Nguyễn lord victory
134-1401: [REDACTED] Nguyễn lord [REDACTED] Kingdom of Cambodia [REDACTED] Siam [REDACTED] France ( 1778–1802, limited ) [REDACTED] Kingdom of Vientiane Chinese Vietnamese ( Hoà Nghĩa army ) [REDACTED] Trịnh lord (1775, 1785–1786) [REDACTED] Nguyễn Phúc Thuần [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Nguyễn Phúc Ánh [REDACTED] Đỗ Thanh Nhơn [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Lê Văn Duyệt [REDACTED] Lý Tài † (1775–1777) Po Ladhuanpuguh [REDACTED] Rama I [REDACTED] Chaophraya Aphaiphubet (Baen) [REDACTED] Nanthasen [REDACTED] Louis XVI (diplomatic only) [REDACTED] Pierre Pigneau de Behaine [REDACTED] Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau [REDACTED] Jean-Marie Dayot [REDACTED] Olivier de Puymanel [REDACTED] Trịnh Sâm [REDACTED] Hoàng Ngũ Phúc [REDACTED] Trịnh Khải [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Trịnh Bồng Tây Sơn: 25,000 (1774) 200,000 (1794-peak) Nguyễn lord: 80,000 (1771) 140.000 (1802) [REDACTED] Siamese: 50,000 [REDACTED] Cambodian: 20,000 [REDACTED] France: 1,600 mercenaries Trịnh lords: More than 150,000 (1786) The Tây Sơn wars or Tây Sơn rebellion , often known as
268-590: A Chinese crew. Their cargo was left in the waters while Chen Xiaoguan went to Thailand (Siam). This was recorded in the log of a Chinese trading junk going to Nagasaki on 25 June 1683. Notes: Reference: Tran Trong Kim (2005). Việt Nam sử lược (in Vietnamese). Ho Chi Minh City : Ho Chi Minh city General Publishing House. p. 328. 16°28′N 107°36′E / 16.467°N 107.600°E / 16.467; 107.600 Thanh H%C3%B3a Too Many Requests If you report this error to
402-621: A centralized bureaucratic state with a strongly Confucian character and established the Nam-giao (Ch. Nan-chiao), a sacrifice to Heaven, as the new central state ritual. To staff the new bureaucracy, the Le dynasty king, referred to as an emperor in the Vietnamese records, for the first time consistently utilized the triennial examination system of the Ming dynasty to recruit scholars for appointment in
536-562: A descendant of the Nguyễn lord who was previously overthrown by the Tây Sơn. The war ended in 1802 when Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (now called Emperor Gia Long) defeated the Tây Sơn and reunited Đại Việt , then renamed the country to Vietnam . The origin of the conflicts was back to the 15th century, when Vietnamese monarch Lê Thánh Tông (r. 1460 – 1497) started adopting the Ming -inspired Confucian reform over
670-615: A fleet to chase after Nguyễn Ánh and his largely demoralized troops. A huge storm at sea, however, destroyed much of the Tây Sơn navy, allowing Nguyễn Ánh to escape to Phú Quốc Island, where his men were reduced to eating grasses and bananas. Pigneau de Behaine visited the Siamese court in Bangkok at the end 1783. Nguyễn Ánh also reached Bangkok in February 1784, where he obtained that an army would accompany him back to Vietnam. Nguyễn Ánh
804-557: A government budget, seeking to stabilize the balance of revenues and expenditures. The administration conducted a cadastral survey in 1719 and four years later introduced a tax on private landed property. But privately owned riceland was taxed at a lower rate than public land. Officials, Buddhist pagodas, the capital, and the population of the Trịnh heartland, the Thanh Hóa-Nghệ An region, also gained preferential rates or exemptions, from both
938-480: A long-standing local prophecy: "tây khởi nghĩa, bắc thu công" (in the west there is a righteous uprising, in the north great feats are accomplished). In 1771, Nguyễn Nhạc and his fellows revolted against Trương Phúc Loan 's dominated Nguyen lord. Their movement drew highlanders, Cham people, and Vietnamese, together with Chinese pirates, all with their own grievances and interests, to proceed to Thuận Quảng and destroy Trương Phúc Loan and his regime. Of these two groups,
1072-666: A major problem in 1688. But in the early eighteenth century, the price of copper rose in China, and Japan began to limit its copper exports. While the Trịnh battled agrarian disaster in the north, Nguyễn armies confronted Cambodian resistance to the south. In the Mekong delta , colonization and competition for resources increasingly plagued relations between local Khmers and Vietnamese . From 1700 to 1772, Southern Vietnamese armies intervened eight times in Cambodia, which were costly. To solve
1206-413: A major revival. Catholicism became a presence in Vietnamese society at a number of different social levels. A 1784 estimate suggests that north Vietnam had a Catholic Christians population of 350,000 to 400,000, while southern Vietnam had about 10,000 to 15,000 Christians. With peace, the population grew, and with the rise in population and productivity came expansion of commercial activity. The marketplace
1340-597: A new dynasty ( Mạc dynasty ). The founders of both clan Nguyễn Kim and his son-in-law Trịnh Kiểm fled to Thanh Hóa province and refused to accept the rule of the Mạc. All of the region south of the Red River was under their control, but they were unable to dislodge the Mạc from Đông Kinh ( the capital of state) for many years. During this time, the Nguyễn–Trịnh alliance was led by Nguyễn Kim ; his daughter Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Bảo
1474-552: A powerful clan originally based in Thanh Hóa Province . The clan supported Lê Lợi in his successful war of independence against the Ming dynasty . From that point on, the Nguyễn were one of the major noble families in Vietnam. Perhaps the most famous Nguyễn of this time was Nguyễn Thị Anh , the queen-consort for nearly 20 years (1442–1459). In 1527, Mạc Đăng Dung overthrew the emperor Lê Cung Hoàng and established
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#17327837203041608-401: A public clerk ("tuần biên lại") responsible for collecting taxes in the circuit of Vân Đồn (now An Khê , Gia Lai province . Nhạc was also a trader in betel nut, an important local commodity. His second wife was a Bahnar woman who tamed elephants. According to a French merchant named Maurice Durand, Nhạc had never been able to collect the taxes in the first place because of the economic woes of
1742-407: A quota on the village as a whole; and cash payments in place of a variety of service obligations and handicraft productions. In this way, all agricultural land was meant to be subject to taxation by the government, commerce provided a share of revenues for the state, and the bureaucracy gained a better accounting of revenues and expenditures. For the first time, Dai Viet moved in the direction of having
1876-411: A series of back and forth military campaigns between the Tây Sơn and Nguyen forces. The focal point of this contest was Gia Định Prefecture and its strategic city of Saigon . The rhythms of the war were dictated to a considerable degree by the monsoon winds, which permitted the large-scale movement of naval forces only in certain directions and at certain times. The form of the contest was also shaped by
2010-407: A series of famines and floods in the 1770s that had forced many people to leave their villages in search of food. Furthermore, the death of Trịnh Sâm in 1782 had been followed, by political infighting that had resulted in a palace coup. This had created political instability and the emergence of a renegade militia only loosely controlled by the new ruling faction. Finally, Nhạc's decision to go north
2144-538: A stretch of the Mekong River near Mỹ Tho . Nguyễn Huệ lured the overconfident Siamese navy into his trap, destroying all of the Siamese ships and leaving a thousand of the Siamese troops surviving. The loss was devastating for the Nguyen forces, who joined the remains of the Siamese army in fleeing back to their refuge in Bangkok. Nguyễn Ánh again took refuge with the Siamese court, and again tried to obtain help from
2278-477: A treaty of friendship, which would help to reinforce his legitimacy in preparation for a campaign to retake the rest of the country from the Tây Sơn. To alleviate their desperate supply situation, between 1777 and 1789 Nguyễn Ánh sent his officials on diplomatic missions to Cambodia, Siam, India, France, and Melaka . From early 1778 until 1781 neither side sought to challenge the status quo , as both parties were busy consolidating their respective positions. Then, in
2412-428: A usurper and to request an intervention aid in restoring the legitimate dynasty. The Ming emperor Jiajing sent 110,000 troops to the border, attempt to invade Dai Viet. Fearing of a new Chinese invasion and the revival Lê, Mạc Đăng Dung and his ministers submitted themselves to the Ming. The empire reclassified their country as "Commissioner of Annan" (An-nan tu-t'ung shih), no longer an independent vassal state, but gave
2546-595: The Central highlands regions just west of his home rather than risk arrest at the hands of Nguyen officials who were already looking for him. He took with him his brothers and a small group of supporters, hoping that the remote location would protect them while he planned his next move. He was encouraged in this course of action by his teacher, Trương Văn Hiến, a refugee from the Loan-dominated Nguyen court. Hiến urged Nhạc to see himself as destined to fulfill
2680-642: The Laos hills called by the Vietnamese Tran Ninh ( Plain of Jars ), southwest of the capital. Lê Duy Mật resisted for three decades as other rebellions rose and were crushed through the 1740s and 1750s. The Trịnh finally destroyed the prince and his group in 1769. A prominent scholar informed the Trịnh court around 1750 that 1,070 of the 9,668 villages in the Red River Delta were simply gone, along with 297 of Thanh Hóa's 1,392 villages and 115 of
2814-594: The Lê dynasty . However, the de jure submission of the Nguyễn lords to the Trịnh lords ended in 1600. The Nguyễn lords were members of the House of Nguyễn Phúc . While they recognized the authority of and claimed to be loyal subjects of the revival Lê dynasty, they were de facto rulers of southern Đại Việt. Meanwhile, the Trịnh lords ruled northern Đại Việt in the name of the Lê emperor, who
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#17327837203042948-588: The Nguyễn clan ( Vietnamese : Nguyễn thị ; chữ Hán : 阮氏 ), were a feudal nobility clan that ruled southern part of Đại Việt during the Revival Lê dynasty and ancestors of Nguyễn dynasty 's emperors. The territory they ruled was known contemporarily as Đàng Trong (Inner Realm) and known by Europeans as Kingdom of Cochinchina and by Imperial China as Kingdom of Quảng Nam ( Vietnamese : Quảng Nam Quốc ; chữ Hán : 廣南國 ), in opposition to
3082-899: The Third Anglo-Dutch War . In 1682, French delegation brought Louis XIV 's letter to lord Trịnh Tạc . Trịnh Tạc responded by granting the French free to trade, but refused to allow Christian propagation. The extent of its walls confirms that the population of the Vietnamese capital of Hanoi was in excess of 100,000 throughout the period from the fifteenth to the mid-eighteenth century. Unlike northern Vietnam under Confucian influences, Nguyễn Cochinchina promoted Vietnamese Buddhism . Nguyễn lords replaced old Cham temples with pagodas. According to Pierre Poivre, around 1750 Nguyễn lords had built 400 pagodas and shrines in Huế alone. Most of pre-18th century southern Vietnamese pagodas were destroyed in
3216-616: The Trịnh lords ruling northern Đại Việt as Đàng Ngoài (Outer Realm), known as Kingdom of Tonkin by Europeans and Kingdom of Annam ( Vietnamese : An Nam Quốc ; chữ Hán : 安南國 ) by Imperial China in bilateral diplomacy. They were officially called King of Nguyễn ( Vietnamese : Nguyễn Vương ; chữ Hán : 阮王 ) in 1744 when lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát self-proclaimed himself to elevate his status equally to Trịnh lords's title known as King of Trịnh ( Vietnamese : Trịnh Vương ; chữ Hán : 鄭王 ). Both Nguyễn and Trịnh clans were de jure subordinates and fief of
3350-578: The 706 in Nghệ An. 30% of Northern Vietnam's 11,766 villages were empty. As the numbers of adherents of Buddhism and Christianity grew among Vietnamese on all social levels, scholars worked to control their texts and continued to write Chinese-style poetry. Unlike Trịnh's Tonkin, the administrative system of Cochinchina formed part of a complex web of fiscal relations. In the 17th century, Cochinchina's money supply basically derived from external sources, mostly imported from Japan and China, and copper shortage became
3484-622: The British envoy Charles Chapman in the same year, Nhạc spoke only of conquering the former Nguyen territories at that time under Trịnh control, making no mention of challenging Lê authority north of the Gianh River . The sole survivor of the Tây Sơn massacre of the Nguyen royal family was prince Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (1761–1820). Nguyễn Ánh was sheltered by a Catholic priest Paul Nghi (Phaolô Hồ Văn Nghị) in Rạch Giá . Later, he fled to Hà Tiên on
3618-488: The Catholic Church represented a threat to their rule. De Rhodes was sentenced to death, but was allowed to leave Vietnam with the understanding he was to be executed if he returned. Quảng Nam Province was the site where fourth rank Chinese brigade vice-commander dushu Liu Sifu was shipwrecked after suffering a storm. He was taken back to Guangzhou, China by a Vietnamese Nguyễn ship in 1669. The Vietnamese sent
3752-669: The Chinese Zhao Wenbin to led the diplomatic delegation on the ship and requested the establishment of trade relations with the Qing court. Although they thanked the Nguyễn for sending their officer safely home, they rejected the Nguyễn's offer. On Champa's coastal waters in a place called Linlangqian by the Chinese a ship ran aground after departing on 25 Jun 1682 from Cambodia carrying Chinese captain Chang Xiaoguan with
3886-592: The Cochinchinese and made an enormous carnage of them[;] they counted more than ten thousand of them lost as they were not at all ready to oppose her. Thus they ravaged all the provinces of the south of Cochinchina, putting all to fire and blood, killed the great mandarin of the place called Say Gon ( Saigon ), and burned down the fine church of a Franciscan father. They were not content with this. They killed all those [Vietnamese] that they found in Cambodia, men, women and children.” A former Khmer ruler tried to regain
4020-706: The Gianh River had fallen into Tây Sơn hands. Huệ's orders from his brother had been to stop at the traditional Nguyen-Trinh boundary (that is, the Gianh River), but on urging from Chỉnh, Huệ decided to use his momentum to press the attack and seize the rest of the Trinh territories. Huệ and Chỉnh attacked northward with four hundred ships, seizing public rice granaries as they went. Chỉnh's troops passed through Nghệ An and Thanh Hoá without meeting any sustained resistance. Soon afterward, panic struck capital Thăng Long, and
4154-495: The Lê monarch held the title emperor under the control of Trinh lords. Đại Việt enjoyed a short period of stability. Catholicism faith was welcomed and spread during the previous Lê–Mạc period, became more popular when many Jesuit missionaries arrived Vietnam after 1593. As the Manchu conquest disordered China and the availability of Chinese silk fell, Vietnamese silk began to enter the market and became an increasingly large part of
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4288-417: The Lê royals and scholar-officials who embraced Confucian values, much of the general Vietnamese populace remained Buddhists. Yet the spread of Confucian ideas, ancestral rites, and the growth of shrines, especially in north Vietnam, also brought social change, because it affected the roles of women. Vietnamese women enjoyed a higher degree of gender equality than any other East Asian women. Mahayana Buddhism had
4422-454: The Ming government in 1567. A flow of American silver was penetrating the region, as were Europeans, especially Portuguese in the early phase. In the late sixteenth century, civil war was gradually resolving the disunity of Japan, and ships and traders from western Japan were taking to the sea. Mining technology there was producing more silver that was introduced into the trade. In the early seventeenth century, Dutch and English ships joined in
4556-508: The Mạc clan, protected by the Ming, existed in their highland enclave on the northern border, separated from the support of scholar elites in the delta lowlands of Đông Kinh. In the next two centuries, the kingdom of Đại Việt was divided into two rival polities: the Trịnh lords ruled the North, as known as Đàng Ngoài ( Tonkin ), and the Nguyễn lords ruled the south, with Huế as the capital, as known as Đàng Trong ( Cochinchina ), and
4690-435: The Mạc dynasty permission to administer it. Đại Việt's status in the tribute system was reduced from that of a monarchy to a superior form of pacification commission and this lasted even after the Mạc family was overthrown in 1592. Without Ming intervention, but aided by members of two powerful Thanh Hóa military clans, the Nguyễn and Trịnh, the Lê family slowly made their way back to power. This effort continued through most of
4824-534: The Mạc on the northern border in Cao Bằng in 1677, diplomatic relations with the Ch'ing settled into a predictable pattern of a tribute mission sent every three years or a double mission every six years, proceeding by land to present gold and silver objects. The result of these missions was a steady, asymmetric relationship that guaranteed Dai Viet its independence. The scholar-officials on these missions from Thang-Long absorbed
4958-467: The Nguyen court until 1820. In Northern Vietnam, the social crisis began in the early 18th century. Population raised from 4.7 million in 1634 to 6.4 million people in 1730. International trade gradually withered. The English and Dutch closed their counting houses in Thăng Long in 1697 and 1700. In 1694–95, famine struck Sơn Nam , Hải Dương , and Thanh Hóa . In Thanh Hóa in 1702, floodwaters broke through
5092-561: The Nguyen domination. The Nguyễn lords established the protectorate of Principality of Thuận Thành to wield power over the Cham court until Minh Mạng Emperor abolished it in 1832. The Nguyễn also invaded Cambodia in 1658, 1690, 1691, 1697 and 1713. Inscription on a Nguyễn cannon manufactured by Portuguese engineer and military advisor Juan de Cruz dating from 1670 reads "for the King and grand Lord of Cochinchina, Champa and of Cambodia." In 1714,
5226-469: The Nguyen in 1744 and the Cheongsam Chinese clothing inspired the áo dài . The current áo dài was introduced by the Nguyễn lords. Cham provinces were seized by the Nguyễn lords. Provinces and districts originally belonging to Cambodia were taken by Võ Vương . The Nguyễn lords waged multiple wars against Champa in 1611, 1629, 1653, 1692, and by 1693 the Cham leadership had succumbed to
5360-494: The Nguyen royal family, including the last Nguyen lord. They also defeated the Hoà Nghĩa military, and Lý Tài was killed by Đỗ Thanh Nhơn's military. Having completed his task, Huệ returned to Qui Nhơn, leaving a body of troops behind to retain control of the city. In 1778, Nguyễn Nhạc proclaimed himself "Heavenly King" (thiên vương) in a ceremony held in the citadel of the former Cham capital, Chà Bàn ( Vijaya ), near Qui Nhơn, took
5494-409: The Nguyễn clan back to Thanh Hóa. Extreme weathers occurred in the early 16th century, such as drought periods in 1503 and 1504, and typhoon and floods occurred in the Red River Delta every years from 1512 to 1517, rapidly declined the economy of the Vietnamese state. Instability, famines, epidemics, disasters, peasant revolts and quick succession of eight rulers, six of whom were assassinated, led to
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5628-609: The Nguyễn court. A Portuguese mestizo , Joan da Cruz, offered his services to the Nguyen Cochinchina and established a foundry in Huế to build guns in the European way. Through the seventeenth century, the city of Hoi An and the central coast of Vietnam thrived. Chinese ships went from Southeast Asian ports, especially Hoi An, to Japan. The cargo loaded in Hoi An was mainly Chinese and local Vietnamese silk and sugar that
5762-425: The Nguyễn sent an army into Cambodia to support Ang Em 's claim to the throne against Prea Srey Thomea . Siam sided with Prea Srey Thomea against the Vietnamese claimant. At Bantea Meas , the Vietnamese routed the Siamese armies, but by 1717 the Siamese had gained the upper hand. The war ended with a negotiated settlement, whereby Ang Em was allowed to take the Cambodia crown in exchange for pledging allegiance to
5896-409: The Qing annals reported that Chinese had bought a number of fleeing Vietnamese refugees, most likely as slaves. In 1718 Trịnh lord began to reorganize taxation by adopting the former Tang tripartite system of taxes, on land, individuals, and sectors like commerce. The new tripartite fiscal system included taxes on grain -producing land, both state and private fields; on adult male individuals, not as
6030-518: The Siamese commander received news of trouble in the court at home. He offered a truce, marched his army back to Siam, and seized power. He took the Siamese throne as King Rama I , founding the Chakri dynasty in Bangkok in 1782. In March 1783, Huệ and Lữ once again attacked Saigon, and again destroyed the Nguyen army and chased off Nguyễn Ánh. Seeking to extend their triumph, the Tây Sơn commanders sent
6164-595: The Siamese. For their part, the Nguyễn lords wrested more territory from the weakened Cambodian kingdom. Two decades later, in 1739, the Cambodians attempted to reclaim their lost coastal land. The fighting lasted some ten years, but the Vietnamese fended off the Cambodian raids and secured their hold on the rich Mekong Delta . With Siam embroiled in war with Burma , the Nguyễn mounted another campaign against Cambodia in 1755 and conquered additional territory from
6298-486: The Siamese. Nguyễn Ánh also resolved to obtain any help he could from Western powers. Having decisively defeated Nguyễn Ánh, Nguyễn Nhạc saw an opportunity to realize a long-held ambition to expand his power into the former Nguyen territories between the Hải Vân pass and the Gianh River that were still being occupied by the Trịnh. The timing could not have been better, as the Trịnh grip on power had been substantially weakened by
6432-495: The Tokugawa regime, came to Hoi-An for their trade in Chinese goods. The local Vietnamese regime encouraged and profited from this trade, providing the entrepot where Japanese merchants could meet private Fukienese traders. This thriving commerce then drew other traders, including Southeast Asians and Europeans, to Hoi An. From the 1640s to 1700, trades in southern Vietnam brought an average 580,000 taels of revenues each year for
6566-460: The Trịnh army turned back and marched north back to Huế, where an epidemic almost wiped it out. Sent south by the Trinh as an official, the Dong Kinh intellectual Lê Quý Đôn left a remarkable description of the great wealth discovered by the Trinh forces at Huế in the form of the many thousands of strings of imported cash produced abroad for the Nguyen regime. The next ten years were marked by
6700-461: The Trịnh. According to Dupuy, the Nguyễn were able to defeat initial Trịnh attacks with the aid of advanced weapons they purchased from the Portuguese . The Nguyễn also conducted fairly extensive trade with Japan and China. The Portuguese set up a trade center at Faifo (present day Hội An ), just south of Huế in 1615. However, with the end of the great war between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn,
6834-476: The Tây Sơn army with a new army from Siam, having allied with the Siamese king Taksin. However, Taksin became a religious fanatic and was killed in a coup. The new king of Siam, Rama I had more urgent affairs to look after than helping Nguyễn Ánh retake Vietnam and so this campaign faltered. The Siamese army retreated, and Nguyễn Ánh went into exile, but would later return. The Nguyễn were significantly more open to foreign trade and communication with Europeans than
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#17327837203046968-461: The Tây Sơn army. Moreover, it appears that the Chinese commitment to the Tây Sơn was limited, and within two years the leaders of these autonomous armies had broken ranks with the original core of Tây Sơn supporters. When soon after Tập Định was removed from position by Nguyễn Nhạc, Lý Tài and his Chinese army of " Hoà Nghĩa " left the Tây Sơn rebels and switched to the Nguyễn forces in late 1775. Lý Tài's Chinese forces soon became an opposition forces in
7102-608: The Tây Sơn leaders returned north in June, leaving the city in the hands of their lieutenants. Hearing that Huệ and Nhạc had left the city, Nguyễn Ánh counterattacked, recapturing the city a few months later. The French first intervened in Vietnam in 1777 when Nguyễn Ánh fleeing from an offensive of the Tây Sơn, received shelter from Mgr Pigneau de Behaine in the southern Principality of Hà Tiên . Pigneau de Behaine and his Catholic community in Hà Tiên then helped Nguyễn Ánh take refuge in
7236-480: The Tây Sơn rebellion, either because of their pro-Nguyen associations or because the Tây Sơn had a policy allowing only one pagoda for each district. In terms of economy, Nguyễn lords’ Cochinchina largely relied on maritime trade, particularly trade with markets in Japan and China. The Nguyen and their great port of Hoi An benefited from a confluence of events. Private trade by Chinese had been officially sanctioned by
7370-539: The Vietnamese civil war of 1771–1802 , were a series of military conflicts that followed the Vietnamese peasant uprising at Tây Sơn (in Central Vietnam) that was led by three brothers Nguyễn Nhạc , Nguyễn Huệ , and Nguyễn Lữ . These revolutionary forces grew and later overthrew the ruling Vietnamese elite families and the ruling dynasty . The Tây Sơn leaders installed themselves as rulers of Vietnam that held power until they were overthrown by Nguyễn Phúc Ánh ,
7504-440: The brothers to win some early victories in their immediate surroundings, gaining military experience and enhancing their prestige, while risking little. Eventually, Nhạc decided that his army was ready to venture into the lowlands and to challenge the Nguyen forces directly. Seeking to establish a foothold in lowland coastal regions of their home province, the Tây Sơn rebels needed to capture the walled city of Qui Nhơn , capital of
7638-542: The cage, seized the prison sentry's sword, and began attacking the guards, even as he opened the gates of the city, allowing his soldiers to stream in. Once inside, the Tây Sơn troops made short work of the military contingent posted in the city, setting fire to its barracks. The provincial governor Nguyễn Khắc Tuyên fled the city in such haste that he dropped his seal, the official mark of his right to govern. The seizure of Qui Nhơn with its arms and riches greatly contributed to an expansion of Tây Sơn power and prestige. Taking
7772-443: The capital city; so, he agreed to a deal in order to keep Nguyễn Hoàng away from capital city. In 1558, Nguyễn Hoàng and family, relatives and his loyal generals moved to Thuận Hóa to take his position. Arriving at Triệu Phong District , he made the place his new capital and constructed a new palace. In March 1568, Emperor Lê Anh Tông summoned Hoàng for a meeting at Tây Đô and met Trịnh Kiểm at his personal mansion. He arranged for
7906-529: The capital to avoid further assassination aimed at him. Later, he asked his sister Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Bảo (wife of Trịnh Kiểm) to ask Kiểm to appoint him to be the governor of Đại Việt's southern frontier province of Thuận Hóa in what is modern-day Southern of Quảng Bình , Quảng Trị to Quảng Nam provinces, land that once belonged to kingdom of Champa . Back then, Thuận Hóa was still regarded as uncivilised land, and simultaneously, Trịnh Kiểm also sought to remove remaining power and influence of Nguyễn Hoàng in
8040-499: The center of its resistance until the end of the Tây Sơn period. The Trinh forces extended their attack to capture Huế and then cross the Hải Vân pass aiming for Tây Sơn positions in northern Quảng Nam. Under pressure from the advancing Trinh in the north and the Nguyen in the south, the Tây Sơn leader, Nguyễn Nhạc pragmatically surrendered to the Trinh in May 1775 for suing peace. For its part,
8174-928: The city of Saigon . In 1673, the Nguyễn concluded a peace with the Trịnh lord Trịnh Tạc, beginning a long era of relative peace between north and south. When the war with the Trịnh ended, the Nguyễn were able to put more resources into suppressing the Champa kingdoms and conquest of lands which used to belong to the Khmer Empire . The Dutch brought Vietnamese slaves they captured from Nguyễn territories in Quảng Nam Province to their colony in Taiwan . The Nguyễn lord Nguyễn Phúc Chu referred to Vietnamese as "Han people" 漢人 (Hán nhân) in 1712 when differentiating between Vietnamese and Chams. The Nguyen Lords established frontier colonies, known as đồn điền after 1790. It
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#17327837203048308-414: The city officials, announcing that they had captured the notorious Tây Sơn leader, and presented the Nguyen officials with their ‘‘captive.’’ The officials were delighted at this good fortune, and after suitably rewarding the men who had brought the prize captive, arranged for the cage to be brought into the city. That night, with his supporters gathered outside of the citadel walls, Nhạc released himself from
8442-493: The city, however, one of Nhạc's key lieutenants was killed by an ethnic Chinese general fighting for the Nguyen. Nhạc decided to clean out Chinese settlers in Saigon. Tây Sơn troops burned and pillaged the shops of Chinese merchants and massacred thousands of Chinese residents. This was more generally reflected by Tây Sơn's anger at the increasing support given by the Chinese community to their Nguyen rivals. After this savage victory,
8576-610: The city, moreover, gave them effective control over a substantial stretch of coastline. To meet their constant need for labor service, the Tây Sơn rulers greatly expanded the range of groups within society who were subject to such service. This included women and other formerly exempted (or less frequently used) groups in society including children, the elderly, and Buddhist monks . By 1774, the Tây Sơn rebels grown to more than 25,000 soldiers. After their victory at Qui Nhơn, Tây Sơn forces were able to seize several adjacent prefectures before encountering some resistance from Nguyen forces. In
8710-523: The civil service. This administrative system constituted the Hong Duc model, named after the second of Le Thanh Tong's two reign periods. Meanwhile, Đại Việt sent missions to China which the court considered tribute missions; the Ming court enfeoffed the Vietnamese ruler as the "king of Annam", while the Vietnamese used a rhetoric which placed their court on equal footing with the Ming empire. However, after his death and his son Lê Hiến Tông (r. 1498 – 1504),
8844-507: The civil war in Vietnam itself. The turmoil gave rise to the Tây Sơn . In 1771, as a result of heavy taxes and defeats in the war with Cambodia, three brothers from Tây Sơn began a peasant uprising that quickly engulfed much of southern Vietnam. Within two years, the Tây Sơn brothers captured the provincial capital of Qui Nhơn. In 1774, the Trịnh in Hà Nội, seeing their rival gravely weakened, ended
8978-470: The considerable ambivalence of the Tây Sơn brothers about carrying out extended military campaigns at any distance from their base. It is clear that they always felt more comfortable in and around Qui Nhơn and were reluctant to remain far afield for any length of time. Thus, while they frequently captured Gia Định, the brothers were unwilling to oversee the occupation of that region themselves. Instead, they would quickly return to their fortress at Qui Nhơn before
9112-586: The core of a ruling elite in the new territories, Nguyễn Hoàng rapidly built up political and economic strength in the territories under his control. Nguyễn Hoàng and the Trịnh clans however, continued their joint struggles to bring back the Lê monarch back to the capital Đông Kinh (Hanoi). In 1592, they retook the Red River Delta from the Mạc, forced the Mạc family to retreated to the province Cao Bằng , borders to Ming China. Estimated about more than 440,000 people died during this civil war. The remnants of
9246-399: The country, led the kingdom reached its height as a prosperity and regional superpower, its population expanded from 1.8 million in 1417 to 4.5 million people at the end of his reign. The Lê royal family indefinitely exchanging Confucian niceties over the question of responsibility. He brought Dong-Kinh scholars and Thanh-Nghe warriors into his government. Lê Thánh Tông transformed Dai Viet into
9380-407: The demand problem for currency, lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát (r. 1738–65) ordered to cast zinc coins worth 72,396 quan (tael, each gold bar costs 150 tael ) from 1746 to 1748, but private foundries might double the official numbers. Because zinc were much cheaper and more available in southern Vietnam than copper, which caused a mass inflation and causing the sharp decline in number of oversea junks in
9514-465: The dikes of the Mã and Chu rivers, contributing to three poor harvests there in the years 1700–1705, which were followed by several years of drought. Then in 1712 and 1713 typhoons and floods swept away tens of thousands of homes and much livestock, causing successive famines in both Thanh Hóa and Đông Kinh. After another famine in 1721, a government attempt to register taxpayers in a canton of Nghệ An caused
9648-466: The distant southern frontier territories of Thuận Hoá and Quảng Nam . Remote exile of this political challenger suited the Trịnh overlord, and he agreed to the request. Shortly thereafter, in 1558, Nguyễn Hoàng entered the southern realms, marking the beginnings of a political division that would remain in effect until the Tây Sơn epoch more than two centuries later. Aided by an entourage of noble families who had joined him in exile, and who now constituted
9782-527: The downfall of Đại Việt among Southeast Asian powers. In 1527, a high-rank military officer of the weakened court, Mạc Đăng Dung , seized power and sought to restore the Hong-duc bureaucratic model. He deposed the ruling Lê monarch, Lê Cung Hoàng and made himself ruler of Đại Việt. The Mạc kings reestablished a briefly peace and stability over the country, tended to promote the restoration of Vietnamese Buddhism and encouraged Vietnamese folk religion among
9916-552: The elder Nguyễn son killed. With the Revival Lê headquarters in Thanh Hóa now dominated by thái sư Trịnh Kiểm and the Trịnh clan , Kim's younger son, Nguyễn Hoàng obtained advice from the scholar Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm that the southern frontier territory. Nguyễn Hoàng, saw in this act his own fate unless he took measures to protect himself. Through his sister, Kiểm's wife, Hoàng requested that he be appointed governor general of
10050-400: The emperor Lê Dụ Tông (r. 1709–1729) strangled and a number of courtiers executed. While Trịnh Giang was having other officials investigate the budget, he expended much of it on Buddhist construction, left trusted eunuchs in charge of the court, and allowed local officials to impose exactions on villagers. A series of major rural revolts broke out in the 1730s, one lasting until 1769. Through
10184-406: The emperor to additionally appoint Hoàng governor of Quảng Nam province to keep him faithful to Kiểm to join an alliance against Mạc dynasty in the north. In 1636, Nguyễn Hoàng moved his base to Phú Xuân (modern Huế). Nguyễn Hoàng slowly expanded his territory further south, while the Trịnh lords continued their war with the Mạc dynasty to control over northern Vietnam. In 1592, Đông Đô ( Hanoi )
10318-640: The eye of Đỗ Thanh Nhơn (the military general of Nguyễn lord) within the Nguyen army. Lý Tài recruited Chinese settlers in the Mekong delta, the Minh Hương , strengthened his army to 8,000 men. The Hoà Nghĩa army was divided into four banners, yellow, red, blue and white. Unlike other Nguyen army bases in rural areas, the Hoà Nghĩa military group was based in urban areas of Saigon where Chinese settlers were concentrated, providing him Chinese material, manpower and finance assistance. The Tây Sơn forces captured Saigon for
10452-519: The first time in mid spring of 1776 as the youngest brother, Nguyễn Lữ , led a naval attack up the Saigon River . Shortly thereafter, however, the Nguyen forces returned, recaptured the city, and forced Lữ to retreat to Qui Nhơn. In mid spring of 1777, Nguyễn Nhạc sent Lữ and the youngest brother, Nguyễn Huệ to recapture Saigon. The Tây Sơn under Huệ destroyed the majority of the Nguyen armed forces and captured and then killed nearly every member of
10586-415: The first time, the major trading center was not at the fringe of Dai Viet, but at Phố Hiến , as well as at Kẻ Chợ on the riverbank at the capital Hanoi in the midst of Hanoi's population and upriver from the coast. Nevertheless, the central economic activity in the north was wet rice agriculture, and government finances were based on rice production. Public lands in the villages served as the fiscal basis of
10720-528: The flight of much of its able bodied population. That led to registration of the old and weak and an increased burden, so more people left. In 1726–28, suffering in Nghệ An and Thanh Hóa was so extensive that the Trịnh allocated two hundred thousand strings of cash (quan) from the treasury to relieve it. Flooding struck the Red River delta in 1729, and the next year the populations of 527 northern villages fled their homes. Pestilence spread in 1736. Two years later
10854-459: The flourishing elements of Ch'ing society during the long K'ang-hsi reign. The Trinh developed their agricultural base, imposed their former centralized bureaucratic model, adopted scholar values, and had formal tributary ties with the Qing dynasty in Beijing . The strengths, weaknesses, and Chinese connections of each system set the political trajectories through the eighteenth century. Unlike
10988-524: The form of credit advances to be paid off with locally produced materials. The situation was conducive to the petty capitalism that was practiced on China's southeast coast, but without the restraints imposed by the Ming and Ch'ing governments. Fukienese merchants operating along the Vietnam coast were free to develop their enterprises as commodity producers in a more dynamic fashion than in their homeland. The thriving local economies drew more Vietnamese settlers, perhaps following kinship ties, from Dai Viet into
11122-511: The governance system of the royal family sink. Began with king Lê Uy Mục , seized the throne of Đại Việt in 1505, murdering his grandmother and two ministers and ushering in an era of instability. The ruling Lê family, originally from Thanh Hóa in the south of Đại Việt, was increasingly dependent at court on two other leading Thanh Hóa military clans, the Trịnh and the Nguyễn. The Lê dynasty increasingly fell victim to intrigue between these competing clans. Bloodshed erupted in 1505–9, briefly forcing
11256-403: The hot temperature of summer, Dương Chấp Nhất treated Kim with a watermelon. After the party, Kim felt ill after returning home and died the same day. Dương Chấp Nhất later returned to the Mạc dynasty. The records of the Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư and Đại Nam thực lục both suggest that Dương Chấp Nhất tried to assassinate the emperor Lê Trang Tông by pretending to surrender. However, the plot
11390-477: The hundred-year truce and launched an attack against the Nguyễn from the north. The Trịnh forces quickly overran the Nguyễn capital in 1774, while the Nguyễn lords fled south to Saigon . The Nguyễn fought against both the Trịnh army and the Tây Sơn, but their effort was in vain. By 1777, Gia Định was captured and nearly the entire Nguyễn family was killed except one nephew, Nguyễn Ánh , who managed to flee to Siam. Nguyễn Ánh did not give up, and in 1780 he attacked
11524-517: The ineffective Cambodian court. At the end of the war the Nguyễn had secured a port on the Gulf of Siam ( Hà Tiên ) and were threatening Phnom Penh itself. Under their new king Taksin , the Siamese reasserted its protection of its eastern neighbor by coming to the aid of the Cambodian court. War was launched against the Nguyễn in 1769. After some early success, the Nguyễn forces by 1773 were facing internal revolts and had to abandon Cambodia to deal with
11658-412: The island of Pulau Panjang in the Gulf of Siam . On hearing news of the Tây Sơn withdraw from Gia Định, he regrouped his remaining forces and advanced from the west via Long Xuyên and Sa Đéc , reentering the region in triumph in early 1778. With the support of the Đông Sơn army (local Nguyen supporter military group), Nguyễn Ánh proclaimed himself king (vương), ascended the throne in 1780, eliminated
11792-520: The island of Pulo Panjang. When a pro-Nguyen coup in Cambodian court toppled king Ang Non II in 1780, Nguyễn Ánh's army intervened, and Pigneau helped them obtain weapons, especially grenades and three Portuguese vessels. Contemporary witnesses clearly describe Pigneau's military role: ”Bishop Pierre Joseph Georges, of French nationality, has been chosen to deal with certain matters of war” — J. da Fonceca e Sylva, 1781. The major Siamese invasion of Cambodia threatened to end Nguyễn rule there, but in 1781
11926-653: The land tax and the head tax. The poor peasantry of the Red River plain continued to bear the heaviest tax burden. Lands of poor peasants were taken by the rich nobles. The tax on the produce of the soil led to iniquities and was abolished in 1732 for most products, leaving state monopolies on salt, copper, and cinnamon. Buddhism regained status by gaining royal spectacular influence. Trịnh rulers had many temples repaired and new ones built. Lord Trịnh Cương (r. 1709–1729) made frequent pleasure trips to pilgrimage sites and composed poetry about them. From 1713 he forced inhabitants of three districts of Bắc Ninh to work for six years on
12060-471: The meantime, and taking advantage of the turmoils in South Vietnam, the Trịnh invaded late in 1774, ostensibly to assist the Nguyen in putting down the Tây Sơn, but clearly seeing a golden opportunity to overpower their long-time political rivals. The young ruler Nguyễn Phúc Thuần (Định Vương) with his nephew, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh , fled by boats to Saigon and the Mekong delta region, which was to serve as
12194-437: The mid-18th century, under the rule of Trịnh Doanh (r. 1740–67) these socioeconomic strains contributed to increasing instability across Dai Viet. Local leaders of all types rose in resistance. At court the royal Lê family chafed under the control of their maternal kin, the Trịnh. In 1737, three Lê princes attempted a palace coup. The Trinh suppressed the effort, and only one prince, Lê Duy Mật (d. 1769), survived by escaping into
12328-423: The more important, financially and militarily, were the ethnic Chinese , many of whom were members of the significant coastal trading community. Ethnic Chinese traders, in particular, had grown increasingly unhappy with the downturn in trade and with Nguyen tax policies, and hoped that the Tây Sơn might provide an improvement. The region of An Khê to which the Tây Sơn brothers retreated was an ideal location for
12462-544: The need for European military equipment declined. The Portuguese trade center never became a major European base unlike Goa or Macau . In 1640, Alexandre de Rhodes returned to Vietnam, this time to the Nguyễn court at Huế. He began work on converting people to the Catholic faith and building churches. After six years, the Nguyễn Lord, Nguyễn Phúc Lan , came to the same conclusion as Trịnh Tráng had, that de Rhodes and
12596-412: The new realm. Much of the southern economy was linked to the flow of international commerce. The Nguyen even employed Westerners at the court. For example, in 1686 Lord Nguyễn Phúc Tần (r. 1648–87) had his personal doctor, Bartholomeu da Costa. In 1704, lord Nguyễn Phúc Chu (r. 1691–1725) employed Antonio de Arnedo and de Lima in 1724 to teach him mathematics and astronomy. Europeans continued to serve
12730-537: The next successor of the Trịnh, Trịnh Tráng . The war lasted until 1673, when peace was declared. The Nguyễn not only fended off Trịnh attacks but also continued their expansion southwards along the coast, although the northern war slowed this expansion. Around 1620, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên's daughter married Chey Chettha II , a Khmer king. Three years later, in 1623, the Nguyễn formally gained permission for Vietnamese to settle in Prey Nokor, which would later be known as
12864-519: The next two decades. Robert Kirsop reported in 1750 that after zinc coins were introduced, gold price in Hội An rose from 150 to 190 quan per bar to 200–225 quan per bar, while rent cost in Hội An also increase remarkably. His 1740s attempt brought disastrous economic results and undermined the Nguyen regime. Royal chronicle recorded that there were major famines struck Southern Vietnam in 1752 and 1774. In
12998-550: The northern ruler Trịnh Khải fled to Sơn Tây , where he was captured and committed suicide, ending more than two centuries reign of Trinh lords. His death, and the general collapse of Trinh resistance, left the road to the capital wide open, and Nguyễn Huệ's armies marched into Thăng Long on July 21, 1786. Terrifying the northern literati, Huệ's assault from the south earned him the nickname “ Chế Bồng Nga ”. Nguy%E1%BB%85n lord The Nguyễn lords ( Vietnamese : Chúa Nguyễn , 主阮; 1558–1777, 1780–1802), also known as
13132-462: The powerful general Đỗ Thanh Nhơn, then acquired the power of the Đông Sơn army and gained direct contact with Gia Định people. The removal of anti-Chinese general Đỗ Thanh Nhân allowed Chinese settlers to take part in Nguyễn Ánh's struggles. This marked the beginning of a longer-term occupation of Gia Định, and the young Nguyen prince used the opportunity to bolster his still questionable authority. He sent an embassy to Siam hoping to reach agreement on
13266-545: The prefecture by the same name. Lacking the manpower and the armaments to attack the citadel directly, the Tây Sơn leaders decided to take the city through subterfuge. The device they used was a variation on the Trojan horse , designed to render the citadel vulnerable from the inside. To this end, in mid-September 1773 Nhạc feigned his own capture. He directed his supporters to construct a cage, and when it had been completed he locked himself inside it. These supporters then approached
13400-411: The primary triggers of the Tây Sơn rebellion that ultimately brought down the Nguyen clan. The Tây Sơn brothers were from the Tây Sơn villages, Bình Định Province , sons of Hồ Phi Phúc , a betel trader that had his ancestors originated from Nghệ An . Among three brothers, the eldest brother, Nguyễn Nhạc , belonged to the very administrative machinery that he would ultimately topple, for he served as
13534-713: The realm. With a warm welcome from lord Trịnh Tráng , the Dutch company VOC built a silk factory and established their ambassador in Hanoi in 1637. The silk trade in Tonkin reached its height in 1676 when the VOC imported 39,400,000 Japanese zeni coins to the Trịnh lord court for silk sold in Japan. In 1672, the English East India Company established a factory in Hanoi, but the Dutch blocked them for 4 years, due to
13668-434: The rebel leaders as they sought to gain strength and supporters. It was relatively remote, approachable only along a narrow and treacherous route, easily defended against potential attacks by Nguyen troops. This highland region straddled important trading routes that stretched from the coastal port at Qui Nhơn westward toward Cambodia and the southern Lao territories, providing access to goods that were carried along them. An Khê
13802-412: The region and popular discontent with tax burdens. One European priest wrote that their father was an apostate Christian and that Nguyễn Nhạc had been baptized as an infant. Another gave Nhạc's baptismal name as Paul and claimed that the Tây Sơn leader called himself "Paul Nhạc". A Vietnamese Jesuit priest, Philiphe Bỉnh , reported not only that the brothers came from a Christian family, but that it
13936-473: The reign name Thái Đức and choose the citadel of Chà Bàn, the ancient Cham political center, as his own capital. The Trịnh recognized Nhạc the next year but accorded him only the rank of "Grand Duke" of Quảng Nam. Through his adoption of a new reign title, Nhạc was declaring the establishment of an independent southern state, rather than challenging the Lê emperor's claims to authority over all of Đại Việt. When detailing his plans for further territorial conquests to
14070-472: The remainder of the Mạc clan. In 1600, Lê Kính Tông ascended the throne. Just like the previous Lê emperors, the new emperor was a powerless figurehead under the control of Trịnh Tùng . Apart from this, a revolt broke out in Ninh Bình province , possibly instigated by the Trịnh. As a consequence of these events, Nguyễn Hoàng formally broke off relations with the court in the north, rightly arguing that it
14204-484: The restoration of a single temple. But in 1719 he feared unrest, abandoned the project, and exempted the districts from a year's taxation. Several years later he resumed the conscription of labor for temple construction. A year after his death, his son Trịnh Giang (r. 1729–40) began a similar project, obliging the people of three districts of Hải Dương to work day and night on two pagodas there, digging canals, building roads, and transporting timber and stone. In 1731 he had
14338-406: The royal throne of Đại Việt. Having restored the Lê royal family to the throne of Đại Việt, Trịnh kept them there, married to Trịnh daughters, and maintained control of the court and the land as lords (V. chúa), not as kings. In 1674 the Trinh called a halt to their military efforts at unification and worked instead to re-establish the Hong Duc model of governance. With the resolution of the problem of
14472-401: The sixteenth century, and in the course of the long seesaw struggle with the Mạc, a rivalry emerged between the two families, represented by their principal figures, Nguyễn Kim and Trịnh Kiểm (1503–1570). This tension developed even though the families were not merely allied militarily, but were also linked through marriage. Nguyễn Kim had married one of his daughters to Trịnh Kiểm, thus binding
14606-725: The society. In 1529, a loyalist to the old royal family, Nguyễn Kim , went to Laos and submitted to the Laotian king Photisarath (r. 1520 – 1547). Photisarath granted for Nguyễn Kim administrator the territory of Xam Neua . In Đại Việt, Mạc Đăng Dung suppressed the Lê loyalist in Thanh Hóa, forced the Lê remnant to seek refuge in Nguyễn Kim's domain. In 1533, Nguyễn Kim proclaimed prince Lê Duy Ninh (son of emperor Lê Chiêu Tông ) as king of Đại Việt. Photisarath acknowledged this claim and allocated resources to support it. Envoys were sent to Ming China in 1536 and 1537 to denounce Mạc Đăng Dung as
14740-480: The south, tensions between ethnic Khmer and ethnic Vietnamese turned into violence. A French missionary reported in 1731: “People say that the war originated because of a certain woman who claimed to be the daughter of their god sent to punish the excesses of the Cochinchinese against the Cambodians, magic is mixed up in it and a great deal of prestige. She raised a considerable army of Cambodians. . . .Thus armed and protected by several mandarins [they] marched against
14874-473: The southern coastal tip of Vietnam, where he met Pigneau de Behaine , a French priest who became his adviser and played a major part in his rise to power. Receiving information from Paul Nghi, Pigneau avoided the Tay Son army in Cambodia, and came back to assist Nguyễn Ánh. They hid in the forest in the swamps of Cà Mau at the southern tip of Vietnam to avoid the pursuit of Tay Son army before finding refuge on
15008-564: The southern ports of Gia Định and Hà Tiên and whose trading houses penetrated the Mekong delta and prospered on its burgeoning rice exports. It is known that in 1775, two-third of the Tây Sơn army was commanded by Lý Tài and Tập Định , who were ethnic Chinese. The ethnic Chinese forces dramatically expanded the size of the Tây Sơn force, even as their presence eroded the fragile unity of the rebel army. The Chinese troops were organized as autonomous military forces answerable only to their Chinese commanders, who were allies of, rather than generals in,
15142-575: The summer of 1781, hostilities broke out again as Nguyễn Ánh launched an unsuccessful attack against the Tây Sơn coastal stronghold at Nha Trang . This was followed in May 1782 by a Tây Sơn counterattack led by Nguyễn Nhạc and Nguyễn Huệ. The two brothers assembled 100 warships and moved south, forcing their way up the Saigon River to launch an assault against the citadel at Gia Định. The Chinese Hoà Nghĩa army under Nguyễn Ánh again engaged with Tây Sơn rebels. Having succeeded in fighting their way into
15276-559: The throne with the help of a Vietnamese invading force was defeated by Siamese intervention in 1750, and his successor Ang Snguon (r. 1749–55) escalated the violence. Then, in July 1750, the Khmer king launched the attacks on every Vietnamese residing in Cambodian territory, including the Mekong delta . To solve the economic crisis, in the early 1770s lord Nguyễn Phúc Thuần raised high taxes on villages and made efforts to extract revenues from
15410-567: The trade. Large profits could be made, and the Portuguese and Dutch endeavored to join this trade. In 1624, Nguyễn Hoàng's son and successor, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên formally rejected a Trịnh demand for tax revenues, warfare returned as the two powerful families had waged wars for almost 45 years (1627–1672), which resulted in inclusive. Both sides then accepted the military stalemate, and a de facto cease-fire emerged. In Tonkin , The Trịnh clan, led by Trịnh Tùng (c.1570–1623) did not seize
15544-582: The trade. The main point in Hoi-An's favor as a port in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries was that the Ming government wanted nothing to do with Japanese ships after decades of East Asian piracy, raids, and unregulated trading activities along its east and southeast coast, and then the Japanese invasions of Korea in the 1590s. As a result, Japanese traders and, after Japan's reunification in 1600, official Red seal ships (J. shuinsen), authorized by
15678-422: The two families in a time-honored fashion. Neither the military nor the marital connections, however, could forestall Trịnh Kiểm's personal ambitions. The ongoing contest for political supremacy gradually saw the Trịnh gain the upper hand, a position that was secured when the Nguyễn paterfamilias was murdered at the hands of a surrendering Mạc general in 1545. Eager to eliminate his rivals, Trịnh Kiểm arranged to have
15812-545: The western mountain areas of the Central Highlands. In a 1769 tax report in Quảng Nam , taxes were sharply increased. Official corruption and the dwindling of foreign trade similarly combined with famines to bring about a collapse of the tax base. Scholar-officials clearly warned the Nguyễn lord that "the people's misery has reached an extreme degree". As the century progressed, revolts grew in intensity. They might be
15946-458: The winds turned against them. Each time they would leave behind an occupation force whose strength appeared sapped by the absence of its primary leaders, leaving the area vulnerable to a concerted Nguyen counterattack. Local ethnic Vietnamese merchants from Qui Nhơn and other south-central ports were among the other early supporters of the rebellion. They have resented competition from the ethnic Chinese merchants who were by now well established in
16080-489: Was also a resource-rich area that could supply the Tây Sơn with wood, iron, sulphur , horses, and elephants. Nguyễn Nhạc already had numerous contacts in the region who now provided him with shelter and, equally important, recruits for his army. For the next two years, Nhạc and his growing band of followers remained in An Khê working to consolidate their base and attract additional supporters. The strength of their position allowed
16214-515: Was as much a positive point of interest to these Vietnamese officials as was the rice paddy. Since the Vietnamese had long used Chinese-style copper coins but did not have a sufficient supply of copper ore, the issue of a sound money supply was a crucial one in the rising economy. Dai Viet minted its own coins and also used coins minted in Nagasaki and Macao . Coinage was a major trade issue.The Trinh also became involved in international commerce. For
16348-522: Was driven by strong encouragement from a prominent Trịnh defector, Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh . Forced to flee Tonkin in the aftermath of the 1782 coup, Chỉnh had joined the Tây Sơn as a military leader and strategist. Over the next four years he had actively cultivated Nhạc's interest in going north, hoping that such an expedition would provide an opportunity to exact revenge on those who had forced him into political exile. On Chỉnh's advice Nguyễn Nhạc sent an expedition north toward Huế in June 1786. The Tây Sơn army
16482-669: Was given shelter by the Siamese king and plotted his next move, which came in January 1785. Starting from his base in Siam, and backed by an additional twenty thousand soldiers and three hundred ships contributed by the Siamese ruler, Ánh and his army moved by foot across Cambodia and by sea through the Gulf of Siam in an attack on the southern Vietnamese provinces. The Tây Sơn were ready for the Siamese-Nguyen attack, waiting in ambush along
16616-427: Was in reality a puppet ruler . They fought a series of long and bitter wars that pitted the two halves of Vietnam against each other. The Nguyễn were finally overthrown in the Tây Sơn wars , but one of their descendants would eventually come to unite all of Vietnam. Their rule consolidated earlier southward expansion into Champa and pushed southwest into Cambodia . The Nguyễn lords traced their descent from
16750-410: Was installed as figurehead, while true authority lay in the hands of Nguyễn Kim . In 1543, Nguyễn Kim captured Thanh Hóa from Mạc loyalists. Dương Chấp Nhất, commander of Mạc forces in the region, decided to surrender his troops to the advancing Nguyễn forces. When Kim seized Tây Đô citadel and was on route to attack Ninh Bình , in 20 May 1545, Dương Chấp Nhất invited Kim to visit his military camp. In
16884-488: Was led by Nguyễn Huệ and Chỉnh, with Huệ commanding a naval force that sailed up the coast and then entered the Hương River and Chỉnh leading an overland attack across the Hải Vân pass. After a brief resistance, the city surrendered to the Tây Sơn army, who then slaughtered many of its Trịnh defenders. Shortly thereafter, surrounding areas also submitted to the Tây Sơn force, and in a matter of days, all of Thuận Hoá as far as
17018-481: Was married to the Trịnh clan leader, Trịnh Kiểm . After several unsuccessful revolts, they had to exile in Xam Neua ( Kingdom of Lan Xang ) and settle the exile government at there to reorganize arm forces to fight back Mạc dynasty . In 1533, Lê dynasty was restored and managed to recaptured the southern part of country. However, The authority of Lê emperor was not fully restored as restored emperor Lê Trang Tông
17152-515: Was recaptured by the Trịnh–Nguyễn army by lord Trịnh Tùng and the Mạc emperor Mạc Kinh Chi was executed. The remnant Mạc clan fled to Cao Bằng and would survive there until finally conquered in 1677 by the Trịnh lords (though they had surrendered the imperial dignities in 1627 to the Trịnh-controlled imperial court). The next year, Nguyễn Hoàng came north with an army and money to help defeat
17286-432: Was said "Hán di hữu hạn" 漢夷有限 (" the Vietnamese and the barbarians must have clear borders ") by Gia Long, unifying emperor of all Vietnam, when differentiating between Khmer and Vietnamese. Nguyễn Phúc Khoát ordered Chinese-style trousers and tunics in 1774 to replace sarong-type Vietnamese clothing. He also ordered Ming, Tang, and Han-style clothing to be adopted by his military and bureaucracy. Pants were mandated by
17420-446: Was set up in Hội An . By 1615, the Nguyễn were producing their own bronze cannons with the aid of Portuguese engineers. In 1620, the emperor was removed from power and executed by Trịnh Tùng. Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên formally announced that he would not be sending any tax to the central government nor did he acknowledge the new emperor as the emperor of the country. Tensions rose over the next seven years until open warfare broke out in 1627 with
17554-532: Was the Trịnh who ruled, not the Lê emperor. This uneasy state of affairs continued for the next 13 years until Nguyễn Hoàng died in 1613. He had ruled the southern provinces for 55 years. His successor, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên , continued Nguyễn Hoàng's policy of essential independence from the court in Hanoi . He initiated friendly relations with the Europeans who were now sailing into the area. A Portuguese trading post
17688-410: Was their parents’ religious devotion that had driven them to rebellion. However, these accounts were doubted by historians. The Nguyen government of Huế placed heavy tax burdens on the area and its highlands. In 1765, the regent, Trương Phúc Loan (d. 1776), seized power in the Nguyen capital, which exacerbated the problems in an already deteriorating situation. In 1771, Nguyễn Nhạc chose to flee into
17822-582: Was traded for Japanese copper and silver, and many other products as well. The port brought wealth to the Nguyen regime. The Portuguese were welcomed to trade in Hoi An, but not for the Dutch. The Portuguese at Hoi An did all they could to prejudice the Southern Vietnamese rulers against the Dutch. The newly developing local economies, encouraged at first by Japanese financing and then by Fujianese , produced goods such as indigenous silk, pepper , sugar, and forest goods. This financing likely took
17956-459: Was unsuccessful, and then he changed his target to Nguyễn Kim, who was in charge of power and the military. After the death of Kim, the imperial government was plunged into chaos. Kim's eldest son Nguyễn Uông initially took power, but he was soon secretly assassinated by his brother-in-law Trịnh Kiểm who assumed control of the government. Kim's second son Nguyễn Hoàng feared that he would face same fate as his brother; hence, he attempted to flee
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