Rupotine is an archeological site near Solin , Croatia , which is believed by Croatian archaeologists to be the site of medieval Rižinice monastery . It is considered one of the most significant early medieval Croatian archeological sites due to the inscription of duke Trpimir "PRO DUCE TREPIME(ro)" which was found here.
120-453: Archeological dig Rižinice is situated northeast of Solin, next to the road leading to Klis fortress , on the eastern slopes of mount Mali Kozjak . According to Ivana Čačija, the monastery complex consisted of one nave church facing north–south, surrounded by multiple buildings. The church had a wide semi-circular apse (16 x 7,40 meters). Its chancel was divided from the apse by a partition. Its small dimensions, claims Čačija, suggest that it
240-562: A 0.2 mm resolution. With modern dual-energy CT scanners, new areas of use have been established, such as aiding in the diagnosis of gout . CT is used in biomechanics to quickly reveal the geometry, anatomy, density and elastic moduli of biological tissues. Industrial CT scanning (industrial computed tomography) is a process which uses X-ray equipment to produce 3D representations of components both externally and internally. Industrial CT scanning has been used in many areas of industry for internal inspection of components. Some of
360-503: A central strongpoint, the " Položaj maggiore " at its eastern, highest end. " Položaj maggiore " or "Grand position" is a mixed Croatian-Italian term, dating from the time when Leonardo Foscolo captured the fortress for the Venetians in 1648. At that time, a village started to spread below the ramparts. The structures of the fortress are mostly irregular, as they were constructed to suit the natural topography. Several small towers top
480-501: A church dedicated to Saint Vitus was founded in the 10th century by a certain Croatian king, along with his wife, Queen Domaslava , which got destroyed during Ottoman conquests in the 16th century. A controversial Saxon theologian of the mid-9th century, Gottschalk of Orbais , spent some time at Trpimir's court between 846 and 848. His work "De Trina deitate" is an important source of information for Trpimir's reign. Gottschalk
600-402: A church with wide semi-circular apse (16 x 7,40 meters) were discovered. After initial research done by Bulić, another series of research was made in 1930's by Ljubo Karaman and Ejnar Dyggve . Dyygve discovered that the site was much larger than previously thought, and considered that it used to be an early Christian church, which was subsequently adapted during medieval period by further adding
720-594: A computer using tomographic reconstruction algorithms to produce tomographic (cross-sectional) images (virtual "slices") of a body. CT scans can be used in patients with metallic implants or pacemakers, for whom magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is contraindicated . Since its development in the 1970s, CT scanning has proven to be a versatile imaging technique. While CT is most prominently used in medical diagnosis , it can also be used to form images of non-living objects. The 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
840-520: A full roll-out on 1 December 2022 and the TSA spent $ 781.2 million on an order for over 1,000 scanners, ready to go live in the summer. X-ray CT is used in geological studies to quickly reveal materials inside a drill core. Dense minerals such as pyrite and barite appear brighter and less dense components such as clay appear dull in CT images. Traditional methods of studying fossils are often destructive, such as
960-556: A garrison composed of Croat refugees, who used the base at Klis both to hold the Turks at bay, and to engage in marauding and piracy against coastal shipping. Although nominally accepting the sovereignty of the Habsburg king Ferdinand who had obtained the Croatian crown in 1527, Kružić and his freebooting Uskoks were a law unto themselves. When a large Turkish force threatened the fortress, Kružić appealed to Ferdinand I for help, but
1080-444: A key role in the fast-evolving field of transcatheter structural heart interventions , more specifically in the transcatheter repair and replacement of heart valves. The main forms of cardiac CT scanning are: To better visualize the anatomy, post-processing of the images is common. Most common are multiplanar reconstructions (MPR) and volume rendering . For more complex anatomies and procedures, such as heart valve interventions,
1200-427: A mix of for example coloring and shading in order to create realistic and observable representations. Two-dimensional CT images are conventionally rendered so that the view is as though looking up at it from the patient's feet. Hence, the left side of the image is to the patient's right and vice versa, while anterior in the image also is the patient's anterior and vice versa. This left-right interchange corresponds to
1320-526: A mostly stone fortress dates back to the restructuring work carried out by the Venetians in the 17th century. Many buildings of the Klis Fortress, which are from 17th through 19th centuries, are partially or entirely preserved. The Fortress actually consists of three parts, enclosed by walls with separate entrances. The first main entrance was built by the Austrians in the early 19th century, on
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#17327826606621440-435: A pagan burial site dated between 1st and 3rd century AD. Besides series of glass, stone and clay Urns , there was also a child grave in semi-preserved amphora , lacrymatories , and a cosmetics plate. From the period of early medieval Croatian state, 10 oval graves covered by stone plates were recovered. In one of the graves, remains of a woman from 10th century were found, whom the archeologists nicknamed "Joza". Its skeleton
1560-454: A part of Byzantine Empire . The name of Klis ( Kleisa or Kleisoura ) was first described in chapter 29 of Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus' De Administrando Imperio . While describing the Roman settlement of Salona , Constantine VII speaks of the stronghold, which may have been designed or improved, to prevent attacks on the coastal cities and roads by Slavs . Salona, the capital of
1680-469: A particular location and then stops which is followed by the X-ray tube rotation and acquisition of a slice. The table then increments again, and another slice is taken. The table movement stops while taking slices. This results in an increased time of scanning. Spinning tube, commonly called spiral CT , or helical CT, is an imaging technique in which an entire X-ray tube is spun around the central axis of
1800-562: A place called S. Girolamo, with fourteen pieces of artillery. After Ibrahim's death, Suleiman the Magnificent sent 8,000 men under the command of Murat-beg Tardić (Amurat Vaivoda), a Croatian renegade who had been born in Šibenik , to go and lay siege to Klis fortress ( Clissa ), and fight against Petar Kružić. An initial encounter of the Christian relief force with the Turks was indecisive, but, on March 12, they were overwhelmed by
1920-544: A position was felt by every army that invaded, or held possession of this part of Croatia. Klis Fortress was a point against which their attacks were always directed, and it has been remarkable for the many sieges it withstood. It has been of major strategic value in Croatia throughout history. The ancient Illyrian tribe of the Dalmatae , who held a stronghold on this spot, are the first known inhabitants to have lived on
2040-518: A small stronghold built by the ancient Illyrian tribe Dalmatae , to a role as royal castle and seat of many Croatian kings , to its final development as a large fortress during the Ottoman wars in Europe , Klis Fortress has guarded the frontier, being lost and re-conquered several times throughout its 2,000-year history. Due to its location on a pass that separates the mountains Mosor and Kozjak ,
2160-516: A stone mosque with a dome and a minaret on the foundations of an earlier Old Croatian Catholic chapel inside the Klis fortress shortly after they had conquered it. It is a simple constructed square with the octagonal stone roof, designed primarily for military/religious use by the garrisons stationed inside the fortress. After the Venetians had conquered the fortress from the Ottomans, they destroyed
2280-483: A technique to improve temporal resolution. Electron beam tomography (EBT) is a specific form of CT in which a large enough X-ray tube is constructed so that only the path of the electrons , travelling between the cathode and anode of the X-ray tube, are spun using deflection coils . This type had a major advantage since sweep speeds can be much faster, allowing for less blurry imaging of moving structures, such as
2400-416: A true 3D reconstruction or a 3D print is created based on these CT images to gain a deeper understanding. CT is an accurate technique for diagnosis of abdominal diseases like Crohn's disease , GIT bleeding, and diagnosis and staging of cancer, as well as follow-up after cancer treatment to assess response. It is commonly used to investigate acute abdominal pain . Non-enhanced computed tomography
2520-413: A very high dynamic range which must be reduced for display or printing. This is typically done via a process of "windowing", which maps a range (the "window") of pixel values to a grayscale ramp. For example, CT images of the brain are commonly viewed with a window extending from 0 HU to 80 HU. Pixel values of 0 and lower, are displayed as black; values of 80 and higher are displayed as white; values within
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#17327826606622640-399: A walled monastery complex with defensive tower facing the nearby creek. The western part of the complex was partially damaged during 1952 construction of Solin-Klis road when, graves on western part were destroyed. In 1989 Museum of Croatian Archeological Monuments bought the site and continued with the research. In 2006 the road above the complex collapsed revealing there is another part of
2760-419: Is a medical imaging technique used to obtain detailed internal images of the body. The personnel that perform CT scans are called radiographers or radiology technologists. CT scanners use a rotating X-ray tube and a row of detectors placed in a gantry to measure X-ray attenuations by different tissues inside the body. The multiple X-ray measurements taken from different angles are then processed on
2880-406: Is a specific form of CT to assess flow through blood vessels whilst injecting a contrast agent . Blood flow, blood transit time, and organ blood volume, can all be calculated with reasonable sensitivity and specificity . This type of CT may be used on the heart , although sensitivity and specificity for detecting abnormalities are still lower than for other forms of CT. This may also be used on
3000-408: Is a two dimensional unit based on the matrix size and the field of view. When the CT slice thickness is also factored in, the unit is known as a voxel , which is a three-dimensional unit. Water has an attenuation of 0 Hounsfield units (HU), while air is −1,000 HU, cancellous bone is typically +400 HU, and cranial bone can reach 2,000 HU. The attenuation of metallic implants depends on
3120-405: Is a type of contrast CT to visualize the arteries and veins throughout the body. This ranges from arteries serving the brain to those bringing blood to the lungs , kidneys , arms and legs . An example of this type of exam is CT pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) used to diagnose pulmonary embolism (PE). It employs computed tomography and an iodine-based contrast agent to obtain an image of
3240-472: Is also under consideration for automated baggage/parcel security scanning using computer vision based object recognition algorithms that target the detection of specific threat items based on 3D appearance (e.g. guns, knives, liquid containers). Its usage in airport security pioneered at Shannon Airport in March 2022 has ended the ban on liquids over 100 ml there, a move that Heathrow Airport plans for
3360-560: Is called high resolution CT that produces a sampling of the lung, and not continuous images. Bronchial wall thickening can be seen on lung CTs and generally (but not always) implies inflammation of the bronchi . An incidentally found nodule in the absence of symptoms (sometimes referred to as an incidentaloma ) may raise concerns that it might represent a tumor, either benign or malignant . Perhaps persuaded by fear, patients and doctors sometimes agree to an intensive schedule of CT scans, sometimes up to every three months and beyond
3480-458: Is how to reduce the radiation dose during CT examinations without compromising the image quality. In general, higher radiation doses result in higher-resolution images, while lower doses lead to increased image noise and unsharp images. However, increased dosage raises the adverse side effects, including the risk of radiation-induced cancer – a four-phase abdominal CT gives the same radiation dose as 300 chest X-rays. Several methods that can reduce
3600-700: Is imaging the contents of sarcophagi or ceramics. Recently, CWI in Amsterdam has collaborated with Rijksmuseum to investigate art object inside details in the framework called IntACT. Varied types of fungus can degrade wood to different degrees, one Belgium research group has been used X-ray CT 3 dimension with sub-micron resolution unveiled fungi can penetrate micropores of 0.6 μm under certain conditions. Sawmills use industrial CT scanners to detect round defects, for instance knots, to improve total value of timber productions. Most sawmills are planning to incorporate this robust detection tool to improve productivity in
3720-461: Is limited technique as it displays only the surfaces that meet a particular threshold density, and which are towards the viewer. However, In volume rendering, transparency, colours and shading are used which makes it easy to present a volume in a single image. For example, Pelvic bones could be displayed as semi-transparent, so that, even viewing at an oblique angle one part of the image does not hide another. An important issue within radiology today
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3840-607: Is often the preferred investigation modality for thyroid abnormalities. A CT scan can be used for detecting both acute and chronic changes in the lung parenchyma , the tissue of the lungs . It is particularly relevant here because normal two-dimensional X-rays do not show such defects. A variety of techniques are used, depending on the suspected abnormality. For evaluation of chronic interstitial processes such as emphysema , and fibrosis , thin sections with high spatial frequency reconstructions are used; often scans are performed both on inspiration and expiration. This special technique
3960-441: Is possible as present CT scanners provide almost isotropic resolution. MPR is used almost in every scan. The spine is frequently examined with it. An image of the spine in axial plane can only show one vertebral bone at a time and cannot show its relation with other vertebral bones. By reformatting the data in other planes, visualization of the relative position can be achieved in sagittal and coronal plane. New software allows
4080-600: Is remembered in a Croatian byword based on the resistance of Klis and the strength of its people: It is difficult for Klis because it is on the rock and it is difficult for the rock because Klis is on it . The fortress was used in a 1972 historical film Eagle in a Cage , portraying Saint Helena . Klis was also used as a location for the fictional city of Meereen in the HBO series Game of Thrones . CT scan A computed tomography scan ( CT scan ), formerly called computed axial tomography scan ( CAT scan ),
4200-476: Is set by the operator (e.g., a level that corresponds to bone). With the help of edge detection image processing algorithms a 3D model can be constructed from the initial data and displayed on screen. Various thresholds can be used to get multiple models, each anatomical component such as muscle, bone and cartilage can be differentiated on the basis of different colours given to them. However, this mode of operation cannot show interior structures. Surface rendering
4320-687: Is significant for spreading Christianity in the medieval Croatian state, and for the first mention of the name "Croats" in domestic documents. On 4 March, in 852, Trpimir I issued a "Charter in Biaći" ( Latin : in loco Byaci dicitur ) in Latin, confirming Mislav's donations to the Archbishopric in Split . In this document Trpimir I named himself; "By the mercy of God, Duke of Croats" ( Latin : Dux Chroatorum iuvatus munere divino ), and his realm as
4440-521: Is today the gold standard for diagnosing urinary stones . The size, volume and density of stones can be estimated to help clinicians guide further treatment; size is especially important in predicting spontaneous passage of a stone. For the axial skeleton and extremities , CT is often used to image complex fractures , especially ones around joints, because of its ability to reconstruct the area of interest in multiple planes. Fractures, ligamentous injuries, and dislocations can easily be recognized with
4560-583: The "Realm of the Croats" ( Latin : Regnum Chroatorum ). In the same document Trpimir I mentioned Klis as his property — seat. Under Klis, at Rižinice [ hr ] , the duke Trpimir built a church and the first Benedictine monastery in Croatia, which is known from the discovery of a stone fragment on a gable arch from an altar screen, inscribed with the duke's name and title. ( Latin ... pro duce Trepimero ... – English... for Duke Trpimir ...) Archaeological excavations found that
4680-692: The Fall of the Republic of Venice . Today, Klis Fortress contains a museum where visitors to this historic military structure can see an array of arms, armor, and traditional uniforms. The fortress is located above the village of Klis , 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from the Adriatic Sea , on a pass that separates the mountains Mosor and Kozjak , at the altitude of 360 metres (1,180 ft), northeast of Split in Croatia . Owing to its strategic position,
4800-583: The House of Kotromanić . Jelena Šubić gave birth to the first Bosnian King , Tvrtko I , who later inherited the fortress. Owing to its location, Klis Fortress was an important defensive position during the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans . The fortress stands along the route by which the Ottomans could penetrate the mountain barrier separating the coastal lowlands from around Split, from Turkish-held Bosnia. The Croat feudal lord Petar Kružić gathered together
4920-607: The Uskoci retreated to the city of Senj , where they continued fighting the Turkish invaders. During the Ottoman wars in Europe , Klis Fortress was, for a century, an administrative centre or sanjak (Kilis Sancağı) of the Bosnia Eyalet . On April 7, 1596, Split noblemen Ivan Alberti and Nikola Cindro, along with Uskoci, Poljičani, and Kaštelani irregulars, organized an occupation of Klis. Assisted by dissident elements of
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5040-683: The Venetian Republic for the relatively meager sum of 100,000 ducats . However, Klis and Klis Fortress remained parts of the Kingdom of Croatia. From that time, the Venetians were eager to take control over Klis, as the fortress was one of the region's most important strategic points. The Venetians fought for decades before they finally managed to re-take Klis. During the Fifth Ottoman–Venetian War in Dalmatia (1645–1669),
5160-458: The brain , where CT perfusion imaging can often detect poor brain perfusion well before it is detected using a conventional spiral CT scan. This is better for stroke diagnosis than other CT types. Positron emission tomography–computed tomography is a hybrid CT modality which combines, in a single gantry, a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner and an X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner, to acquire sequential images from both devices in
5280-456: The province of Dalmatia was sacked and destroyed in 614 by Avars and Slavs . The population fled to Diocletian's walled palace of Split, which was able to resist the invaders. Thereafter, Split rose quickly in importance as one of Dalmatia's major cities. In the 7th century the Avars were driven out by a second wave of Croats , on the invitation of Emperor Heraclius , in order to counter
5400-411: The pulmonary arteries . CT scans can reduce the risk of angiography by providing clinicians with more information about the positioning and number of clots prior to the procedure. A CT scan of the heart is performed to gain knowledge about cardiac or coronary anatomy. Traditionally, cardiac CT scans are used to detect, diagnose, or follow up coronary artery disease . More recently CT has played
5520-423: The 1970s, CT has become an important tool in medical imaging to supplement conventional X-ray imaging and medical ultrasonography . It has more recently been used for preventive medicine or screening for disease, for example, CT colonography for people with a high risk of colon cancer , or full-motion heart scans for people with a high risk of heart disease. Several institutions offer full-body scans for
5640-415: The 19th century, the military fully abandoned the fortress. The last military occupation of Klis Fortress was by Axis powers during World War II . Klis Fortress is one of the most valuable surviving examples of defensive architecture in Dalmatia. The fortress is a remarkably comprehensive structure with three long rectangular defensive lines, consisting of three defensive stone walls , which surround
5760-698: The Avar threat to the Byzantine Empire. From the early 7th century on, Klis was an important Croat stronghold, and later, one of the seats of many Croatia's rulers. In the 9th century, Croatian duke Mislav of the Duchy of Croatia , from 835 to 845, made the castle of Klis seat of his throne. Despite Frankish overlordship, the Franks had almost no role in Croatia in the period from the 820s through 840s. After Mislav's death, starting with Duke Trpimir I , Klis
5880-527: The Croatian kings. Austrians repaired this building, and there were placed commandments unity of the fortress and Engineering. On the top point of the fortress was a "new gunpowder storage", built in the early 19th century. The oldest remaining building with the dome is a former square-shaped Turkish mosque , which has been converted into a Catholic church in the meantime. There used to be three altars, dedicated to St. Vid, Virgin Mary and St. Barbara, but today
6000-578: The Duchy of Croatia. He expanded the Klis Fortress, and in Rižinice [ hr ] , in the valley under the fortress, he built a church and the first Benedictine monastery in Croatia. During the reign of the first Croatian king, Tomislav , Klis and Biograd na Moru were his chief residences. In March 1242 at Klis Fortress, Tatars serving in the Mongol army suffered a major defeat while in pursuit of
6120-594: The Emperor's attention was diverted by a Turkish invasion into Slavonia . For more than two and half decades, Captain Kružić, also called (Prince of Klis) , defended the fortress against the Turkish invasion. Kružić led the defense of Klis, and with his soldiers fought almost alone against the Ottomans, as they hurled army after army against the fortress. No troops would come from the Hungarian king, as they were defeated by
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#17327826606626240-537: The Hungarian army led by King Béla IV . During the Late Middle Ages , the fortress was governed by Croatian nobility , amongst whom Paul I Šubić of Bribir was the most significant. During his reign, the House of Šubić controlled most of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia. Excluding the brief possession by the forces of Bosnian King , Tvrtko I , the fortress remained in Hungaro-Croatian hands for
6360-526: The Mongols retreated and Béla IV rewarded the Croatian towns and nobility. Only the city of Split did not help Béla IV in his escape. Some historians claim that the mountainous terrain of Croatian Dalmatia was fatal for the Mongols, because they suffered great losses when attacked by the Croats from ambushes in mountain passes. Other historians claim that the death of Ögedei Khan ( Croatian : Ogotaj )
6480-673: The Ottomans at the Battle of Mohács in 1526, and the Venetians baulked at sending any help. Only the popes were willing to provide some men and money. Pope Paul III claimed some rights in Klis, and in September, 1536, there was talk in the Curia of strengthening the defenses of the fortress. The Pope notified Ferdinand that he was willing to share the costs of maintaining a proper garrison in Klis. Ferdinand I did send aid to Klis and
6600-417: The Turkish garrison, they succeeded. Bey Mustafa responded by bringing more than 10,000 soldiers under the fortress. General Ivan Lenković , leading 1,000 Uskoci, came in relief of the 1,500 Klis defenders. During the battle, Ivan Lenković and his men retreated after he was wounded in battle, and the fortress was lost to the Turks, on May 31. Nevertheless, this temporary relief resounded in Europe and among
6720-607: The Venetians enjoyed the support of the local population of Dalmatia, particularly the Morlachs (Morlacchi). Venetian commander Leonardo Foscolo seized several forts, retook Novigrad , temporarily captured the Knin Fortress , and managed to compel the garrison of Klis Fortress to surrender. At the same time, a month-long siege of the Šibenik Fortress by the Ottomans in August and September failed. From 1669, Klis Fortress
6840-461: The area being scanned. These are the dominant type of scanners on the market because they have been manufactured longer and offer a lower cost of production and purchase. The main limitation of this type of CT is the bulk and inertia of the equipment (X-ray tube assembly and detector array on the opposite side of the circle) which limits the speed at which the equipment can spin. Some designs use two X-ray sources and detector arrays offset by an angle, as
6960-471: The arrival of a great number of Turks. The attempts to relieve the citadel ended in farce. Badly-drilled reinforcements sent by the Habsburgs fled in fear of the Turks, and their attempts to re-board their boats at Solin bay caused many vessels to sink. Niccolo dalla Torre and the papal commissioner managed to escape. Kružić himself – who had left the fortress to make contact with the reinforcements
7080-408: The atomic number of the element used: Titanium usually has an amount of +1000 HU, iron steel can completely block the X-ray and is, therefore, responsible for well-known line-artifacts in computed tomograms. Artifacts are caused by abrupt transitions between low- and high-density materials, which results in data values that exceed the dynamic range of the processing electronics. CT data sets have
7200-505: The bends in a vessel, thereby helping to visualize a whole vessel in a single image or in multiple images. After a vessel has been "straightened", measurements such as cross-sectional area and length can be made. This is helpful in preoperative assessment of a surgical procedure. For 2D projections used in radiation therapy for quality assurance and planning of external beam radiotherapy , including digitally reconstructed radiographs, see Beam's eye view . A threshold value of radiodensity
7320-490: The building beneath it, which was not yet researched. According to Gudelj Velaga, this unresearched part could be "the temple". He claims that conservator-restorers suggested building a bridge over that part to enable the research, however local authorities ordered to bury it again thus delaying the research. Another round of research was conducted in 2011 when swimming pool and numerous sarcophagi from antiquity were discovered. These sarcophagi, however contained "subtenants" from
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#17327826606627440-505: The castle of Klis to any of the local magnates, knowing what great harm could come from that castle. It was the king's will that Split receive the castle of Klis for the defense of their city. The city of Split showed little interest in the royal favors, so the king entrusted Klis into Templars hands. Shortly after this, the Templars lost Klis, and, in exchange, the king gave them the coastal town of Šibenik ( Sebenico ). Tatars under
7560-404: The church has no inventory. The church contains a Baroque stone sink from the 17th century, which served as a baptistery, which has engraved on it the year of 1658. West of the church is the bastion of Bembo, the largest artillery position in the third defense line and in the whole fortress. It has wide holes for guns, and was built in the mid-17th century on the site of former Kružić's tower, and
7680-420: The coastal towns, primarily the city of Split, was protected from epidemics that came from Bosnia. Near the fortress were several sources of drinking water, and the closest was the " Holy Biblical Magi " whose importance was invaluable during long sieges. The fortress was built into the south face of a rocky mass, and is barely discernible from the distance as a man-made structure. The defensive capabilities of
7800-446: The conservation and preservation of objects of cultural heritage. For many fragile objects, direct research and observation can be damaging and can degrade the object over time. Using CT scans, conservators and researchers are able to determine the material composition of the objects they are exploring, such as the position of ink along the layers of a scroll, without any additional harm. These scans have been optimal for research focused on
7920-510: The defensive positions of Speranza. The Klis Fortress has been developed as a visitor attraction by the "Kliški uskoci" re-enactment association in Klis with the aid of the conservation department of the Ministry of Culture in Split. Visitors to the historic military structure can see an array of arms, armor, and traditional uniforms in a building which was formerly an Austrian armory. Klis
8040-498: The direction of Trogir, a number of them turning off toward Split. The Mongols attacked the Dalmatian cities for the next few years but eventually withdrew without major success, as the mountainous terrain and distance were not suitable for their style of warfare. They pursued Béla IV from town to town in Dalmatia. The Croatian nobility and Dalmatian towns such as Trogir and Rab helped Béla IV to escape. After this failure,
8160-416: The family elder. Soon, Ladislaus IV of Hungary , recognizing the balance of power in Dalmatia, named Paul I as Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia . Ladislaus IV died in 1290 leaving no sons, and a civil war between rival candidates, pro-Hungarian Andrew III of Hungary , and pro-Croatian Charles Martel of Anjou , started. Charles Martel's father Charles II of Naples , awarded all Croatia from Gvozd Mountain to
8280-489: The fortress defenders hurled huge stones at them, and managed to kill a great number. This setback only made the Tatars more ferocious, and they came right up to the great walls and fought hand to hand. They looted the houses in the outskirt of the fortress and took away much plunder, but failed to take Klis altogether. Upon learning that the king was not there, they abandoned their attack, and ascending their mounts rode off in
8400-412: The fortress have been tested through history in many military operations. During the centuries of its use, the structure served various armies and has undergone a number of renovations to keep up with the development of arms. The original appearance of the fortress is no longer known, due to the structural changes undertaken by Croatian nobility, Turks, Venetians and Austrians. The present day aspect of
8520-624: The fortress served as a major source of defense in Dalmatia, especially against the Ottoman Empire . It has been a crossroad between the Mediterranean Sea and the Balkans . Since Duke Mislav of the Duchy of Croatia made Klis Fortress the seat of his throne in the middle of the 9th century, the fortress served as the seat of many Croatia's rulers. His successor, Duke Trpimir I , is significant for spreading Christianity in
8640-437: The fortress was one of the region's most important fortifications in its history. Perched on an isolated rocky eminence, inaccessible on three sides, the fortress overlooks Split, the ancient Roman settlement of Salona , Solin , Kaštela and Trogir , and most of the central Dalmatian islands . Historically, the fortress has controlled access to and from Bosnia , Dalmatia and inland Croatia . The importance of such
8760-449: The fortress. It was mentioned for the first time in 1355, but later the Venetians made the lower crown on it. Nearby the entrance are artillery barracks, built by the Austrians in the first half of the 19th century. In 1931 its upper floor was ruined, so now only the ground floor remains. The third entrance leads to the former medieval part built in the early Middle Ages. The Venetians renewed it several times after conquest in 1648, and
8880-472: The general population although this practice goes against the advice and official position of many professional organizations in the field primarily due to the radiation dose applied. The use of CT scans has increased dramatically over the last two decades in many countries. An estimated 72 million scans were performed in the United States in 2007 and more than 80 million in 2015. CT scanning of
9000-459: The great logistical and financial support which the Order had given him during the campaign, he granted the Order the estate of Gacka . Even before his departure from the city of Split in 1217, he had made over to the Templars the castle of Klis ( Clissa ), a strategic point in the hinterland of Split ( Spalato ), which controlled the approaches to the town. The king Andrew was reluctant to entrust
9120-579: The head is also used in CT- guided stereotactic surgery and radiosurgery for treatment of intracranial tumors, arteriovenous malformations , and other surgically treatable conditions using a device known as the N-localizer . Contrast CT is generally the initial study of choice for neck masses in adults. CT of the thyroid plays an important role in the evaluation of thyroid cancer . CT scan often incidentally finds thyroid abnormalities, and so
9240-453: The head is typically used to detect infarction ( stroke ), tumors , calcifications , haemorrhage , and bone trauma . Of the above, hypodense (dark) structures can indicate edema and infarction, hyperdense (bright) structures indicate calcifications and haemorrhage and bone trauma can be seen as disjunction in bone windows. Tumors can be detected by the swelling and anatomical distortion they cause, or by surrounding edema. CT scanning of
9360-578: The heart and arteries. Fewer scanners of this design have been produced when compared with spinning tube types, mainly due to the higher cost associated with building a much larger X-ray tube and detector array and limited anatomical coverage. Dual Energy CT, also known as Spectral CT, is an advancement of Computed Tomography in which two energies are used to create two sets of data. A Dual Energy CT may employ Dual source, Single source with dual detector layer, Single source with energy switching methods to get two different sets of data. CT perfusion imaging
9480-469: The hills around Klis, built by the Turks to keep the fortress under surveillance. Klis Fortress rises on a bare cliff divided into two parts. The first, lower part is on the west, out topped by Mount Greben from the north. The second, higher part is on the east, and includes the Tower "Oprah", whose name most likely refers to a specific part in the defense. In this section, which was not topped by any side,
9600-726: The importance of the fortress. Napoleon 's success in the Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars resulted in the Republic of Venice being partitioned in 1797. Subsequently, Klis was taken by the Habsburg Archduchy of Austria as a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio . The border between Christian and Muslim Europe had moved further east in this time, and the fortress lost its strategic importance. At some point during Austro-Hungarian rule in
9720-527: The insides of these objects, as was the case with the virtual unwrapping of the En-Gedi scroll and the Herculaneum papyri . Micro-CT has also proved useful for analyzing more recent artifacts such as still-sealed historic correspondence that employed the technique of letterlocking (complex folding and cuts) that provided a "tamper-evident locking mechanism". Further examples of use cases in archaeology
9840-487: The key uses for CT scanning have been flaw detection, failure analysis, metrology, assembly analysis, image-based finite element methods and reverse engineering applications. CT scanning is also employed in the imaging and conservation of museum artifacts. CT scanning has also found an application in transport security (predominantly airport security ) where it is currently used in a materials analysis context for explosives detection CTX (explosive-detection device) and
9960-429: The king, Paul I continued to act independently, and ruled over a large portion of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia. He appointed his brothers as commissars of Dalmatian cities, and gave Split to his brother Mladen I Šubić , and Šibenik , Nin , Trogir and Omiš to his brother George I Šubić . After George I Šubić died in 1302, his brother Mladen I Šubić ruled as a Bosnian Ban over Bosnia from Klis Fortress, until he
10080-405: The last upgrade was in 1763. Within this part of the fortress is the side tower, built during the 18th century, and completed in 1763. Following is a repository of weapons built in the mid-17th century and old powder magazine from the 18th century. The "House of Dux", later called governor's residence, was rebuilt in the mid-17th century on the foundations of the oldest buildings from the period of
10200-481: The leadership of Kadan experienced a major failure in March 1242 at Klis Fortress, when they were hunting for Béla IV of Hungary . The Tatars believed that the king was in the Klis Fortress, and so they began to attack from all sides, launching arrows and hurling spears. However, the natural defenses of the fortress gave protection, and the Tatars could cause only limited harm. They dismounted from their horses and began to creep up hand over hand to higher ground. But
10320-510: The local population. From the well-fortified position in the Klis Fortress, the Turks were a constant threat to the Venetians and to the local Croatian population in the surrounding area. In 1647, after the Turkish success at Novigrad , the Turks were said to have 30,000 troops ready to attack Split. The Signoria send off two thousand soldiers with munitions and provisions to the threatened area. Although Split and Zadar were strong fortresses, they were clearly in danger. The Ottomans built
10440-441: The long run, however initial investment cost is high. The result of a CT scan is a volume of voxels , which may be presented to a human observer by various methods, which broadly fit into the following categories: Technically, all volume renderings become projections when viewed on a 2-dimensional display , making the distinction between projections and volume renderings a bit vague. The epitomes of volume rendering models feature
10560-721: The medieval period. The research also uncovered ciboria and pre-Romanesque findings from the period of Trpimir I . According to Radoslav Bužančić, in its initial period, the site was a Roman Villa rustica , likely well preserved until 9th century, when duke Trpimir of Croatia decided to restore it. Trpimir then donated the monastery to the Benedictine monks whom he brought here. Archeological research discovered several layers of graves in Rižinice. The earliest layer of graves contained bones of deceased people as well as pieces of jewelry like earrings and rings. The complex also contained
10680-472: The military faction of Uskoks was formed, which later became famous as an elite Croatian militant sect. Ultimately, the defenders were defeated and the fortress fell to the Ottomans in 1537. After more than a century under Ottoman rule, in 1669, Klis Fortress was besieged and seized by the Republic of Venice . The Venetians restored and enlarged the fortress. In 1797, the fortress was taken by Austria after
10800-513: The minaret and converted the mosque into a Roman Catholic church, dedicated to St. Vitus ( Croatian : Crkva St. Vida ). The building has been in that use ever since. It is one of three preserved Ottoman mosques on the territory of Croatia, the other two being in towns of Drniš and Đakovo . In 1420, the Anjou contender Ladislaus of Naples was defeated and forced to sail away for Naples . Upon his departure he sold his "rights" to Dalmatia to
10920-454: The next several hundred years, until the 16th century. Klis Fortress is best known for its role in the Ottoman invasion of Europe in the early 16th century. Croatian captain Petar Kružić led the defense of the fortress against a Turkish invasion and siege that lasted for more than a quarter of a century. During this defense, as Kružić and his soldiers fought without allies against the Turks,
11040-454: The place is a site of 9th century Rižinice monastery built by duke Trpimir of Croatia, also referred to in Grant of Trpimir (Croatian: Trpimirova darovnica). There are, however, experts more sceptical of the idea, such as Ljubo Gudelj Velaga, who claims he's still not able to "neither to confirm, or deny the idea". Bulić conducted initial research in 1895, 1896 and 1908. Eventually the remains of
11160-409: The place of an earlier Venetian entrance. Left of the entrance is a fortification erected by the Venetians in the early 18th century. Also, near the main entrance is a "position Avanzato" built in 1648, which was repeatedly renewed afterwards. On the ground floor of the fortification is a narrow over-vaulted corridor, which is called a casemate. The second entrance which was significantly damaged in
11280-577: The pope and the Naples court. In August 1300, George I returned to Split, bringing Charles Robert with him. Paul Šubić accompanied Charles Robert (later known as Charles I of Hungary) to Zagreb , where he was recognized as king; then they proceeded to Esztergom , where, in 1301, the Archbishop of Esztergom crowned him as King of Hungary and Croatia. Paul I Šubić, Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia, became Lord of all of Bosnia in 1299. Although supporting
11400-587: The recommended guidelines, in an attempt to do surveillance on the nodules. However, established guidelines advise that patients without a prior history of cancer and whose solid nodules have not grown over a two-year period are unlikely to have any malignant cancer. For this reason, and because no research provides supporting evidence that intensive surveillance gives better outcomes, and because of risks associated with having CT scans, patients should not receive CT screening in excess of those recommended by established guidelines. Computed tomography angiography (CTA)
11520-450: The reconstruction of data in non-orthogonal (oblique) planes, which help in the visualization of organs which are not in orthogonal planes. It is better suited for visualization of the anatomical structure of the bronchi as they do not lie orthogonal to the direction of the scan. Curved-plane reconstruction (or curved planar reformation = CPR) is performed mainly for the evaluation of vessels. This type of reconstruction helps to straighten
11640-420: The river Neretva mouth hereditary to Paul I Šubić of Bribir. Thus, Charles converted Paul's personal position as Ban into a hereditary one for the Šubić family. All the other nobles in this region, were to be vassals of Paul Šubić. In response, Andrew III in 1293 issued a similar charter for Paul Šubić. During this struggle over the throne, George I Šubić of Bribir , Ban Paul's brother went to Italy, visiting
11760-479: The same session, which are combined into a single superposed ( co-registered ) image. Thus, functional imaging obtained by PET, which depicts the spatial distribution of metabolic or biochemical activity in the body can be more precisely aligned or correlated with anatomic imaging obtained by CT scanning. PET-CT gives both anatomical and functional details of an organ under examination and is helpful in detecting different type of cancers. Since its introduction in
11880-401: The siege of 1648, leads to the former medieval part of the fortress previously ruled by a Croatian nobility. After 1648, Venetians fully restored the second entrance, but its present appearance was made by the Austrians during the early 19th century. Along the northern wall near the second entrance is fortress-tower called "Oprah", the most important medieval fortification of the western part of
12000-581: The site of today's Klis Fortress. They were defeated several times, and in the year 9 AD, finally annexed by Romans . Today's Klis Fortress was known to the Romans by the name of "Andetrium" or "Anderium" , and in later times "Clausura" , which is the origin of later "Clissa" and modern "Klis" . To the Romans, Klis became famous for its celebrated siege by Augustus , at the time of the Illyrian revolt in Dalmatia. The road that lead from Klis to Salona
12120-710: The supremacy of Hungarian kings. The Kingdom of Croatia and the Kingdom of Hungary were, from 1102, in a personal union of two kingdoms, united under the Hungarian king. Andrew II of Hungary was extremely favorably disposed towards the Templars . During his participation in the Fifth Crusade , he appointed Pontius de Cruce , Master of the Order in the Hungarian Kingdom, as a regent in Croatia and Dalmatia. After his return in 1219, in recognition of
12240-422: The use of thin sections and physical preparation. X-ray CT is used in paleontology to non-destructively visualize fossils in 3D. This has many advantages. For example, we can look at fragile structures that might never otherwise be able to be studied. In addition, one can freely move around models of fossils in virtual 3D space to inspect it without damaging the fossil. X-ray CT and micro-CT can also be used for
12360-459: The view that physicians generally have in reality when positioned in front of patients. Pixels in an image obtained by CT scanning are displayed in terms of relative radiodensity . The pixel itself is displayed according to the mean attenuation of the tissue(s) that it corresponds to on a scale from +3,071 (most attenuating) to −1,024 (least attenuating) on the Hounsfield scale . A pixel
12480-529: The window are displayed as a gray intensity proportional to position within the window. The window used for display must be matched to the X-ray density of the object of interest, in order to optimize the visible detail. Window width and window level parameters are used to control the windowing of a scan. Multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) is the process of converting data from one anatomical plane (usually transverse ) to other planes. It can be used for thin slices as well as projections. Multiplanar reconstruction
12600-566: The workings of the Antikythera mechanism or the text hidden inside the charred outer layers of the En-Gedi Scroll . However, they are not optimal for every object subject to these kinds of research questions, as there are certain artifacts like the Herculaneum papyri in which the material composition has very little variation along the inside of the object. After scanning these objects, computational methods can be employed to examine
12720-415: Was a witness to the battle between Trpimir and Byzantine strategos, when Trpimir was victorious. During the reign of Croatian king Tomislav , who had no permanent capital, the castle of Klis along with Biograd , were his chief residences. From the early 12th century, and after the decay of the native Croatian royal family of Trpimirović, the castle of Klis was mainly governed by Croatian nobility , under
12840-464: Was apparently hopeful of holding the fortress, when the Turks again laid siege to it. Ferdinand I recruited men from Trieste and elsewhere in the Habsburg lands, and Pope Paul III sent soldiers from Ancona . There were about 3,000 infantry in the reinforcements, which made a sizeable relief force, that were commanded by Petar Kružić, Niccolo dalla Torre , and a papal commissioner Jacomo Dalmoro d'Arbe . On March 9, 1537, they disembarked near Klis, at
12960-436: Was awarded jointly to South African-American physicist Allan MacLeod Cormack and British electrical engineer Godfrey Hounsfield "for the development of computer-assisted tomography". On the basis of image acquisition and procedures, various type of scanners are available in the market. Sequential CT, also known as step-and-shoot CT, is a type of scanning method in which the CT table moves stepwise. The table increments to
13080-477: Was called "Via Gabiniana" or "Via Gabinia", which according to an inscription found at Salona, appears to have been made by Tiberius . Southeast of the fortress, the traces of a Roman camp are still visible, as well as an inscription carved on a rock; both which are supposed to be contemporary with the siege under Tiberius. The description of this siege during the Illyrian Wars demonstrates that this place
13200-400: Was captured and executed: the sight of his head on a stick was too much for the remaining defenders of Klis, who were now willing to give up the fortress in return for safe passage north. After Petar Kružić's death, and with a lack of water supplies, the Klis defenders finally surrendered to the Ottomans in exchange for their freedom, on March 12, 1537. Many of the citizens fled the town, while
13320-552: Was discovered in 1891, after accidental discovery of fragment of gable arch from an altar screen bearing inscription: „PRO DUCE TREPIME(ro)“. This fragment was discovered by local people who tore down some walls, during property demarcation. The news of this reached Croatian archeologist Frane Bulić who then bought the fragment for the Archeological museum. Due to this fragment, as well as another piece of information provided by Daniele Farlati , Bulić subsequently concluded that
13440-505: Was in the possession of the Venetians, and it remained so until the fall of the Venetian state . The Venetians restored and enlarged the fortress during their rule. After another, the seventh war with the Turks from 1714 to 1718, the Venetians were able to advance up to the present Bosnian/Croatian border, taking in the whole Sinjsko Polje and Imotski . Venice had no serious challenge to its authority in Dalmatia for some time, reducing
13560-407: Was intended for monastery's religious service. Just west of the church, there were two rooms; one of which seems to be the kitchen (as suggested by recovered fragments of medieval ceramics , coal and fragmented dishes with salted olives). The room next to the eastern wall appears to be the funeral chapel as it contained two walled tombs, covered by plates of fragmented Roman sarchophagi . The site
13680-433: Was killed in a battle during 1304. Then, Šubić gave the Klis Fortress to his son Mladen II Šubić , who ruled over Bosnia like his uncle Mladen I. George II Šubić and his son, Mladen III Šubić , ruled over Klis Fortress until the late 14th century. During summer-long festivities in Klis Fortress, open to the whole population, Mladen III Šubić gave his sister's Jelena Šubić hand in marriage to Vladislaus of Bosnia , from
13800-659: Was located the flat of the Commander . The only entrance into the fortress is from the western side. On the southwest side of the fortress, and below it, was a resort (part of the modern village of Klis) called "borgo" or "suburbium", surrounded by double walls with 100–200 towers. A similar but smaller resort (also part of modern village of Klis) existed below Mount Greben on a plateau called Megdan. This included lazarettoes and quarantines which were in Turkish times called nazanama . Many inns for travellers also once existed, which were used for isolation during epidemics. Thus,
13920-437: Was put to rest here some 100 years earlier. Relics found here suggest continuity of burial on the site, spanning from antiquity to the period of Venetian rule in the region. Fortress of Klis Lands ruled by Louis in the 1370s. The Klis Fortress ( Croatian : Tvrđava Klis ; Italian : Fortezza di Clissa ) is a medieval fortress situated above the village of Klis , near Split , Croatia . From its origin as
14040-631: Was ruled by royal members of the House of Trpimirović , who were at first Dukes of the Croatian Duchy ( dux Croatorum ), and afterwards Kings of the Croatian Kingdom ( rex Croatorum ). They developed the early Roman stronghold into their capital. Relations with the Byzantines greatly improved under the Croatian duke Trpimir I, who moved the dux's main residence from Nin to Klis. The reign of Mislav's successor Trpimir I ,
14160-484: Was sent to Penn State University in United States of America, where its CT scan was made. Forensics concluded that Joza died at an age between 23 and 30, that she was well fed and gave birth to least one child. Its jewelry; earrings and rings enabled archeologists to conclude that she was put to rest somewhere in 10th century. Joza's teeth were also well preserved and her body did not have signs of single trauma. The same grave also contained older male body (aged 50), which
14280-580: Was strong and unreachable in those times. After the fall of the Roman Empire , Barbarians plundered the region around Klis. First it was ruled by Odoacer , and then by the Theodoric the Great , after he eliminated Odoacer, and set up an Ostrogothic Kingdom . After Justinian I fought an almost continual war for forty years to recover the old Roman Empire, he seized Dalmatia, and Klis was from 537,
14400-523: Was the only reason for retreat. Much of Croatia was plundered by the Mongols, but without any major military success. Saint Margaret (January 27, 1242 – January 18, 1271), a daughter of Béla IV and Maria Laskarina , was born in Klis Fortress during the Mongol invasion of Hungary-Croatia . The weakening of royal authority under Stephen V of Hungary allowed the House of Šubić to regain their former role in Dalmatia. In 1274, Stjepko Šubić of Bribir died, and Paul I Šubić of Bribir succeeded him as
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