76-546: EleutherAI ( / ə ˈ l uː θ ər / ) is a grass-roots non-profit artificial intelligence (AI) research group. The group, considered an open-source version of OpenAI , was formed in a Discord server in July 2020 by Connor Leahy, Sid Black, and Leo Gao to organize a replication of GPT-3 . In early 2023, it formally incorporated as the EleutherAI Institute, a non-profit research institute. EleutherAI began as
152-556: A Discord server on July 7, 2020, under the tentative name "LibreAI" before rebranding to "EleutherAI" later that month, in reference to eleutheria , the Greek word for liberty . On December 30, 2020, EleutherAI released The Pile , a curated dataset of diverse text for training large language models . While the paper referenced the existence of the GPT-Neo models, the models themselves were not released until March 21, 2021. According to
228-484: A dot-com company since Google 's offering in 2004. Among the largest investors were Baring Vostok Capital Partners , which owned a 30% stake, and Tiger Technologies, which owned a 15% stake. In 2013, Yandex became the largest media property in Russia by revenue. In March 2022, Yandex warned shareholders about the risk of default if holders of Yandex N.V. wished to use their right to pay them off early. Before that,
304-581: A loss function . Variants of gradient descent are commonly used to train neural networks. Another type of local search is evolutionary computation , which aims to iteratively improve a set of candidate solutions by "mutating" and "recombining" them, selecting only the fittest to survive each generation. Distributed search processes can coordinate via swarm intelligence algorithms. Two popular swarm algorithms used in search are particle swarm optimization (inspired by bird flocking ) and ant colony optimization (inspired by ant trails ). Formal logic
380-537: A search engine , in 1997. Due to its significant media activities in Russia, the company has long faced pressure for control by the government of Russia . In July 2024, in a transaction brought about by international sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine and restrictions on foreign ownership, Nebius Group , the Dutch holding company that owned Yandex, sold its Russian assets to a group of Russian investors for
456-438: A web browser , search engine , cloud computing , web mapping , online food ordering , streaming media , online shopping , and a ridesharing company . Yandex Search is the largest search engine in Russia with an estimated 72% market share in Russia and a 2.8% market share worldwide. Yandex Taxi is the largest ridesharing company in Russia. Yandex was founded by Arkady Volozh and launched its first product,
532-475: A "degree of truth" between 0 and 1. It can therefore handle propositions that are vague and partially true. Non-monotonic logics , including logic programming with negation as failure , are designed to handle default reasoning . Other specialized versions of logic have been developed to describe many complex domains. Many problems in AI (including in reasoning, planning, learning, perception, and robotics) require
608-527: A $ 30 million financing round. In November 2011, it acquired software developer SPB Software for $ 38 million. In June 2012, it acquired a 25% stake in Seismotech, for $ 1 million. On January 26, 2011, it introduced premium placement opportunity in its Business directory in which advertisers' local small businesses are highlighted. On January 27, 2011, the company acquired single sign-in service Loginza. In August 2011, Yandex acquired The Tweeted Times,
684-760: A Russian road traffic monitoring agency, to merge with Yandex.Maps services. In September 2008, the company acquired the rights to the Punto Switcher software program, an automatic Russian to English keyboard layout switcher. In September 2010, it invested in a $ 4.3 million financing round by Face.com . The company was acquired by Facebook in 2012. In December 2010, the firm launched Yandex.Start to find startups and work with them systematically, and purchased WebVisor's behavior analysis technology in December 2010. In September 2011, it invested in Blekko as part of
760-505: A cognitive scientist and noted critic of deep learning companies such as OpenAI and DeepMind, has repeatedly praised EleutherAI's dedication to open-source and transparent research. Maximilian Gahntz, a senior policy researcher at the Mozilla Foundation , applauded EleutherAI's efforts to give more researchers the ability to audit and assess AI technology. "If models are open and if data sets are open, that'll enable much more of
836-460: A contradiction from premises that include the negation of the problem to be solved. Inference in both Horn clause logic and first-order logic is undecidable , and therefore intractable . However, backward reasoning with Horn clauses, which underpins computation in the logic programming language Prolog , is Turing complete . Moreover, its efficiency is competitive with computation in other symbolic programming languages. Fuzzy logic assigns
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#1732797778978912-480: A discounted price of US$ 5.3 billion. Arkady Volozh and Ilya Segalovich were friends from their school days in Kazakhstan in the 1980s. Volozh started developing algorithms to search in Russian texts and contacted Segalovich in 1990. They worked together to develop search software, with the company name Arcadia. In 1993, they invented the name " Yandex " as an easy way to remember "Yet Another iNDEXer". This
988-496: A joint venture deal to develop a B2C eCommerce ecosystem. In October 2018, Yandex acquired Edadil (Russian: Едадил, lit. "grocery deals"), a deal aggregator service. In June 2021, Yandex, VTB Bank , LANIT Group and computer hardware producer Gigabyte founded a joint venture to start producing servers in Russia in 2022. In October 2021, construction of a new plant in Ryazan Oblast was launched with 1 billion roubles during
1064-545: A new owner. At the same time ya.ru became Yandex's new main page as well as the key entry point for Search, Mail, and other non-media services. In November 2022, the board of directors of Yandex N.V. announced a possible restructuring of the company. The main part of the business would be placed into a separate group of companies that will keep the Yandex brand, which may be registered in Russia. The international parts of some businesses will be placed into separate companies under
1140-897: A news delivery startup. In September 2011, it launched a search engine and a range of other services in Turkey, opening an office in Istanbul. In October 2013, the company acquired KinoPoisk , the biggest Russian movie search engine. In February 2014, Yandex invested several million dollars in MultiShip. In March 2014, it acquired Israeli geolocation startup KitLocate and opened a research and development (R&D) office in Israel . In June 2014, it acquired Auto.ru, an online marketplace and classified advertising website for automobiles, for $ 175 million. In December 2015, it acquired Internet security company Agnitum . On June 6, 2017,
1216-415: A non-profit research institute run by Stella Biderman, Curtis Huebner, and Shivanshu Purohit. This announcement came with the statement that EleutherAI's shift of focus away from training larger language models was part of a deliberate push towards doing work in interpretability, alignment, and scientific research. While EleutherAI is still committed to promoting access to AI technologies, they feel that "there
1292-429: A path to a target goal, a process called means-ends analysis . Simple exhaustive searches are rarely sufficient for most real-world problems: the search space (the number of places to search) quickly grows to astronomical numbers . The result is a search that is too slow or never completes. " Heuristics " or "rules of thumb" can help prioritize choices that are more likely to reach a goal. Adversarial search
1368-784: A retrospective written several months later, the authors did not anticipate that "people would care so much about our 'small models. ' " On June 9, 2021, EleutherAI followed this up with GPT-J-6B , a six billion parameter language model that was again the largest open-source GPT-3-like model in the world. These language models were released under the Apache 2.0 free software license and are considered to have "fueled an entirely new wave of startups". While EleutherAI initially turned down funding offers, preferring to use Google's TPU Research Cloud Program to source their compute, by early 2021 they had accepted funding from CoreWeave (a small cloud computing company) and SpellML (a cloud infrastructure company) in
1444-414: A technique for using CLIP (another model developed by OpenAI) to convert regular image generation models into text-to-image synthesis ones. Building on ideas dating back to Google's DeepDream , they found their first major success combining CLIP with another publicly available model called VQGAN and the resulting model is called VQGAN-CLIP. Crowson released the technology by tweeting notebooks demonstrating
1520-726: A tool that can be used for reasoning (using the Bayesian inference algorithm), learning (using the expectation–maximization algorithm ), planning (using decision networks ) and perception (using dynamic Bayesian networks ). Probabilistic algorithms can also be used for filtering, prediction, smoothing, and finding explanations for streams of data, thus helping perception systems analyze processes that occur over time (e.g., hidden Markov models or Kalman filters ). The simplest AI applications can be divided into two types: classifiers (e.g., "if shiny then diamond"), on one hand, and controllers (e.g., "if diamond then pick up"), on
1596-669: A wide range of techniques, including search and mathematical optimization , formal logic , artificial neural networks , and methods based on statistics , operations research , and economics . AI also draws upon psychology , linguistics , philosophy , neuroscience , and other fields. Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956, and the field went through multiple cycles of optimism, followed by periods of disappointment and loss of funding, known as AI winter . Funding and interest vastly increased after 2012 when deep learning outperformed previous AI techniques. This growth accelerated further after 2017 with
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#17327977789781672-490: A wide variety of techniques to accomplish the goals above. AI can solve many problems by intelligently searching through many possible solutions. There are two very different kinds of search used in AI: state space search and local search . State space search searches through a tree of possible states to try to find a goal state. For example, planning algorithms search through trees of goals and subgoals, attempting to find
1748-1139: Is intelligence exhibited by machines , particularly computer systems . It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals. Such machines may be called AIs. Some high-profile applications of AI include advanced web search engines (e.g., Google Search ); recommendation systems (used by YouTube , Amazon , and Netflix ); interacting via human speech (e.g., Google Assistant , Siri , and Alexa ); autonomous vehicles (e.g., Waymo ); generative and creative tools (e.g., ChatGPT , and AI art ); and superhuman play and analysis in strategy games (e.g., chess and Go ). However, many AI applications are not perceived as AI: "A lot of cutting edge AI has filtered into general applications, often without being called AI because once something becomes useful enough and common enough it's not labeled AI anymore ." The various subfields of AI research are centered around particular goals and
1824-641: Is a body of knowledge represented in a form that can be used by a program. An ontology is the set of objects, relations, concepts, and properties used by a particular domain of knowledge. Knowledge bases need to represent things such as objects, properties, categories, and relations between objects; situations, events, states, and time; causes and effects; knowledge about knowledge (what we know about what other people know); default reasoning (things that humans assume are true until they are told differently and will remain true even when other facts are changing); and many other aspects and domains of knowledge. Among
1900-559: Is also a bilingual pun on "index" since "Я" ("ya") means "I" in Russian. On September 23, 1997, the Yandex.ru search engine was launched and presented at the Softool exhibition in Moscow. Arcadia became part of the software and computer part supply company, CompTek, and with Volozh as the CEO in 2000. In 1998, Yandex launched contextual advertisement on its search engine. In 2000, Yandex
1976-608: Is an 886 GB dataset designed for training large language models. It was originally developed to train EleutherAI's GPT-Neo models but has become widely used to train other models, including Microsoft 's Megatron-Turing Natural Language Generation, Meta AI 's Open Pre-trained Transformers, LLaMA , and Galactica, Stanford University 's BioMedLM 2.7B, the Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence 's Chinese-Transformer-XL, and Yandex 's YaLM 100B. Compared to other datasets,
2052-459: Is an input, at least one hidden layer of nodes and an output. Each node applies a function and once the weight crosses its specified threshold, the data is transmitted to the next layer. A network is typically called a deep neural network if it has at least 2 hidden layers. Learning algorithms for neural networks use local search to choose the weights that will get the right output for each input during training. The most common training technique
2128-462: Is an interdisciplinary umbrella that comprises systems that recognize, interpret, process, or simulate human feeling, emotion, and mood . For example, some virtual assistants are programmed to speak conversationally or even to banter humorously; it makes them appear more sensitive to the emotional dynamics of human interaction, or to otherwise facilitate human–computer interaction . However, this tends to give naïve users an unrealistic conception of
2204-444: Is an unsolved problem. Knowledge representation and knowledge engineering allow AI programs to answer questions intelligently and make deductions about real-world facts. Formal knowledge representations are used in content-based indexing and retrieval, scene interpretation, clinical decision support, knowledge discovery (mining "interesting" and actionable inferences from large databases ), and other areas. A knowledge base
2280-422: Is anything that perceives and takes actions in the world. A rational agent has goals or preferences and takes actions to make them happen. In automated planning , the agent has a specific goal. In automated decision-making , the agent has preferences—there are some situations it would prefer to be in, and some situations it is trying to avoid. The decision-making agent assigns a number to each situation (called
2356-413: Is classified based on previous experience. There are many kinds of classifiers in use. The decision tree is the simplest and most widely used symbolic machine learning algorithm. K-nearest neighbor algorithm was the most widely used analogical AI until the mid-1990s, and Kernel methods such as the support vector machine (SVM) displaced k-nearest neighbor in the 1990s. The naive Bayes classifier
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2432-413: Is labelled by a solution of the problem and whose leaf nodes are labelled by premises or axioms . In the case of Horn clauses , problem-solving search can be performed by reasoning forwards from the premises or backwards from the problem. In the more general case of the clausal form of first-order logic , resolution is a single, axiom-free rule of inference, in which a problem is solved by proving
2508-400: Is reportedly the "most widely used learner" at Google, due in part to its scalability. Neural networks are also used as classifiers. An artificial neural network is based on a collection of nodes also known as artificial neurons , which loosely model the neurons in a biological brain. It is trained to recognise patterns; once trained, it can recognise those patterns in fresh data. There
2584-414: Is substantially more interest in training and releasing LLMs than there once was," enabling them to focus on other projects. In July 2024, an investigation by Proof news found that EleutherAI's The Pile dataset includes subtitles from over 170,000 Youtube videos across more than 48,000 channels. The findings drew criticism and accusations of theft from Youtubers and others who had their work published on
2660-416: Is the backpropagation algorithm. Neural networks learn to model complex relationships between inputs and outputs and find patterns in data. In theory, a neural network can learn any function. Yandex Yandex LLC (Russian: Яндекс , romanized : Yandeks , IPA: [ˈjandəks] ) is a Russian technology company that provides Internet -related products and services including
2736-404: Is the process of proving a new statement ( conclusion ) from other statements that are given and assumed to be true (the premises ). Proofs can be structured as proof trees , in which nodes are labelled by sentences, and children nodes are connected to parent nodes by inference rules . Given a problem and a set of premises, problem-solving reduces to searching for a proof tree whose root node
2812-440: Is used for game-playing programs, such as chess or Go. It searches through a tree of possible moves and counter-moves, looking for a winning position. Local search uses mathematical optimization to find a solution to a problem. It begins with some form of guess and refines it incrementally. Gradient descent is a type of local search that optimizes a set of numerical parameters by incrementally adjusting them to minimize
2888-455: Is used for reasoning and knowledge representation . Formal logic comes in two main forms: propositional logic (which operates on statements that are true or false and uses logical connectives such as "and", "or", "not" and "implies") and predicate logic (which also operates on objects, predicates and relations and uses quantifiers such as " Every X is a Y " and "There are some X s that are Y s"). Deductive reasoning in logic
2964-436: Is used in AI programs that make decisions that involve other agents. Machine learning is the study of programs that can improve their performance on a given task automatically. It has been a part of AI from the beginning. There are several kinds of machine learning. Unsupervised learning analyzes a stream of data and finds patterns and makes predictions without any other guidance. Supervised learning requires labeling
3040-905: Is when the knowledge gained from one problem is applied to a new problem. Deep learning is a type of machine learning that runs inputs through biologically inspired artificial neural networks for all of these types of learning. Computational learning theory can assess learners by computational complexity , by sample complexity (how much data is required), or by other notions of optimization . Natural language processing (NLP) allows programs to read, write and communicate in human languages such as English . Specific problems include speech recognition , speech synthesis , machine translation , information extraction , information retrieval and question answering . Early work, based on Noam Chomsky 's generative grammar and semantic networks , had difficulty with word-sense disambiguation unless restricted to small domains called " micro-worlds " (due to
3116-670: The Istanbul office was launched together with the company's web portal in Turkey in 2011. In 2012, the company opened its first European office in Lucerne to serve advertising clients in the EU. Its first research and development office in Europe started operating in Berlin in 2014. In 2015, the company's Shanghai office was launched to facilitate work with Chinese companies operating on
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3192-520: The bar exam , SAT test, GRE test, and many other real-world applications. Machine perception is the ability to use input from sensors (such as cameras, microphones, wireless signals, active lidar , sonar, radar, and tactile sensors ) to deduce aspects of the world. Computer vision is the ability to analyze visual input. The field includes speech recognition , image classification , facial recognition , object recognition , object tracking , and robotic perception . Affective computing
3268-416: The transformer architecture , and by the early 2020s hundreds of billions of dollars were being invested in AI (known as the " AI boom "). The widespread use of AI in the 21st century exposed several unintended consequences and harms in the present and raised concerns about its risks and long-term effects in the future, prompting discussions about regulatory policies to ensure the safety and benefits of
3344-436: The " utility ") that measures how much the agent prefers it. For each possible action, it can calculate the " expected utility ": the utility of all possible outcomes of the action, weighted by the probability that the outcome will occur. It can then choose the action with the maximum expected utility. In classical planning , the agent knows exactly what the effect of any action will be. In most real-world problems, however,
3420-799: The IT company's servers were subjected to the largest DDoS attack in the history of the Runet. In March 2022, executive director and deputy CEO Tigran Khudaverdyan resigned after EU sanctions. In April, CEO Elena Bunina resigned and moved to Israel . In June, Volozh resigned. On August 23, 2022, it was announced that Yandex is buying Delivery Club from VK in exchange for Yandex.Zen and Yandex.News . In September 2022, assets of Yandex and businessmen Boris and Arkady Rotenberg , who are close to President Vladimir Putin , were seized in Finland . In December 2022 it became known that "Yandex" registered
3496-612: The Pile's main distinguishing features are that it is a curated selection of data chosen by researchers at EleutherAI to contain information they thought language models should learn and that it is the only such dataset that is thoroughly documented by the researchers who developed it. EleutherAI's most prominent research relates to its work to train open-source large language models inspired by OpenAI's GPT-3 . EleutherAI's "GPT-Neo" model series has released 125 million, 1.3 billion, 2.7 billion, 6 billion, and 20 billion parameter models. While
3572-575: The Russian language market. As of 2018 it had more than 30 offices worldwide. In December 2021 a new location in Prague was added to accommodate the company's rapidly expanding crowdsourcing, routing, cloud computing, ridesharing and weather forecasting teams. As of 2021, Yandex had offices in 12 countries. In 2001, the company launched the Yandex.Direct online advertising network. In January 2009, Mozilla Firefox 3.5 replaced Google with Yandex as
3648-605: The Ukrainian market. In 2010, Yandex launched its "Poltava" search engine algorithm for Ukrainian users, based on its MatrixNet technology. On June 20, 2008, it announced the formation of Yandex Labs in Silicon Valley , to foster "innovation in search and advertising technology". On 10 October 2017, Yandex introduced its voice assistant Alice. In February 2018, the deal to merge Yandex.Taxi and Uber in Russia and five neighbouring countries closed. Yandex's share in
3724-421: The agent can seek information to improve its preferences. Information value theory can be used to weigh the value of exploratory or experimental actions. The space of possible future actions and situations is typically intractably large, so the agents must take actions and evaluate situations while being uncertain of what the outcome will be. A Markov decision process has a transition model that describes
3800-510: The agent may not be certain about the situation they are in (it is "unknown" or "unobservable") and it may not know for certain what will happen after each possible action (it is not "deterministic"). It must choose an action by making a probabilistic guess and then reassess the situation to see if the action worked. In some problems, the agent's preferences may be uncertain, especially if there are other agents or humans involved. These can be learned (e.g., with inverse reinforcement learning ), or
3876-529: The agent to operate with incomplete or uncertain information. AI researchers have devised a number of tools to solve these problems using methods from probability theory and economics. Precise mathematical tools have been developed that analyze how an agent can make choices and plan, using decision theory , decision analysis , and information value theory . These tools include models such as Markov decision processes , dynamic decision networks , game theory and mechanism design . Bayesian networks are
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#17327977789783952-648: The common sense knowledge problem ). Margaret Masterman believed that it was meaning and not grammar that was the key to understanding languages, and that thesauri and not dictionaries should be the basis of computational language structure. Modern deep learning techniques for NLP include word embedding (representing words, typically as vectors encoding their meaning), transformers (a deep learning architecture using an attention mechanism), and others. In 2019, generative pre-trained transformer (or "GPT") language models began to generate coherent text, and by 2023, these models were able to get human-level scores on
4028-513: The company Beyond ML in Armenia. On December 30, Arkady Volozh announced his departure from Yandex by publishing a letter to employees on the company's internal portal. On May 17, 2023, Yandex launched its YaGPT neural network, analogous to the ChatGPT neural network. In October 2023, Yandex Group's parent company, Yandex N.V. (Netherlands), received approval for internal restructuring from
4104-399: The company in 2004 was $ 7 million. In June 2006, the weekly revenue of Yandex.Direct context ads system exceeded $ 1 million. The company's accounting has been audited by Deloitte since 1999. Between 2004 and 2006, Tiger Technologies obtained an 11% ownership stake. On May 24, 2011, it raised $ 1.3 billion in an initial public offering on NASDAQ , the biggest initial public offering for
4180-431: The company invested in a $ 5 million financing round by Doc+ . In December 2017, it acquired food delivery Foodfox. On February 7, 2018, Uber and Yandex NV merged their businesses in Russia, Kazakhstan , Azerbaijan , Armenia , Belarus and Georgia . Uber invested $ 225 million and owns 36.6% stake in the venture while Yandex invested $ 100 million and owns a 59.3% stake. In May 2018, Sberbank and Yandex completed
4256-638: The control of Dutch Yandex N.V., which will eventually leave the shareholders of the Russian Yandex Group. In March 2023, the NASDAQ exchange announced its intention to delist Yandex and a number of other companies doing business in Russia. Yandex appealed this decision. NASDAQ granted the appeal, given the company's plans to separate the Russian and foreign businesses. The suspension of trading remains in effect. In May 2023, Yandex announced that it received applications from potential investors for
4332-551: The critical research that's pointed out many of the flaws and harms associated with generative AI and that's often far too difficult to conduct." Technology journalist Kyle Wiggers has raised concerns about whether EleutherAI is as independent as it claims, or "whether the involvement of commercially motivated ventures like Stability AI and Hugging Face —both of which are backed by substantial venture capital—might influence EleutherAI's research." Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( AI ), in its broadest sense,
4408-681: The first stage of investments. The new plant will produce servers, data storage systems, gateways and smart equipment under "Openyard" brand. However, in June 2023 Yandex announced it was looking for ways to exit the joint venture. In January 2022, Yandex acquired "eLama", digital advertising platform, waiting for the approval from Federal Antimonopoly Service . That same month Yandex has also bought "BandLink" music service. The company became profitable in November 2002. In 2004, Yandex sales increased to $ 17 million, up 1000% in 2 years. The net income of
4484-829: The form of access to powerful GPU clusters that are necessary for large scale machine learning research. On Feb 10, 2022 they released GPT-NeoX-20B, a model similar to their prior work but scaled up thanks to the resources CoreWeave provided. In 2022, many EleutherAI members participated in the BigScience Research Workshop, working on projects including multitask finetuning, training BLOOM , and designing evaluation libraries. Engineers at EleutherAI, Stability AI , and NVIDIA joined forces with biologists led by Columbia University and Harvard University to train OpenFold, an open-source replication of DeepMind's AlphaFold2 . In early 2023, EleutherAI incorporated as
4560-491: The government commission for controlling foreign investment in Russia. In July 2024, Volozh announced his return to the parts of the business retained by Yandex N.V. (Netherlands) to be named Nebius Group . (The EU lifted sanctions on Volozh in March 2024.) Volozh will be CEO of Nebius, according to Reuters. In March 2007, it acquired Russian social networking service moikrug.ru.; on June 16, 2008, Yandex acquired SMILink,
4636-440: The intelligence of existing computer agents. Moderate successes related to affective computing include textual sentiment analysis and, more recently, multimodal sentiment analysis , wherein AI classifies the affects displayed by a videotaped subject. A machine with artificial general intelligence should be able to solve a wide variety of problems with breadth and versatility similar to human intelligence . AI research uses
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#17327977789784712-537: The late 1980s and 1990s, methods were developed for dealing with uncertain or incomplete information, employing concepts from probability and economics . Many of these algorithms are insufficient for solving large reasoning problems because they experience a "combinatorial explosion": They become exponentially slower as the problems grow. Even humans rarely use the step-by-step deduction that early AI research could model. They solve most of their problems using fast, intuitive judgments. Accurate and efficient reasoning
4788-417: The market", and "The products and services that we make don't have any persuasion or political overtones." For example, Yandex advertising services do not accept political ads. In September 2020, Yandex spun off the direction of unmanned cars into a separate company, Yandex Self Driving Group. On 10 March 2021, the company launched its own payment service Yandex Pay. In the first half of September 2021,
4864-457: The most difficult problems in knowledge representation are the breadth of commonsense knowledge (the set of atomic facts that the average person knows is enormous); and the sub-symbolic form of most commonsense knowledge (much of what people know is not represented as "facts" or "statements" that they could express verbally). There is also the difficulty of knowledge acquisition , the problem of obtaining knowledge for AI applications. An "agent"
4940-486: The new company, worth more than $ 3.8bn, was 59.3%. On 9 October 2019, the company unveiled the second smart speaker of its own design - "Yandex. Station Mini." In 2020 Yandex published its internal operating principles. There are more than 35 principles. These include: "We do not develop technology for military purposes", "We comply with the laws of each country that we operate in and try to constructively contribute to any proposed legislation that concerns technology or
5016-405: The other hand. Classifiers are functions that use pattern matching to determine the closest match. They can be fine-tuned based on chosen examples using supervised learning . Each pattern (also called an " observation ") is labeled with a certain predefined class. All the observations combined with their class labels are known as a data set . When a new observation is received, that observation
5092-573: The overwhelming majority of large language models are trained in either English or Chinese, EleutherAI also trains language models in other languages, such as the Korean-language Polyglot-Ko. Following the release of DALL-E by OpenAI in January 2021, EleutherAI started working on text-to-image synthesis models. When OpenAI did not release DALL-E publicly, EleutherAI's Katherine Crowson and digital artist Ryan Murdock developed
5168-467: The platform. According to their website, EleutherAI is a "decentralized grassroots collective of volunteer researchers, engineers, and developers focused on AI alignment , scaling, and open-source AI research". While they do not sell any of their technologies as products, they publish the results of their research in academic venues, write blog posts detailing their ideas and methodologies, and provide trained models for anyone to use for free. The Pile
5244-411: The probability that a particular action will change the state in a particular way and a reward function that supplies the utility of each state and the cost of each action. A policy associates a decision with each possible state. The policy could be calculated (e.g., by iteration ), be heuristic , or it can be learned. Game theory describes the rational behavior of multiple interacting agents and
5320-439: The purchase of an economic share in the company. Economic investors will not be able to influence the company's activities. Voting control and management will remain with the top management of Yandex. Among the main applicants were private industrial investors Vagit Alekperov (Lukoil Founder) and Vladimir Potanin . In 2008, Yandex opened a technology and business development unit called Yandex Labs in Silicon Valley . In 2011,
5396-519: The technique that people could run for free without any special equipment. This work was credited by Stability AI CEO Emad Mostaque as motivating the founding of Stability AI. EleutherAI's work to democratize GPT-3 won the UNESCO Netexplo Global Innovation Award in 2021, InfoWorld's Best of Open Source Software Award in 2021 and 2022, was nominated for VentureBeat's AI Innovation Award in 2021. Gary Marcus ,
5472-471: The technology . The general problem of simulating (or creating) intelligence has been broken into subproblems. These consist of particular traits or capabilities that researchers expect an intelligent system to display. The traits described below have received the most attention and cover the scope of AI research. Early researchers developed algorithms that imitated step-by-step reasoning that humans use when they solve puzzles or make logical deductions . By
5548-439: The trading of Yandex securities on the NASDAQ was suspended due to the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. In September 2022, Yandex bought back 98.7% of issued Yandex N.V convertible bonds. In April 2022, TechCrunch reported that Yandex signed an agreement with VK holding with regard to the sale of News and Zen media services together with the main page yandex.ru In September 2022, News, Zen, and yandex.ru were transferred to
5624-451: The training data with the expected answers, and comes in two main varieties: classification (where the program must learn to predict what category the input belongs in) and regression (where the program must deduce a numeric function based on numeric input). In reinforcement learning , the agent is rewarded for good responses and punished for bad ones. The agent learns to choose responses that are classified as "good". Transfer learning
5700-420: The use of particular tools. The traditional goals of AI research include reasoning , knowledge representation , planning , learning , natural language processing , perception, and support for robotics . General intelligence —the ability to complete any task performable by a human on an at least equal level—is among the field's long-term goals. To reach these goals, AI researchers have adapted and integrated
5776-689: Was incorporated in Cyprus as a standalone company by Arkady Volozh. In September 2005, it opened an office in Ukraine and launched www.yandex.ua. In 2007, Yandex introduced a customized search engine for Ukrainian users; Yandex also opened its development center in Kyiv in May 2007. In 2008, Yandex extended its presence in Ukraine by increasing bandwidth between Moscow data centers and UA-IX in Ukraine fivefold. In 2009, all services of www.yandex.ua were localized for
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