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88-568: Ruth Ke‘elikōlani , or sometimes written as Luka Ke‘elikōlani , also known as Ruth Ke‘elikōlani Keanolani Kanāhoahoa or Ruth Keanolani Kanāhoahoa Ke‘elikōlani (June 17, 1826 – May 24, 1883), was a member of the House of Kamehameha who served as Governor of the Island of Hawaiʻi and for a period, was the largest and wealthiest landowner in the Hawaiian Islands . Keʻelikōlani's genealogy

176-487: A "Hawaiian squaw." By the last half of the 19th century, Hawaiian women were going in two different directions. Many European men married Hawaiian women they found exotic, favoring those who were thin and had pale complexions. Ruth defied this ideal, weighing 440 pounds (200 kg) and standing over 6 feet (1.8 m) tall. Her broad features were accentuated by a nose flattened by surgery for an infection. To add on to her stature, listeners described Princess Ruth's voice as

264-535: A "distant rumble of thunder." She rejected English and the Christian faith. The U.S. minister to Hawaiʻi Henry A. Peirce dismissed the princess as a "woman of no intelligence or ability." Many Westerners interpreted her clear defense of the traditional ways as backward and stupid. As the Governor of Hawaiʻi Island and heir to vast estates, she had more political power and wealth than most women in other parts of

352-412: A child of two fathers" . In May 1824 Kaumualiʻi , the aliʻi nui or "supreme ruler" of Kauaʻi died. Not long afterwards Hiram Bingham I , while on the island, announced that a solar eclipse would occur on June 26 at exactly 12:57PM. Bingham had hoped to use the event to explain it as a simple act of nature and not an omen. Many still saw it as a sign of impending war. Kahalaiʻa was appointed governor of

440-611: A date that anthropologist Alexander Spoehr agrees with. However professor in Ethnic Studies at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa , Noel Kent, gives the date of Keʻelikōlani's birth as February 9, 1826, a four-month difference. According to Kristin Zambucka author of: "The High Chiefess, Ruth Keelikolani" this was a date Keʻelikōlani supposedly celebrated herself. Professor Seth Archer in his 2018 publication; "Sharks upon

528-488: A huge gathering of armed people including Boki and his men. When the crowd saw Kekūanaōʻa they shouted out his name and fell silent. He took Boki off to speak with him about his plans to kill Kaʻahumanu. Boki admitted his jealousy of the queen's sway over Kamehameha III but was persuaded to end the dispute and return to his home peacefully. On June 29, 1844, an "Order in Council of His Majesty King Kamehameha III" designated

616-405: A lava flow, her intercession with the goddess Pele was credited by Hawaiians with saving the city. When the ruling monarchs asked her to pose for official photographs, she often refused. Only a dozen photographs of Ruth are known to exist. Considered a beauty in her youth, she gained weight as she grew older, and a surgery for nasal infection disfigured her nose, although rumors circulated that it

704-524: A nephew of Kamehameha I , the son of the king's half-brother Kalaʻimamahu and Kahakuhaʻakoi Wahinepio from Maui. Kahalaiʻa was a kahu (royal attendant) for Kamehameha II . Zambucka states that Kahalaiʻa was caring for Kalani Pauahi while her first husband, Kamehameha II was in England. According to Samuel Mānaiakalani Kamakau , Kalani Pauahi and Kamehamalu , both wives of Kamehameha II, fell in love with him. Kamakau states: "Liholiho had once entertained

792-592: A reference to Kahekili II 's hatred towards the king and Boki's rumored paternity. They stated that Kaʻahumanu had a right to decide such things but he did not. This only infuriated the young man who believed himself to be Kauikeaouli's main kahu or guardian, giving him the sole right to council the king as tradition had always given past guardians. Boki was held in high esteem by American and English consuls and felt encouraged in quartering soldiers, including some foreign white settlers, guns and ammunitions in Waikiki. When

880-461: A repository for the priceless Hawaiian artifacts from Pauahi's family. Princess Ruth Ke'elikōlani was the daughter of Pauahi and Mataio Kekūanaōʻa, and a governess of the Big Island of Hawai'i. Kaumuali%CA%BBi Kaumualiʻi (c. 1778–May 26, 1824) was the last independent aliʻi nui (supreme ruler of the island) of Kauaʻi and Niʻihau before becoming a vassal of Kamehameha I within

968-421: A retreat to heal his men and work on his strategy. Over the next years, Kamehameha amassed the largest armada Hawaiʻi had ever seen: foreign-built schooners and massive war canoes armed with cannons to carry his vast army. Kaumualiʻi decided to negotiate a peaceful resolution rather than resort to bloodshed. The move was supported by Kamehameha as well as the people of Kauaʻi and the foreign sandalwood merchants on

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1056-571: A secure income. She was a shrewd businesswoman. In a notorious case, she sold Claus Spreckels her claims to the Crown Lands for $ 10,000. The lands were worth $ 750,000, but she knew her claims to them were worthless, since it had been decided in previous court cases that the lands were only entitled to whoever held the office of monarch. In 1847 she was appointed to the Privy Council of Kamehameha III, and served from 1855 through 1857 in

1144-564: A son named Albert Edward Kauikeaouli who died at the age of 4 years old leaving the throne to pass to his uncle. Lot Kapuāiwa became king in 1863 styled as Kamehameha V . Lot was a bachelor up to his death in 1872 bringing to an end the Kamehameha Dynasty. However, Lot had an illegitimate daughter Keanolani by his classmate Abigail Maheha at the Chiefs' Children's School. On his deathbed, before his passing, he offered

1232-553: A son who died young, a daughter born in 1821 who was given away to another chiefess on Kaua'i, and Harriet Kawahinekipi Kaumualiʻi. Humehume's half-brother Kealiʻiahonui was also forced to marry Kaʻahumanu. Kaʻahumanu later abandoned Kealiʻiahonui and embraced Christianity . Kealiʻiahonui later married Princess Kekauōnohi , the governess of Maui and Kauaʻi and a widow of Kamehameha II . King Kaumualiʻi's granddaughter Kapiʻolani of Hilo (eldest daughter of Kaumualiʻi's daughter Kekaulike Kinoiki ) married King Kalākaua . In 1874,

1320-421: A state visit to England where they succumbed to measles. He was King for only 5 years. When Kamehameha II and his queen died in England, the remains of the couple were returned to Hawaii by Boki . On board the ship, "The Blond" his wife Liliha and Kekūanaōʻa would be baptized as Christians. Kaʻahumanu would also convert and become a heavy Christian influence on Hawaiian society until her death in 1832. Since

1408-403: A traditional Hawaiian-styled home only feet away. Kamehameha I had many wives but held two the most high regard. Keōpūolani was the highest ranking aliʻi of her time and mother to his sons, Liholiho and Kauikeaouli. Kaʻahumanu was his favorite. Kamehameha I died in 1819 and his son, Liholiho would become the next king. After Kamehameha I's death, his first born son Liholiho left Kailua for

1496-460: A true daughter of the House of Kamehameha. The King agreed and when he sent for Liliha to tell her the news, she was found drunk at home. Kīnaʻu would be succeeded by Kekāuluohi as Kuhina Nui, acting for the true heir to the position, Victoria Kamāmalu , Kīnaʻu's infant daughter. Kekāuluohi would be styled as Kaʻahumanu III. After Kekāuluohi died in 1845, the next Kuhina Nui would be Keoni Ana ,

1584-407: A week and returned to be crowned king. At the lavish ceremony attended by commoners and nobles of the kingdom he approached the circle of chiefs, as Kaʻahumanu, the central figure in the group and Dowager Queen, spoke: "Hear me O Divine one, for I make known to you the will of your father. Behold these chiefs and the men of your father, and these your guns, and this your land, but you and I shall share

1672-560: Is controversial. Her mother's identity has never been in question but her grandfather Pauli Kaōleiokū's relationship to Kamehameha I is heavily disputed. While her father has been legally identified as early as 1864, disputes to that lineage continued as late as 1919. As one of the primary heirs to the Kamehameha family, Ruth became landholder of much of what would become the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate , funding

1760-531: Is when Boki conceived plans to overthrow Kaʻahumanu. On June 20 Boki visited with Nahienaena and Kamehameha III and advised the king and his sister to conceive a child in order to disqualify any claims saying; "the chiefs would not dare urge your grandniece as your possible successor!" and then told the king what the attendant had said. When Kaʻahumanu and other's including Kuakini and Hoapili were told of Boki's actions they had harsh words toward Boki calling him; "[T]he one girdled in Kamehameha's intestines" ,

1848-454: The Hawaiian Islands , known as the " Brick Palace ". The king commissioned the structure to be built at Keawa'iki point in Lahaina, Maui . Two foreign, ex-convicts from Australia 's Botany Bay penal colony built the home. It was begun in 1798 and was completed after 4 years in 1802. The house was intended for Kaʻahumanu , but she refused to live in the structure and resided instead in

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1936-463: The Hawaiian language exclusively, requiring English-speakers to use a translator. Although trained in the Christian religion and given a Christian name, she honored practices considered pagan, such as patronage of chanters and hula dancers. She continued to worship the traditional gods and various aumakua , or ancestral spirits. When Mauna Loa erupted in 1880, threatening the city of Hilo with

2024-488: The House of Nobles . January 15, 1855, she was appointed to be the Royal Governor of the Island of Hawaiʻi , where she served until March 2, 1874. When her last half-brother Kamehameha V died in 1872 leaving no heir to the throne, her controversial family background prevented her from being a serious contender to be monarch herself. Although she was considered a member of the royal family, along with Queen Emma and

2112-672: The Russian-American Company , the Bering , was wrecked on Kaua'i. RAC Governor Alexander Andreyevich Baranov dispatched another ship, the Isabella , to retrieve the cargo from the Bering . In 1816, Kaumualiʻi signed an agreement to let Georg Anton Schäffer and his Russian crew build the forts Alexander and Barclay-de-Tolly. The Hawaiian fort, Paʻulaʻula o Hipo, was renamed Fort Elizabeth in later decades and attributed to

2200-422: The king's father . In 1874, King Lunalilo then died, and the legislature elected Kalākaua as king, the first to be not descended from Kamehameha I. Keʻelikōlani was not declared as a member of the royal family, merely as a high chiefess by the new king. The young William Pitt Leleiohoku was named Crown prince , and history might have been very different if he had lived past 1877 and became a wealthy king. Instead,

2288-457: The ʻĀinahau Estate. Kaʻiulani gave Ruth the pen name of Mama Nui meaning "great mother". Ruth insisted that the princess be raised to one day be fit to sit on the Hawaiian throne. Ruth's death in 1883 was the first of many deaths that Kaʻiulani would witness in her short life. Keʻelikōlani was an heir to many of the Kamehameha Dynasty despite her controversial heritage beginning with much of

2376-539: The "Sandwich Islands" was replaced with "Hawaiʻi" due to the influence of the House of Kamehameha. A good portion of the legacy of the Kamehamehas' lies in the lands and fortunes passed down to Bernice Pauahi Bishop. After her death in 1884, her husband, Charles Bishop , acting as one of five trustees and a co-executer of Pauahi's will, began the process of establishing the Kamehameha Schools which

2464-633: The 15 eligible royals with rights to the throne. This small pool of individuals became pre-emptory heirs in the absence of a constitutional appointment of a successor to the throne. A full list with one additional name was printed in 1847 by the Polynesian, the official government journal; Moses Kekuaiwa, Jane Loeau, Alexander Liholiho, Abigail Maheha, James Kaliokalani, Mary Paaaina, David Kalakaua, Lydia Kamakaeha, Lot Kamehameha, Bernice Pauahi, William C. Lunalilo, Elizabeth Kekaaniau, Peter Y. Kaeo, Emma Rooke, William Kinau Pitt, Victoria Kamamalu. Keʻelikōlani

2552-495: The Hawaiian Historical Society published their Forty-Third Annual Report (for 1934) with an article by archaeologist, John F.G. Stokes entitled; "Kaoleioku, Paternity and Biographical Sketch", that Stokes believed, if correct, demonstrated that Pauli Kaōleiokū was not a son of Kamehameha l. Kalani Pauahi's mother Keouawahine was a daughter of Kauhiwawaeono, whose parents were Kekauhiwamoku and Haalou. Haalou

2640-467: The Hawaiian legislature elected the couple king and queen of the Hawaiian Islands as King Kalākaua and Queen Kapiʻolani. Kapi'olani's youngest sister, Princess Victoria Kuhio Kinoike Kekaulike of Hilo, was later appointed governor of Kauaʻi, princess and royal highness. Princess Victoria's other sister, Princess Virginia Kapoʻoloku Poʻomaikelani , succeeded her sister as governor of Kauaʻi and

2728-511: The Hawaiian population and one of Cook's small boats was taken. In retaliation, Cook decided to kidnap King Kalaniʻōpuʻu. As he was being led away from his royal enclosure, his favorite wife, Kānekapōlei began to shout to the townspeople to get their attention. Two chiefs, Kalaimanokahoowaha (also known as Kanaina nui) and a royal attendant named Nuaa, saw her pleading as the King was being led away with his two sons following. As they reached

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2816-430: The House of Kamehameha stems from the progenitor, Keōua Kalanikupuapa`ikalaninui who was the sacred father of Kamehameha I and by the royal court of his brother Kalaniʻōpuʻu who later became king and gave his war god Kuka'ilimoku to Kamehameha I. He became the king by conquest, uniting all the Hawaiian islands into one kingdom under his undivided rule. Kalaniʻōpuʻu's father was Kalaninuiʻīamamao and Keōua's father

2904-466: The Island of Kauai and took command of the Russian fort with its fifty mounted canons and ordered armed guards to the tops of its walls. On August 8, 1824, the day after Kalanimoku held a failed council to annex the island, those dissatisfied with the land disbursement went to war. By the wars end Kahalaiʻa had been replaced as governor by Kaikioewa. After being replaced Kahalaiʻa returned to Honolulu and

2992-501: The Kamehameha Schools. Her name Keʻelikōlani means leaf bud of heaven . Keʻelikōlani's mother was Kalani Pauahi who died on June 17, 1826, during childbirth after having married the man believed to be her father, Mataio Kekūanaōʻa on November 28, 1825. She was born at Pohukaina near the ʻIolani Palace and hānai adopted by Kaʻahumanu Kalani Pauahi, was the daughter of Pauli Kaōleiokū and Keouawahine. Kaōleiokū

3080-495: The Kamehameha dynasty. Lunalilo was the son of Charles Kanaʻina and Miriam Auhea Kekauluohi , a niece of Kamehameha I through her father Kalaimamahu, Kamehameha I's half-brother. However, she was a formal member of the House of Kamehameha as a wife of the founding monarch in his last years. Lunalilo was also a member of the House of Keōua and the House of Moana . His mother was taken by Kamehameha, after her birth and given to Kaʻahumanu because she could not conceive. Kekauluohi

3168-537: The Land: Colonialism, Indigenous Health, and Culture in Hawai'i" lists Pauahi among those that died of a whooping cough outbreak. Keʻelikōlani's genealogy has always been controversial and disputed as late as 1919. She is sometimes considered to be of poʻolua ancestry, a child of two fathers. While Keʻelikōlani was the half sister of Kamehameha V , he had always considered her the daughter of Kahalaiʻa,

3256-1007: The Native Hawaiian Past", Charles Ahlo, Jerry Walker, and Rubellite Kawena Johnson's "Kamehameha's Children Today", The Hawaiian Historical Society Reports, the genealogies of the Hawaiian Royal families in Kingdom of Hawaii probate, the works of Sheldon Dibble and David Malo as well as the Hawaii State Archive genealogy books. Notes: Key- (k)= Kane (male/husband) (w)= wahine (female/wife) Subjects with bold titles, lavender highlighted, bold box= Direct bloodline Bold title, bold, grey box= Aunts, uncles, cousins line Bold title, bold white box= European or American (raised to aliʻi status by marriage or monarch's decree) Regular name and box= makaʻāinana or untitled foreign subject Notes: The British name of

3344-534: The Russians. Construction began in 1817 but, by fall of that year, the Russians were expelled. In 1817, Kaumuali'i married Kekaihaʻakūlou, who became known as Deborah Kapule . Kamehameha I died in 1819, and the Hawaiians grew fearful that Kaumualiʻi would sever Kauaʻi's relationship with the united Hawaiʻi. Kamehameha's widow, Kaʻahumanu, was the effective political force in the kingdom. On September 16, 1821,

3432-660: The age of sixteen, she married her first husband High Chief William Pitt Leleiohoku I (1821–1848), Governor of Hawaiʻi, former husband of Princess Nāhiʻenaʻena , and son of High Chief William Pitt Kalanimoku (the Prime Minister of Kamehameha I) and his first wife, High Chiefess Kiliwehi. Soon after she married Leleiohoku, her 27-year-old husband died in a measles epidemic. On June 2, 1856, she married her second husband, Isaac Young Davis (c. 1826–1882), son of George Hueu Davis and his wife Kahaʻanapilo Papa (therefore grandson of Isaac Davis ). Standing at 6 ft 2 in, he

3520-427: The ban of alcohol lifted as was the ban on Hula . For his co-ruler, Kamehameha chose his aikāne (same sex partner), Kaomi . a young, half Tahitian man who had helped to heal the king and had been a close relationship for years. The church was outraged. Kaomi was granted true authority which he yielded. Eventually Kamehameha III, under pressure from the church, would remove the young man and would name Liliha to be

3608-408: The battle. John Fawcett Pogue published an account of the rebellion written by Hawaiian students in his book; "Moolelo of Ancient Hawaii" in 1858. In 2002 Peter R. Mills clarified translations and conclusions from Charles W. Kenn about the writings in which Kenn describes a "sacrifice" interpreted as relating to Kahalaiʻa. Mills noted that the figure had not died during the battle and was not buried at

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3696-431: The beach Kanaina, Kānekapōlei and Nuaa were able to convince Kalaniʻōpuʻu to stop and he sat where he stood. The crowd began to become aggressive and a rock was thrown and hit Cook. He took out his sword and struck Kanaina broadside without injury, but the chief reacted and immediately seized Cook and held him in his grip when the king's attendant, Nuaa stabbed him from behind. Before the remains of Cook were returned,

3784-479: The bones of the man were boiled down to strip off the flesh then given to chiefs. Kamehameha received Captain Cook's hair. After Kalaniʻōpuʻu's death, Kīwalaʻō would take his father's place as first born and rule the island while Kamehameha would have religious authority. A number of chiefs supported Kamehameha and war soon broke out to overthrow Kīwalaʻō. After a number of battles the king was killed and envoys sent for

3872-502: The boy. She had the highest political clout in the islands. A portrait artist remarked of her: "This Old Dame is the most proud, unbending Lady in the whole island. As the widow of [Kamehameha], she possesses unbound authority and respect, not any of which she is inclined to lay aside on any occasion whatsoever" . She is one of the most influential leaders in Hawaii's history. Liholiho's death elevated his younger brother, Kauikeaouli to

3960-471: The estates she had bequeathed their brother, and that they be returned to her by deed. Her relations with King Kalākaua were distant, although she had close friendships with his sister, Queen Liliʻuokalani, and their mother, Keohokalole . She was godmother to Princess Kaʻiulani . At Kaʻiulani's baptism, Ruth gifted 10 acres (40,000 m) of her land in Waikīkī where Kaʻiulani's father Archibald Cleghorn built

4048-498: The fort. Archer believed that Kahalaiʻa died of whooping cough in an outbreak in 1826 along with Kalani Pauahi. Kamakau mentions an outbreak of "cough and bronchitis" that killed several people including Pauahi and then goes on to discuss Kalanimoku and Kahalaiʻa's death but not how they died. Kamakau only mentions that Boki took over as the young king's kahu after Kahalaiʻa's death. John Papa ʻĪʻī writes that, whether or not Kekūanaōʻa had spoken of Pauahi before leaving for England, it

4136-469: The god; there is your wealth." In 1778 Captain James Cook visited the Hawaiian Islands and returned in 1779. When his ship, Resolution broke a foremast as they were leaving, he was forced to turn back and return to Kealakekua Bay . A fight and theft of blacksmith tools led to a situation on shore where a Hawaiian canoe was confiscated, even after the tools were recovered. Tensions were high with

4224-587: The half-sister of King Kamehameha IV and King Kamehameha V and Princess Victoria Kamāmalu . A dispute between Boki and Kaʻahumanu began in 1829 over the line of succession when a discussion overheard between the Queen-Regent Kaʻahumanu and Kekāuluohi was relayed back to Boki by a royal attendant. Kaʻahumanu had said that Keʻelikōlani could become ruler. Kaʻahumanu believed Kaōleiokū to be Kamehameha's first child, and Pauahi being his daughter made Keʻelikōlani grandniece of Kauikeaouli. Kamakau says this

4312-406: The increased reliance of the royal family on the treasury and governmental pensions to fund their lavish expenses is generally considered one factor that led to the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893. She died at Huliheʻe Palace, Kailua Kona , Hawaiʻi Island, at 9am on May 24, 1883. Later sources claimed she died on May 15. Her body was shipped back to Honolulu for a royal funeral, and she

4400-462: The island, whose trade was hurt by the constant feuding. In 1810, Kaumualiʻi met face to face with Kamehameha in Honolulu and negotiated a peaceful surrender, acknowledging Kamehameha as supreme ruler, Kauaʻi as a tributary domain under Kingdom of Hawaiʻi and was able to remain in power to govern the island. He agreed that Kamehameha's heir would rule Kauaʻi after his own death. In 1815, a ship from

4488-540: The islands, owning a considerable amount of land inherited from Kamehameha V and her first husband Leleiohoku I . Her vast estate passed to her cousin Bernice Pauahi Bishop , with much of these lands becoming the endowment for Kamehameha Schools . On these lands downtown Honolulu , Hickam Air Force Base , part of Honolulu International Airport , Moana Hotel , Princess Kaʻiulani Hotel , Royal Hawaiian Hotel , among others, were built. A documentary film

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4576-487: The land holdings of her adopted mother Kaʻahumanu through her father who inherited his daughters holdings that were then passed on to Keʻelikōlani. She was also the sole heir of Kamehameha V and a 1/9 heir to the estate of Charles Kanaʻina 's estate along with her cousin Bernice Pauahi Bishop that inherited two - 1/9th shares because her genealogy. During her life Ruth was considered the wealthiest woman in

4664-413: The last two brothers to meet with Kamehameha. Keōua and Kaōleiokū arrived in separate canoes. Keōua came to shore first where a fight broke out and he and all aboard were killed. Before the same could happen to the second canoe, Kamehameha intervened. By 1795, Kamehameha would conquer all but one of the islands. For his first royal residence, the new King built the first western-style structure built in

4752-418: The new king was only 12 years old, Kaʻahumanu was now senior ruler and named Boki as her Kuhina Nui . Boki would leave Hawaii on a fatal trip to find sandlewood to cover a debt and would be lost at sea. His wife, Liliha would be left the governorship of Maui and would unsuccessfully attempt to whip up revolt against Kaʻahumanu, who, upon Boki's departure, had installed Kīnaʻu as a co-governor. Kaʻahumanu

4840-459: The new young King Kamehameha II arrived and invited Kaumualiʻi aboard his ship. That night, they sailed to Honolulu , where Kaumualiʻi was effectively under house arrest. To make the domination clear, Kaʻahumanu forced him to marry her to ensure the island chain's stable union. They remained officially married until his death on May 26, 1824, but had no children. By his wishes, his body was taken to Maui , and buried next to Queen Keōpūolani at

4928-512: The news of the rebellion reached Kaʻahumanu most of the soldiers stayed with Boki but members of the church and others came to her aid. Kaʻahumanu was defiant and said that Boki would have to come there himself to kill her and her grandchildren, Keʻelikōlani and David Kamehameha. After hearing about Boki's purpose Charles Kanaʻina and Kekūanaōʻa headed out on horseback to confront Boki but Kanaʻina became nervous and turned back, leaving Kekūanaōʻa, Keʻelikōlani's father, to continue alone. He arrived to

5016-400: The next Kuhina Nui. In November 1833, Hoapili (Liliha's father), Kekūanaōʻa, Kanaina and Kīnaʻu, along with armed royal attendants, including Kilinahe , went to the king's home to persuade him not to pick Liliha as Kuhina Nui. Hoapili begged the king to kill him if he should choose his daughter so the people would not blame him for her elevation. They pleaded with the king to choose Kinau as

5104-413: The notion of disposing of Kahala-iʻa as Kamehameha had of Ka-niho-nui" . In Kamakau's version both Pauahi and Kinaʻu were with Kahalaiʻa when the king and queen's remains returned in 1825 and that; "Within a few years Pauahi became the wife of Keku-anaoʻa, and Kinaʻu of Kahala-iʻa. Pauahi was carrying Ruth Ke-ʻeli-kolani at the time, and that is why Ruth was said to be "double headed" (poʻokua) > that is,

5192-467: The original stock of ali'i who were groomed for the position to rule by royal decree of King Kamehameha III. The Princes and Chiefs of rank, eligible to be rulers who were groomed at the original Chiefs' Children's School. William Charles Lunalilo was the highest chief in the Hawaiian Kingdom of his time. He became the first elected monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom and would be the last of

5280-475: The realm together" Liholiho agreed officially, which began a unique system of dual-government consisting of a King and co-ruler similar to a co-regent. The new Kamehameha II would share his rule with his stepmother, Kaʻahumanu. She would defy Hawaiian kapu by dining with the young king, violating the law separating genders during meals and leading to the destruction of the old Hawaiian religion . Kamehameha II died, along with his wife, Queen Kamāmalu in 1824 on

5368-469: The rulers confirm that Keoua was the true father. Kamehameha I's mother was Kekuʻiapoiwa II , a granddaughter of Keawe. The traditional mele chant of Keaka, wife of Alapainui , indicates that Kamehameha I was born in the month of ikuwā (winter) or around November. Alapai had given the child, Kamehameha to his wife Keaka and her sister Hākau to care for after the ruler discovered the boy had lived. Samuel Kamakau , in his newspaper article writes "It

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5456-614: The son of John Young , one of Kamehameha I's important foreign advisors. Kauikeaouli named an heir, his nephew, Alexander ʻIolani Liholiho who took the throne styled as Kamehameha IV in 1855. The third Kamehameha instituted the Great Mahele , which gave up millions of acres of land passed from his brother, who inherited it from Kamehameha I, leaving all to him as the ruler of the kingdom. Kamehameha III had illegitimate twin sons by Jane Lahilahi named Kīwalaʻō (died young) and Albert Kūnuiākea (1851–1903). Alexander ʻIolani Liholiho

5544-402: The throne to Elizabeth Keka'aniau and Bernice Pauahi Bishop but they both refused it. Finally, Kamehameha V stated: "The throne belongs to Lunalilo; I will not appoint him, because I consider him unworthy of the position. The constitution, in case I make no nomination, provides for the election of the next King; let it be so." He would die the following morning. This enabled an election from

5632-465: The throne, styled as Kamehameha III at the age of twelve. When Kaʻahumanu died Kauikeaouli was 18. With the death of the Kuhina Nui, the young king demanded to come into the possession of his full inheritance. He immediately rebelled against the Christian church and suspended all laws except murder and theft, which was a common tradition after the death of a chief. Distilleries were re-opened and

5720-505: The tomb of Halekamani in Lahaina . Their remains were transferred to a tomb on the island of Mokuʻula sometime in 1837 and to the cemetery of Waiola Church in 1884. Kaumualiʻi was popular among both his people and foreigners who visited and worked on his islands. Captain George Vancouver , who gave the young king a flock of sheep as a gift in 1792, was thanked with a lavish banquet and described his host glowingly. Kaumualiʻi

5808-615: The unified Kingdom of Hawaiʻi in 1810. He was the 23rd high chief of Kauaʻi and reigned from 1794 to 1810. Although he was sometimes known as George Kaumualiʻi , he should not be confused with his son, who is more commonly known by that name. In Hanamāʻulu , the King Kaumuali'i Elementary School is named after Kauai's last reigning chief. Kaumualiʻi was the only son of the ruling High Chiefess Kamakahelei , aliʻi nui of Kauaʻi and Niʻihau, and her husband, Aliʻi Kāʻeokūlani (c. 1754–1794), regent of Maui and Molokaʻi . Kāʻeokūlani

5896-422: The world. For example, American women could not even vote at the time. Ruth's assertiveness were characteristic of her ancestors. She hired businessmen such as Sam Parker and Rufus Anderson Lyman who were descended from Americans to help her adapt to the new rules for land ownership. Instead of selling the land, she offered long-term leases, which encouraged settlers to start successful family farms, and gave her

5984-534: The young Kamehameha's uncle, would raise him after his father's death. Kalaniʻōpuʻu ruled Hawaiʻi as did his grandfather Keawe. He had a number of advisors and priests. When word reached the ruler that chiefs were planning to murder the boy, he told Kamehameha: "My child, I have heard the secret complaints of the chiefs and their mutterings that they will take you and kill you, perhaps soon. While I am alive they are afraid, but when I die they will take you and kill you. I advise you to go back to Kohala." "I have left you

6072-416: Was Kalanikeʻeaumoku , both were sons of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku . They shared a common mother, Kamakaʻīmoku . Both brothers served Alapaʻinui , the ruling King of Hawaiʻi island at the time. Contemporary Hawaiian genealogy notes that Keōua may not have been Kamehameha's biological father, and that Kahekili II might have been the figure's real father. But official genealogies of the chiefs as well as

6160-560: Was a daughter of Haae-a-Mahi who was also the father of Kamehameha I's mother Kekuʻiapoiwa II . Kalani Pauahi died from complications due to child birth. While many sources and writers differ on the date and reason, Francisco de Paula Marín had noted in his journal in 1826 the specific day Kalani Puahi died; "17 June. Today died one of the Queens Craypaguaji (Kalanipauahi i.e., Pauahi)" . Some years later John Papa ʻĪʻī wrote; "The mother died in childbirth on June 17, 1826" ,

6248-606: Was a punalua child, having dual parentage. Lunalilo was the last Kamehameha monarch. Family tree based on Abraham Fornander's "An Account of the Polynesian Race" and other works from the author, Queen Liliuokalani's "Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen", Samuel Mānaiakalani Kamakau's "Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii" and other works by the author, John Papa ʻĪʻī's "Fragments of Hawaiian History", Edith Kawelohea McKinzie's "Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers, Vol. I & II", Kanalu G. Terry Young's "Rethinking

6336-499: Was born in February 1862 and hānai (adopted) against his father's wishes to Princess Bernice Pauahi Bishop . He died on August 29, 1863, aged one year and 6 months. Her adopted son, called Leleiohoku II after her first husband, was born January 10, 1854, became Crown Prince of Hawaii, but died April 9, 1877, when only 23 years old. On the death of her adopted son, she demanded that Kalākaua and his family relinquish all rights to

6424-498: Was born on Maui around 1777. Her parents were aliʻi chiefs of a lower ranking line. She became Kamehameha's consort when she was fourteen. George Vancouver states: "[O]ne of the finest woman we had yet seen on any of the islands" . To wed the young woman, Kamehameha had to consent to make Kaʻahumanu's children his heirs to the Kingdom although, in the end, she produced no issue. Before his death, Kamehameha selected Kaʻahumanu to rule along with his son. Kaʻahumanu had also adopted

6512-673: Was buried in the Kamehameha Crypt of the Royal Mausoleum , Mauna ʻAla, in Nuʻuanu Valley, Oahu. Her will had only one major bequest: to her cousin Princess Bernice Pauahi Bishop the elaborate mansion, Keōua Hale on Emma Street in Honolulu, as well as approximately 353,000 acres (1,430 km) of Kamehameha lands. This totaled nearly nine percent of the land in the Hawaiian Islands. Before

6600-501: Was common knowledge that Kekūanaōʻa had taken Kalani Pauahi for himself immediately upon his return. ʻĪʻī states that the relationship may possibly have stemmed from "illicit relations" prior to the king's death that remained hidden but on Kekūanaōʻa's return the "affair was evident". Although her paternity was questionable, Mataio Kekūanaōʻa claimed her as his own natural child. He took her into his household after Kaʻahumanu's death and included her in his will and inheritance. This made her

6688-556: Was considered rather handsome by many including foreign visitors such as Lady Franklin and her niece Sophia Cracroft. Their marriage was an unhappy one, and they divorced in 1868. The early loss of their son did not help. She bore two sons, who both died young. John William Pitt Kīnaʻu , son of Leleiohoku, was born on December 21, 1842. He was taken away at an early age to attend the Royal School in Honolulu, and died September 9, 1859. Keolaokalani Davis , son of Isaac Young Davis

6776-504: Was described as handsome, likeable, and courteous, as well as a capable leader. Upon his death, the people of Kauaʻi sincerely mourned him. After Kaumualiʻi's death in 1824, his son by sacred wife Kawalu, daughter of Kamakahelei and ali'i Kiha of Ni'ihau, George "Prince" Kaumualiʻi Humehume (1797–1826), also known as George Tamoree, attempted to reestablish the independence of Kauaʻi but was also eventually captured and taken to Honolulu , where he died of influenza. He had three offspring,

6864-483: Was during the time of the warfare among the chiefs of [the island of] Hawaii which followed the death of Keawe, chief over the whole island (Ke-awe-i-kekahi-aliʻi-o-ka-moku) that Kamehameha I was born" . However, his general dating has been challenged. Abraham Fornander writes in his publication, "An Account of the Polynesian Race: Its Origins and Migrations": "when Kamehameha died in 1819 he

6952-635: Was founded in 1887. Charles Bishop would serve as president of the Board of trustees for the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate, a perpetual trust with Kamehameha Schools the sole beneficiary, and gave back to the estate all lands deeded to him during his life and helped fund the first structures of the school out of his own money. In 1889, the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum was founded and endowed by Charles Bishop as

7040-454: Was her second husband Davis who had broken her nose in one of their many fights. She came to adopt some modern ways, such as Victorian fashions in hairstyle and dresses. Christian missionaries caused Hawaiian royal women to become self-conscious about their Hawaiian looks. They were uncomfortable with their dark skin and large bodies which had been considered signs of nobility for centuries. No matter how Westernized their manners, they were seen as

7128-498: Was made kahu hānai of Kauikeaoūli ( Kamehameha III ). John Papa ʻĪʻī states Kahalaiʻa was sent to Lahaina, Maui for his safety upon Kekūanaōʻa's return as he had supposedly already stated his intention to wed Pauahi. In 1909 Sheldon Dibble published the date of Kahalaiʻa's death as 1826 however, he places Pauahi's death in 1825. Also in 1906, Thomas G. Thrum's; "Hawaiian Annual" lists Kahalaiʻa's death as 1826 as well however, in their 1922 edition state that Kahalaiʻa had died during

7216-526: Was made of her life in 2004. As a tribute to her traditionalism, a version of the film was produced in the Hawaiian language. In March 2017, Hawaiʻi Magazine ranked her among a list of the most influential women in Hawaiian history. Key- Subjects with bold titles and blue bold box= Aliʻi line. Bold title and grey bolded box= Lower ranking Aliʻi line. Bold title and un-bolded box= European nobility. Regular name and box= makaʻāinana or untitled foreign subject . House of Kamehameha The origins of

7304-479: Was not included in this line of succession, although her son is. Ruth was a staunch defender of ancient Hawaiian traditions and customs. While the kingdom became Christianized, Anglicized, and urbanized, she preferred to live as a noble woman of antiquity. While her royal estates were filled with elegant palaces and mansions built for her family, she chose to live in a large traditional stone-raised grass house. While she understood English and spoke it well, she used

7392-414: Was one of the three sons of Kānekapōlei that rebelled against their half brother Kīwalaʻō and their uncle Kamehameha I when their father Kalaniʻōpuʻu died and left them no lands. The other two brothers were: Keōua Kūʻahuʻula who started the rebellion and Keōua Peʻeʻale who was speared to death. It was said that Kalani Pauahi was Kamehameha I's granddaughter through her father Kaōleiokū however, in 1935

7480-492: Was past eighty years old. His birth would thus fall between 1736 and 1740, probably nearer the former than the latter" . "A brief history of the Hawaiian people" By William De Witt Alexander lists the birth date in the Chronological Table of Events of Hawaiian History" as 1736. He would be named Paiea but would take the name Kamehameha, meaning "The lonely one" or "The one who has been set apart". Kalaniʻōpuʻu,

7568-579: Was the nephew of Kamehameha II and grandson of Kamehameha I. He reigned as Kamehameha IV . Along with his wife Queen Emma , Kamehameha IV would establish the Queen's Medical Center . He was the son of Kīnaʻu, daughter of Kamehameha I and Kekūanaōʻa, a high ranking warrior chief from the conquest of the islands who became Governor of Oahu. He ascended the throne at the age of 21. He was a tall man often described as handsome. His wife was, Emma Naea Rooke, granddaughter of John Young . The couple had one child,

7656-461: Was the queen regent Kaʻahumanu (1768–1832), Kamehameha's widow. Kauaʻi and Niʻihau had eluded Kamehameha's control since he first tried to add them to his kingdom in 1796, a year after Kaumualiʻi became king. At that time, the governor of the Island of Hawai'i led a rebellion against Kamehameha, forcing him to return home. Kamehameha tried again in 1803, but disease ravaged his armies, and he called

7744-477: Was the younger son of Kekaulike , the 23rd Aliʻi Aimoku and Moʻi of Maui. He became the co-king and effective ruler of Kauaʻi by his marriage. When Kamakahelei died in 1794, she passed their titles and positions to the 16-year-old Kaumualiʻi, who reigned under the regency of Chief Inamoʻo until he came of age. His first wife and consort was his half-sister Kawalu of Oʻahu . His second wife was his half-sister Kaʻapuwai Kapuaʻamohu of Kōloa ; his third and final wife

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