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34-709: The voivodeship history can be traced to the Principality of Polotsk , conquered by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania around late 14th / early 15th centuries. From 1504 the former Principality was recognized as a voivodeship . Zygmunt Gloger in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland provides this description of the Połock Voivodeship: “Połock, in Latin Polocia, Polocium, lies on

68-665: A municipal division , the town of district significance of Belozersk, together with four rural localities in Glushkovsky Selsoviet and two rural localities in Kunostsky Selsoviet of Belozersky District, is incorporated within Belozersky Municipal District as Belozersk Urban Settlement . The town is located on the southern bank of Lake Beloye , from which it takes the name, 214 kilometers (133 mi) northwest of Vologda,

102-629: A voivodeship, divided into halves by the Dvina (...) The voivodeship had two senators, who were the Voivode and the Castellan of Połock (...) Since it was not too large and its population was not numerous, furthermore, its capital was located in the middle, the voivodeship was not divided into counties. Its courts were located in Połock, where the sejmiks also took place. Połock Voivodeship had two envoys in

136-645: Is classified as a historical town by the Ministry of Culture of Russia , which implies certain restrictions on construction in the historical center. The medieval monuments in the town center are the Assumption Church (1552) and the Transfiguration Cathedral (1668). The wooden shrine of St. Elijah was built in 1690. The neighborhood is rich in old cloisters , such as Kirillo-Belozersky and Ferapontov Monasteries . Two of

170-703: Is connected by all-seasonal roads with Cherepovets , Kirillov , and Lipin Bor (connecting further to Vytegra ). There are also local roads. The Belozersky Canal , a part of the Volga–Baltic Waterway (formerly known as the Mariinsk Canal System), which connects the river courses of the Sheksna and the Kovzha , runs through Belozersk, bypassing Lake Beloye from the south. The town of Belozersk

204-550: Is no exact date on record when the principality was formed; it was likely an evolutionary process. In 862 Polotsk was first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle as a town within the realm of Novgorod Rus' , alongside Murom and Beloozero . Initially, the Principality of Polotsk was governed by a local dynasty, and not by an appointed governor from Kiev. Local statehood was a result of local political evolution in

238-483: The Primary Chronicle (PVL) in 862 along with several other towns that later became part of Kievan Rus' , such as Murom , Novgorod , Polotsk , and Rostov . The PVL claims that Rurik 's brother Sineus became the prince of Beloozero in 862. However, Sineus and the other brother Truvor most likely never existed. On several occasions, the settlement was moved from one bank of the lake to another. In

272-472: The Battle on the river Nemiga and temporary imprisonment, Vseslav died, and the principality was divided between his surviving sons. Polotsk was splintered between various smaller fiefs – the Principality of Minsk , Principality of Vitebsk , Principality of Druck , Principality of Jersika , and Principality of Koknese . Local princes waged wars against each other trying to assert control over Polotsk. At last

306-569: The Duchy of Polotsk or Polotskian Rus' , was a medieval principality. The origin and date of the establishment of the state are uncertain. Chronicles of Kievan Rus' mention Polotsk being conquered by Vladimir the Great , and thereafter it became associated with Kievan Rus' and its ruling Rurik dynasty . The principality was supposedly established around the town of Polotsk (now in Belarus ) by

340-540: The Early East Slavs ' tribal union of Krivichs . The second time Polotsk was mentioned was a full century later, in 980 when its ruler was a Varangian warlord, Ragnvald or Rogvolod. The chronicle reports that he arrived at Polotsk "from overseas", a routine phrase to designate Varangians. Rogvolod was an active player in the power struggle in Rus'. In 972, after the prince of Kiev , Sviatoslav I , died, there

374-479: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania . At the time of its greatest extent, the principality stretched over large parts of present-day northern and central Belarus and a smaller part of today's southeastern Latvia , including (besides Polotsk itself) the following towns: Vitebsk , Drutsk , Minsk , Izjaslaw (now Zaslawye ), Lahoysk , Barysaw , Brachyslaw (now Braslaw ), Kukenois (now Koknese ) and others. There

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408-655: The Sejm , and two deputies to the Lithuanian Tribunal”. Voivodeship Governor ( Wojewoda ) seat: Administrative division: Number of Senators : Number of envoys in the Sejm : 55°29′17″N 28°48′26″E  /  55.488099°N 28.807210°E  / 55.488099; 28.807210 Principality of Polotsk The Principality of Polotsk (obsolete spelling: Polock ; Belarusian : По́лацкае кня́ства , romanized :  Polackaje kniastva ; Latin : Polocensis Ducatus ), also known as

442-518: The administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great , Beloozero was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate ) and named one of the towns constituting the governorate. In 1727, a separate Novgorod Governorate was split off and Belozersk became the seat of Belozersk Province in Novgorod Governorate. In 1776, the territory was transferred to Novgorod Viceroyalty . In 1796,

476-469: The 10th to the 13th centuries, the territory was controlled by the Novgorod Republic . Beloozero was the seat of a small principality between 1238 and the 1370s, but subsequently between 1380 and 1384 became subordinate to the Grand Duchy of Moscow . On July 10, 1612, Polish and Lithuanian vagabonds ( Lisowczycy ) captured Belozersk without a fight, looting the town. In the course of

510-471: The 11th century, the region was still inhabited primarily by Finnic peoples tribes who fiercely resisted Christianization . In 1071, local pagan priests rose in rebellion, which was put down by the Kievan commander Yan Vyshatich . The Primary Chronicle reports that the dead bodies of priests were suspended from an oak tree, until they were torn to pieces by a bear (regarded by pagans as a holy animal). From

544-533: The 1390s. Then the principality was abolished and became part of the Połock Voivodeship . 55°30′N 28°50′E  /  55.500°N 28.833°E  / 55.500; 28.833 Beloozero Belozersk ( Russian : Белозе́рск ), known as Beloozero ( Белоозеро ) until 1777, is a town and the administrative center of Belozersky District in Vologda Oblast , Russia , located on

578-687: The East Slavic house law, since Izyaslav predeceased his father and never reigned in Kiev, his descendants from the House of Polotsk forfeited their dynastic rights to the Kievan throne. In 1020 Bryachislav sacked Novgorod but then lost it to his uncle, Yaroslav the Wise , and had to give up some of his other possessions. For two following centuries, the Principality of Polotsk was controlled by descendants of Izyaslav. All other lands of Kievan Rus' were under

612-515: The Lithuanians" in 1198 while Luki is situated on the east of Polotsk. The Principality of Polotsk escaped the Mongol invasion of Rus' in 1237–1239. However, pagan Lithuanians began consolidating lands of the principality, and in 1240 Polotsk became a vassal of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It officially became part of Lithuania in 1307, though it retained some degree of local autonomy until

646-731: The Teutonic knights and other East Slavic principalities; but from 1183 they refused obedience to the metropoly and established their state. The Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Polotsk – built by Vseslav between 1044 and 1066 – was a symbol of the independent-mindedness of Polotsk, rivalling churches of the same name in Novgorod and Kiev and referring to the original Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (and thus to claims of imperial prestige, authority, and sovereignty). After his defeat at

680-576: The Varangians. Contemporary Norse sagas described the town as the most heavily fortified in all of Kievan Rus'. Most of the time, descendants of Izyaslav ruled the Principality of Polotsk independently of the Grand Prince of the Rus', only formally recognizing the power of the Rurikides. After the late 10th century, Polotsk was also successful in colonizing the lands of its western neighbours,

714-403: The administrative center of the oblast. Belozersk falls just within the subarctic climate range, with the fourth-warmest month being just below the isotherm of 10 °C (50 °F) to nearby humid continental areas. Winters are cold but not severe by Russian standards for areas north of the 60th parallel . The economy of Belozersk is based on the timber and food industries. Belozersk

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748-448: The ancestors of today's Latvians and Lithuanians. In the early 13th century, Teutonic knights seized power over the former from the hands of Polotsk, but the historical ties with the latter proved much stronger and lasted for 700 more years, although the leading role in this “marriage” soon shifted to the other side. The last pagans of Europe, brave and skilful warriors, Lithuanians initially served Polotsk as auxiliary troops in its wars with

782-452: The city, raped Rogneda in front of her parents, then killed her entire family and burnt down the city. Rogneda was taken to Kiev to be Vladimir's wife. Thus the local dynasty was exterminated. After Vladimir converted to Christianity in 988 and took Anna Porphyrogeneta as his wife, he had to divorce all his previous wives, including Rogneda. She entered the convent and took the name, Anastasia, then she and her son Izyaslav were exiled back to

816-517: The control of princes who were descendants of Yaroslav the Wise . The golden age of medieval Polotsk is associated with the rule of Bryachislav's son, Vseslav (1044–1101). He profited from the civil wars in Kiev in order to assert his independence and run the affairs of the principality separately. During this time Polotsk became a centre of trade serving as a transit location between other lands of Kievan Rus' and Scandinavia . It also asserted its independent status balancing between Kiev, Novgorod, and

850-454: The lands of Polotsk. Thus the principality was restored but with the most senior branch of the Rurik dynasty on the local throne. Since this time, the lands of the principality became Christian ( Eastern Orthodox ). In 1001 Izyaslav was succeeded by his son, Bryachislav of Polotsk . Under his rule, Polotsk attempted to distance itself from Kiev. Tensions were exacerbated by the fact that, under

884-666: The most famous medieval icons were created in the 13th century in Belozersk: the Virgin of the White Lake and Saints Peter and Paul . They constitute an intermediate style between Novgorodian and Northern icon painting. The Belozersky Local Museum located in Belozersk is an umbrella organization which not only hosts ethnographic and historical exhibits, but also manages the most important architectural monuments in Belozersk such as

918-561: The right bank of the Dvina , and is regarded as one of the oldest gords of Rus’ . In the 13th century, the Principality of Polotsk was ruled by Kievan princes, but in app. 1225 it was seized by the Lithuanians under Duke Mindaugas (...) Duke Vytautas named the first starosta of Połock, and in app. 1500, the starosta was renamed into the Voivode of Połock, while the Duchy was turned into

952-557: The rulers of Vitebsk emerged victorious. For short periods, the neighbouring Principality of Smolensk also claimed control over some lands of the principality. Beginning in the mid-12th century there were changes in the lands to the west of the Principality. The fortress of Riga became the main military basis of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword . In 1209 German crusaders conquered the principalities of Jersika and Koknese in

986-520: The same time, uyezds were abolished and Belozersky District was established. On September 23, 1937, Belozersky District was transferred to newly established Vologda Oblast . Within the framework of administrative divisions , Belozersk serves as the administrative center of Belozersky District . As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Belozersky District as the town of district significance of Belozersk . As

1020-514: The southeast of today's Latvia, which had previously been under the control of Polotsk, forcing Polotsk to permit free travel to German merchants in 1212 and ending Livonian tributes. In 1227 Smolensk ceded Polotsk by treaty to the city of Riga. Annals affirming the alliance and united military campaigns policy of Polotsk and Lithuania. For example, The Chronicle of Novgorod informs about "Izyaslav had been set to be Knyaz in Luki and covered Novgorod from

1054-410: The southern bank of Lake Beloye , from which it takes the name, 214 kilometers (133 mi) northwest of Vologda , the administrative center of the oblast . Population: 8,464 ( 2021 Census ) ; 9,616 ( 2010 Census ) ; 10,975 ( 2002 Census ) ; 12,352 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Known as Beloozero ( lit.   ' white lake ' ) until 1777, it was first mentioned in

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1088-476: The tribal union of Krivichs . In the second half of the 10th century, Polotsk was governed by its own dynasty; its first ruler mentioned in the chronicles was the semi-legendary Rogvolod (?–978), better known as the father of Rogneda . The principality was heavily involved in several succession crises of the 11th–12th centuries and a war with the Novgorod Land . By the 13th century, it was integrated into

1122-470: The viceroyalty was abolished and Belozersky Uyezd became a part of Novgorod Governorate. In June 1918, five uyezds of Novgorod Governorate, including Belozersky Uyezd, were split off to form Cherepovets Governorate , with the administrative center in Cherepovets . On August 1, 1927, Cherepovets Governorate was abolished and its territory became Cherepovets Okrug of Leningrad Oblast . At

1156-477: Was a power struggle between his two sons: prince of Novgorod Vladimir and prince of Kiev Yaropolk . Both had hoped for political and military support from Polotsk. To achieve this, Vladimir proposed to Rogneda , Rogvolod's daughter. She declined, thus making Polotsk an ally of Yaropolk. Vladimir then waged war against Polotsk. According to colourful legends recorded in the Primary Chronicle, he took

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