostly from former members of various scouting organizations, including Drużyny Strzeleckie and Związek Strzelecki , as well from as volunteers from all around

800-800: The complex will host four departments of the Radom University of Technology. Puławy has several sports clubs, with the most famous ones being Wisła Puławy ( football , swimming, track and field, weight lifting), and KS Azoty-Puławy handball team which plays in the Polish Superliga , the country's top division, finishing 3rd in 2015, 2016 , 2017 and 2018. Puławy is twinned with: Former twin towns, both having ended their relation due to implementation of an LGBT ideology-free zone : Polish Legions in WWI The Polish Legions ( Polish : Legiony Polskie )

840-645: The creation of modern Poland" in spite of their considerably short existence; they were replaced by the Polish Auxiliary Corps ( Polish : Polski Korpus Posiłkowy ) formation on 20 September 1916, merged with Polish II Corps in Russia on 19 February 1918 for the Battle of Rarańcza against Austria-Hungary, and disbanded following the military defeat at the Battle of Kaniów in May 1918, against Imperial Germany. General Haller escaped to France to form

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880-519: The failed German Polnische Wehrmacht . According to Prit Buttar , "When war broke out, Piłsudski was quick to recognize that an important preliminary step in Poland's path to independence was the defeat of tsarist Russia..." Piłsudski was no supporter of the Central Powers, and once Russia had been driven out of Polish territory, he believed that he and his fellow Poles would have to persuade

920-515: The formation was delayed due to logistical problems. In January 1915 Polish National Committee threw its support behind the initiative, and colonel Antoni Reutt was nominated for the organization's commander. As the numbers of volunteers were growing, a second legion was created in Lublin (the Lublin Legion ). A cavalry formation was also being created. The formation was officially known as

960-625: The influx of workers. Recently the plant has become the world's largest producer of melamine . In 1980 and 1981, Zakłady Azotowe Puławy was one of the largest centers of the Solidarity movement in the Lublin Region. After the declaration of Martial law in Poland (December 13, 1981), strike action was initiated in the plant, which was put down by force by the ZOMO on Dec. 19, and 20 people were arrested. The most notable landmark in Puławy

1000-601: The late 18th century Poland visited the palace. Among them were Grzegorz Piramowicz , Franciszek Dionizy Kniaźnin , Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz , Adam Naruszewicz , Jan Paweł Woronicz , Franciszek Karpiński , Franciszek Zabłocki , Jan Piotr Norblin , Marcello Bacciarelli . In 1794, during the Kościuszko Uprising , Puławy was plundered and burned by the Russians as punishment for the Czartoryski family's support of

1040-749: The late 1930s Puławy took advantage of the Central Industrial Area . In September 1939, during the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland , which started World War II , Puławy was seized by the Wehrmacht , and afterwards was occupied by Germany . Three German concentration camps operated around Puławy. In 1940 the Germans carried out mass arrests of local Polish intelligentsia , which was then imprisoned in Lublin, and then often deported to concentration camps or murdered in Rury, Lublin . During

1080-414: The local office of Communist secret services temporarily. The postwar history of Puławy has been dominated by the 1960 decision of the government of People's Republic of Poland to build a large chemical plant north of the town ( Zakłady Azotowe Puławy ). It was opened in 1966 and produced nitrate fertilizer . As a result, in the 1960s and 1970s Pulawy quickly grew in size, with new districts built for

1120-484: The nucleus of the present Czartoryski Museum in Kraków . In the 1830s, the Czartoryski family was forced to leave Russian-controlled Congress Poland (see Great Emigration ), and Puławy was reduced into a small, provincial village. In 1842, to further erase traces of Polish culture, the Russians renamed Puławy to Nowa Aleksandria . In 1869, an Agricultural and Forestry Institute was founded here. One of its first students

1160-537: The number of troops and the composition of units changed rapidly. After the Battle of Kostiuchnówka where 2,000 Polish soldiers died delaying a Russian offensive, Józef Piłsudski demanded that the Central Powers issue a guarantee of independence for Poland and partially succeeded. The Polish Legions became the Polish Auxiliary Corps. After the Act of 5th November of 1916 which pronounced the creation of

1200-529: The occupation, Polish poet Krystyna Krahelska lived in the city from 1940 to 1942 and was part of the Polish underground resistance movement . She is best known as the author of the most popular song of the Polish resistance movement ( Hej chłopcy, bagnet na broń ), which she premiered in 1943 in Warsaw , where she was killed in the Warsaw Uprising in 1944. The town's Jewish population of some 3,600

1240-455: The promised artillery, and the machine guns it received were captured Austrian ones – without ammunition). There were also problems with the transfer of volunteers from other Russian Imperial formation (requests were commonly denied), and the project to recruit volunteers from Polish prisoners of war from the Austro-Hungarian Army was refused. On 5 February 1915, the Legions were reorganized as ' Narodnoe Opolcheniye ' units: The Puławy Legion

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1280-461: The property of Prince Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski and his wife Izabela Czartoryska , née Fleming. Under their stewardship, and after the loss of Poland's independence in 1795 (see Partitions of Poland ) the palace became a museum of Polish national memorabilia and a major cultural and political centre. In 1784 Adam and Izabela moved permanently into the palace, and soon afterwards Puławy became known as Polish Athens . All major cultural figures of

1320-738: The puppet Kingdom of Poland of 1916–18, the Polish Legions were transferred under German command. However, most of the members refused to swear allegiance to the German Kaiser and were interned in Beniaminów and Szczypiorno (the Oath crisis ). Approximately 3,000 of them were drafted into the Austro-Hungarian army and sent to the Italian Front while approximately 7,500 stayed in the Polish Auxiliary Corps , part of

1360-691: The rebels. The reconstruction of the palace was initiated in 1796 by Princess Izabela who employed the renowned architect Chrystian Piotr Aigner . In 1801, the Princess opened the first museum in Poland in the Temple of the Sibyl in Puławy. The end of Puławy's Golden Age was marked by the November Uprising (1830–31), when after its suppression, the estate was taken over by the Russian government. The museum collections that were saved later became

1400-868: Was a name of the Polish military force (the first active Polish army in generations) established in August 1914 in Galicia soon after World War I erupted between the opposing alliances of the Triple Entente on one side (comprising the British Empire , the French Republic and the Russian Empire ) and the Central Powers on the other side, comprising the German Empire and Austria-Hungary . The Legions became "a founding myth for

1440-542: Was deployed to the frontlines on 20 March 1915; at that time it was taken out from under general Szymanowski and was assigned to the Moscow Grenadier Corps under general Mrozowski. The Lublin Legion was never deployed to the frontlines, instead it was used to replenish the losses of the Puławy Legion. The formation was to be used in combat against the German Empire , but morale was affected by the rumors it would be used against Austria-Hungary and its Polish Legions . The formation fought in several battles: During that period,

1480-409: Was first confined to a ghetto , then murdered at the Sobibór camp. The Jewish population ceased to exist and was never reconstituted. The town remained under German occupation until July 25, 1944, when it was freed by the Home Army , as well as the Red Army . A year later, on April 24, 1945, a local unit of the anti-Communist organization Freedom and Independence under Marian Bernaciak captured

1520-421: Was first mentioned in documents of the 15th century. At that time it was spelled Pollavy , its name probably coming from a Vistula River ford located nearby. The town is a local center of science, industry and tourism, together with nearby Nałęczów and Kazimierz Dolny . Puławy is home to Poland's first permanent museum and is a Vistula River port. The town has two bridges and four rail stations, and serves as

1560-411: Was partitioned between the Kingdom of Prussia , the Austrian and Russian Empires . In 1914, with the onset of World War I , those powers found themselves on separate sides, and all tried to recruit Poles into their ranks, promising increased autonomy after the war in return. In the Russian Empire, efforts of Witold Ostoja-Gorczyński , supported by the command of the Southwestern Front , resulted in

1600-429: Was the future Polish writer Bolesław Prus (who had also spent part of his early childhood in Puławy). Prus would set his 1884 micro-story , " Mold of the Earth ," at the Temple of the Sibyl . Puławy received its town charter in 1906. In 1915, it was seized by the Austro-Hungarian Army , which remained until November 1918. On 13 August 1920, Józef Piłsudski , Poland's Chief of State , left Warsaw , and established

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