3D computer graphics , sometimes called CGI , 3-D-CGI or three-dimensional computer graphics , are graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data (often Cartesian ) that is stored in the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering digital images , usually 2D images but sometimes 3D images . The resulting images may be stored for viewing later (possibly as an animation ) or displayed in real time .
62-441: LightWave 3D is a 3D computer graphics program developed by LightWave Digital. It has been used in films, television, motion graphics , digital matte painting , visual effects , video game development , product design , architectural visualizations , virtual production , music videos , pre-visualizations and advertising . LightWave is a software package used for rendering 3D images , both animated and static. It includes
124-495: A 3D model is formed from points called vertices that define the shape and form polygons . A polygon is an area formed from at least three vertices (a triangle). A polygon of n points is an n-gon. The overall integrity of the model and its suitability to use in animation depend on the structure of the polygons. Before rendering into an image, objects must be laid out in a 3D scene . This defines spatial relationships between objects, including location and size . Animation refers to
186-791: A Noise Reduction Filter. New Modeler Features include: "A 'Layout View' viewport shows the current camera view from Layout. In addition, LightWave 2018 Modeler provides new fully interactive tools including Lattice, Smoothing, Array and Spline Bridge to speed up your modeling." In January 2019, LightWave 2019 introduced new integration tools with Unreal Engine , animatable mesh sculpting and painting in Layout, new UV mapping and UDIM tools (as well as support for smoothing groups) in Modeler, improved FBX interchange, shading model customization tools, new shape primitives, OpenVDB creation, shading/rendering enhancements, and workflow/UI improvements. LightWave
248-423: A Video Toaster in an Amiga to run. Until version 11.0.3, LightWave licenses were bound to a hardware dongle (e.g. Safenet USB or legacy parallel port models). Without a dongle LightWave would operate in "Discovery Mode" which severely restricts functionality. One copy of LightWave supports distributed rendering of up to 999 nodes. 3D computer graphics software 3-D computer graphics, contrary to what
310-463: A developer in the main user forums (since removed by moderators) indicated that this approach had been too problematic and another avenue was being considered to enable Modeler to evolve. FiberFX, the hair/fur system in LightWave, also saw improvements with the 11.5 release, to work with soft bodies and to also directly support curves from Modeler for guiding hair. Additionally, braid and twist support
372-562: A fast rendering engine that supports such advanced features as realistic reflection, radiosity , caustics , and 999 render nodes . The 3D modeling component supports both polygon modeling and subdivision surfaces . The animation component has features such as inverse and forward kinematics for character animation , particle systems and dynamics. Programmers can expand LightWave's capabilities using an included SDK which offers Python , LScript (a proprietary scripting language) and C language interfaces. In 1988, Allen Hastings created
434-534: A human face and a hand that had originally appeared in the 1971 experimental short A Computer Animated Hand , created by University of Utah students Edwin Catmull and Fred Parke . 3-D computer graphics software began appearing for home computers in the late 1970s. The earliest known example is 3D Art Graphics , a set of 3-D computer graphics effects, written by Kazumasa Mitazawa and released in June 1978 for
496-696: A means to render different particle animation effects. Different modes of operation have the ability to generate appearances that mimic: LightWave comes with a nodal texture editor that comes with a collection of special-purpose material shaders. Some of the types of surface for which these shaders have been optimized include: NewTek expanded LightWave's parameter setting capabilities with a node graph architecture (Node Editor) for LightWave 9. This Editor enabled broad hierarchical parameter setting on top of its fixed and stack-based parameter setting support. Example node types include mathematical, script, gradient, sample, instance, group, and shader. Nodes are usable within
558-520: A national emergency, which prompts the Spaceland Senate to call to him to appear for a hearing, to explain this breach of protocol of bringing a Flatlander into their midst. They claim that it will be viewed as an act of, and provocation for, war by their enemies, the X-Axis. A Square learns that the X-Axis wants to destroy Flatland as they consider it an abomination, contrary to the beliefs of
620-485: A new modular rigging system called Genoma. The flocking system was reworked, gaining predator and prey behaviors. The bullet dynamics system was improved to include soft body dynamics, wind forces and to react to bone deformations. Interlinks to After Effects and ZBrush (via GoZ) were added as well. New tools, based on a new experimental subsystem were added to Modeler. It was originally thought that this subsystem would allow further enhancements to Modeler, but disclosures by
682-558: A rendering and animation program called VideoScape 3D , and his friend Stuart Ferguson created a complementary 3D modeling program called Modeler , both sold by Aegis Software. NewTek planned to incorporate VideoScape and Modeler into its video editing suite, Video Toaster . Originally intended to be called "NewTek 3D Animation System for the Amiga", Hastings later came up with the name "LightWave 3D", inspired by two contemporary high-end 3D packages: Intelligent Light and Wavefront . In 1990,
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#1732801352750744-511: A riot across the city. A Square just gets home safely, then barricades his family against the chaos for the night. A Square awakens to learn that the deadly riots originated in the Senate meeting that B Square was attending. He scours the city, now under martial law, seeking B Square. The family prepares for another night, only to be terrified by the sudden appearance of A Sphere, CEO of Messiah, Inc, who has chosen A Square to convince Flatland about
806-505: A third dimension is illegal now. He finds B Square jailed and explains Spaceland to him, but fearing execution, B Square knocks A Square unconscious. Arriving home, A Square informs his wife that they are going to defect to the Northern Kingdom where he might be able to spread the gospel to a more open-minded populace. Soldiers arrive and A Square escapes with the help of Frau A Square's "war cry" that stuns them. Before he can reach
868-531: A way to improve performance of the game engine or for stylistic and gameplay concerns. By contrast, games using 3D computer graphics without such restrictions are said to use true 3D. Flatland (2007 Ehlinger film) Flatland (also released as Flatland: The Film and Flatland the film ) is a 2007 American animated science fiction film based on the 1884 novella Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions by Edwin Abbott Abbott . The film
930-426: Is a class of 3-D computer graphics software used to produce 3-D models. Individual programs of this class are called modeling applications or modelers. 3-D modeling starts by describing 3 display models : Drawing Points, Drawing Lines and Drawing triangles and other Polygonal patches. 3-D modelers allow users to create and alter models via their 3-D mesh . Users can add, subtract, stretch and otherwise change
992-904: Is also a command-line network rendering engine named Screamernet which can be used to distribute rendering tasks across a large number of networked computers. This is used to reduce the overall time that it takes to render a single project by having the computers each rendering a part of the whole project in parallel. Screamernet includes all the features of the rendering engine that is integrated in Layout but without an interactive user interface. LightWave supports 999 render nodes natively. LightWave provides dynamics physics systems supporting hard and soft body motion, deformation, constraint, motorization, environments, and particles. It interacts with 3D object models, bones , and hair (FiberFX). LightWave includes both Bullet and legacy proprietary (comprising ClothFX, SoftFX, HardFX, ParticleFX emitter, wind, collision, and gravity) dynamics engines. Hypervoxels are
1054-526: Is composed of separate programs, primarily Modeler and Layout. Each program provides a dedicated workspace for specific tasks. When these two programs are running simultaneously, a program called Hub is used to synchronize data between the two. Modeler, as the name implies, includes all of the modeling features used to create the 3D models, while Layout includes features to arrange the 3D models, animate, and render them. Layout offers ray tracing , global illumination, and render output parameters. This separation
1116-588: Is interrupted by A Square's brother B, a clerk to President Circle, warning A to stay home during a meeting at the Senate of the Great Southern Republic. The Senate session has been called to discuss the increasing hostilities between the government and the Chromatist movement, led by Senator Chromatistes, which seeks the legalization of Flatlanders coloring themselves as they wish. The Great Southern Republic distinguishes itself from its enemy,
1178-412: Is one of LightWave's scripting languages. It provides a comprehensive set of prebuilt functions you can use when scripting how LightWave behaves. With LightWave 11, NewTek added Python support as an option for custom scripting. The SDK provides a set of C classes for writing native LightWave plug-ins. Prior to being made available as a stand-alone product in 1994, LightWave required the presence of
1240-480: Is unique among 3D computer graphics packages, which commonly integrate their modeler and renderer. NewTek asserts dedicating workspaces for specific tasks creates an arguably more efficient 3D production workflow. A long-standing debate in the LightWave user community has consisted of whether or not to integrate Modeler and Layout into a single program. In response to this, NewTek has begun an integration process by including several basic modeling tools with Layout. There
1302-1076: Is usually performed using 3-D computer graphics software or a 3-D graphics API . Altering the scene into a suitable form for rendering also involves 3-D projection , which displays a three-dimensional image in two dimensions. Although 3-D modeling and CAD software may perform 3-D rendering as well (e.g., Autodesk 3ds Max or Blender ), exclusive 3-D rendering software also exists (e.g., OTOY's Octane Rendering Engine , Maxon's Redshift) 3-D computer graphics software produces computer-generated imagery (CGI) through 3-D modeling and 3-D rendering or produces 3-D models for analytical, scientific and industrial purposes. There are many varieties of files supporting 3-D graphics, for example, Wavefront .obj files and .x DirectX files. Each file type generally tends to have its own unique data structure. Each file format can be accessed through their respective applications, such as DirectX files, and Quake . Alternatively, files can be accessed through third-party standalone programs, or via manual decompilation. 3-D modeling software
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#17328013527501364-610: The Apple II . 3-D computer graphics production workflow falls into three basic phases: The model describes the process of forming the shape of an object. The two most common sources of 3D models are those that an artist or engineer originates on the computer with some kind of 3D modeling tool , and models scanned into a computer from real-world objects (Polygonal Modeling, Patch Modeling and NURBS Modeling are some popular tools used in 3D modeling). Models can also be produced procedurally or via physical simulation . Basically,
1426-454: The "film touches on current events, including allusions to the Iraq war and anti-gay prejudice, to conclude apocalyptically (the book just ends with the protagonist in prison). Most adults will want to see both Flatland versions, sooner or later." Dan Schneider of Blogcritics gave an overall negative review. He criticized the departures by the film from Abbott's book, such as the character of
1488-621: The Flatland leaders execute all who have witnessed the event, except B Square, who is imprisoned for life on pain of death in exchange for his silence. Realizing that time in Spaceland is short, at least for A Square, A Sphere brings him to Messiah, Inc. to finish his education on the gospel of Three Dimensions. Enthralled by the complex world of Spaceland, A Square posits about the existence of even higher dimension, which A Sphere dismisses. Meanwhile, A Square's intrusion into Spaceland has become
1550-471: The Great Senate. As the debate rages, an ailing A Square tries to explain his theory of multiple dimensions to an unsympathetic crowd. Air-raid sirens wail as A Square collapses from the overwhelming effects of gravity on his two-dimensional body and chaos ensues. A Sphere manages to send A Square back to Flatland as Messiah, Inc. is bombarded. A Square wakes up on his bed and learns that preaching about
1612-467: The Northern Kingdom, by its stances on Chromatism and Irregulars along with a democratic government. Relaxing the laws has already been perceived as weakness by the Northern Kingdom who are massing on the borders. Against his brother's warning, A Square meets his new client, the first female charged as a Chromatist. On his way home he is caught in the melee leaving the Senate. President Circle's soldiers killed Senator Chromatistes and his supporters, sparking
1674-583: The Surface Editor, Mesh Displacement, and Virtual Studio features. A node plug-in API was released for third party developers to add their own nodes. A notable example of third-party node development is Denis Pontonnier's Additional Nodes. These free nodes enable modifying images, renders, procedural textures , Hypervoxels, object motions, animation channels, and volumetric lights . Also they enable particles and other meshes to drive node parameters. LScript
1736-700: The Victorian satire on pomposity and cultural blindness while updating it to modern conditions. And ... [its] conceptual breakthrough is brilliantly handled." Di Filippo's single criticism was that the superimposed text exposition got "a bit heavy-handed". Film Threat reviewer Phil Hall referred to the film's "bold originality and vibrant intelligence", stating, "Sequences throb with raw power, provoking visceral emotional responses". Hall flatly called it "a work of genius," and gave it five stars (of five). Dennis Schwartz (Ozus' World) gave Flatland an "A", referring to it as "smart, without being cheeky", in taking
1798-567: The Video Toaster suite was released, incorporating LightWave 3D, and running on the Amiga computer. LightWave 3D has been available as a standalone application since 1994, and version 9.3 runs on both Mac OS X and Windows platforms. Starting with the release of version 9.3, the Mac OS X version has been updated to be a Universal Binary . The last known standalone revision for the Amiga
1860-554: The book's original points". Schneider faults writer Tom Whalen's script for changing Abbott's story "too much", the music by Mark Slater as "sometimes apt", but at other times "a mess", the intertitle cards as "annoying", the ending for being "muddled" and trying "too hard for the relevance of 2001: A Space Odyssey ", and the DVD itself for lacking a commentary track. In Mathematics in Popular Culture , Lila Marz Harper described
1922-450: The border, A Square is cornered by the soldiers whose attempt to kill him is thwarted by the Northern Kingdom army's attack. In the fracas, Flatland itself begins to disappear, until a voice welcomes A Square into another dimension. Ehlinger recorded dialogue for the film throughout 2005 in his home studio. Using off-the-shelf 3D animation software packages such as Lightwave 3D , Adobe After Effects and others, Ehlinger animated and edited
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1984-633: The dynamic object parenting workflow. It also added a plate perspective matching tool, and Importance sampling to Global illumination . The retail price was lowered by a third. On January 1, 2018, NewTek released Lightwave 2018. Features include: Physically Based Rendering System, Render & Light Buffers, New Volumetric Engine, OpenVDB Support, New Lighting Architecture, Surface Editor - Material Nodes & Surface Preview, Virtual Reality Camera, Modifier Stack & Nodal Modifiers, New Cel Shader & Enhanced Edge Rendering, More Integrated FiberFX, Layout-based Parametric Shapes, Physically Based OpenGL, &
2046-541: The existence of the three-dimensional Spaceland. A Sphere plucks A Square out of Flatland, finally making him understand the third dimension. Having business himself at the Great Hall, A Sphere brings A Square to look for his brother there. On their arrival, A Sphere expounds upon three dimensions to President Circle and the Priests, who anticipated this event. After rejecting A Sphere's message and attempting to kill him,
2108-438: The fifth free update of LightWave 3D 8, and was featured in a keynote speech by Bill Gates at WinHEC 2005. On February 4, 2009, NewTek announced "LightWave CORE" its next-generation 3D application via a streamed live presentation to 3D artists around the world. It featured a highly customizable and modernized user interface, Python scripting integration that offered realtime code and view previews, an updated file format based on
2170-409: The film by himself over the course of two years, starting in 2005. He sent completed animations to composer Mark Slater for scoring, who sent back audio files. Most reviews were positive with specific criticisms, with one quite negative exception. At SciFi.com , Paul Di Filippo gave the film a rating of "A", stating that it "entertains, enlightens and educates", and that "Ehlinger manages to retain
2232-461: The film as "more radical" than Flatland: The Movie , showing more biological detail, and even dreams. She remarked that the film "vividly mimics" Abbott's description of the physical remolding of children's bodies to conform to societal norms, and "adheres closely" to the discrimination against women in Abbott's story. She noted that some variations from the book were confusing: one of A Square's sons
2294-481: The film was "a mixed feast" with frustrating "cluttered logic". Carl Schroeder wrote in The Global Intelligencer that the film is one of "two of the best movie versions ever made" of the story. He states that the film "preserves the biting social satire of the original story with ideas and abstract violence (bleeding polygons) not appropriate for little kids (teens will be fine)". He continues,
2356-465: The final form. Some graphic art software includes filters that can be applied to 2D vector graphics or 2D raster graphics on transparent layers. Visual artists may also copy or visualize 3D effects and manually render photo-realistic effects without the use of filters. Some video games use 2.5D graphics, involving restricted projections of three-dimensional environments, such as isometric graphics or virtual cameras with fixed angles , either as
2418-538: The industry standard Collada format, substantial revisions to its modeling technologies and a realtime iterative viewport renderer. It was planned to be the first LightWave product to be available on the Linux operating system. However, on June 23, 2011, CORE was cancelled as a standalone product and NewTek announced that the CORE advancements would become part of the ongoing LightWave platform, starting with LightWave 10 (which
2480-455: The king instead being a president (who wears a crown), and the divergence into satire when A Sphere visits A Square, where the sphere is a CEO, instead of Abbott's "mystical guide". Schneider points out that where A Square's experience was originally religious, the film makes it a "wow moment used to lead into some cheap gags", and states that "the story dissolves". He found the film's satire "predictable", and described it as "best when sticking to
2542-472: The latest version of its professional 3D modeling, animation, and rendering software. LightWave 11 incorporates many new features, such as instancing, flocking and fracturing tools, flexible Bullet Dynamics, Pixologic Zbrush support, and more. LightWave 11 is used for all genres of 3D content creation-from film and broadcast visual effects production, to architectural visualization, and game design. On January 31, 2013, NewTek shipped LightWave 11.5 which debuted
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2604-576: The likely unfilmable source material, and creating a "spirited avant-garde" film. He summarized: "...there's not a single thing about it that's disingenuous or unworldly or superficial. It's by a serious and gifted filmmaker who brings a light touch to his craft and does it without an ounce of pretentiousness or Hollywood phoniness or a sense of self-consciousness." Scott Green at Ain't it Cool News called it "captivating", "an enjoyable mental amusement park ride", and "something amazingly different and intriguing to watch". But he noted, "the complexity of
2666-413: The math exposition to be "painless" but "a touch too long". She found that too many plot threads were not tied up, and an "overabundance of possible meanings", for example a "slew of referencing" around the character of Senator Chromatistes, which "disperses our understanding". Wood noted flaws in pacing and the intertitles, but found the expression of emotion via color and music to be "effective". Ultimately
2728-404: The mesh to their desire. Models can be viewed from a variety of angles, usually simultaneously. Models can be rotated and the view can be zoomed in and out. 3-D modelers can export their models to files , which can then be imported into other applications as long as the metadata are compatible. Many modelers allow importers and exporters to be plugged-in , so they can read and write data in
2790-539: The mid-level, or Autodesk Combustion , Digital Fusion , Shake at the high-end. Match moving software is commonly used to match live video with computer-generated video, keeping the two in sync as the camera moves. Use of real-time computer graphics engines to create a cinematic production is called machinima . Not all computer graphics that appear 3D are based on a wireframe model . 2D computer graphics with 3D photorealistic effects are often achieved without wire-frame modeling and are sometimes indistinguishable in
2852-456: The name suggests, are most often displayed on two-dimensional displays. Unlike 3D film and similar techniques, the result is two-dimensional, without visual depth . More often, 3-D graphics are being displayed on 3-D displays , like in virtual reality systems. 3-D graphics stand in contrast to 2-D computer graphics which typically use completely different methods and formats for creation and rendering. 3-D computer graphics rely on many of
2914-402: The native formats of other applications. Most 3-D modelers contain a number of related features, such as ray tracers and other rendering alternatives and texture mapping facilities. Some also contain features that support or allow animation of models. Some may be able to generate full-motion video of a series of rendered scenes (i.e. animation ). Computer aided design software may employ
2976-499: The physical model can match the virtual model. William Fetter was credited with coining the term computer graphics in 1961 to describe his work at Boeing . An early example of interactive 3-D computer graphics was explored in 1963 by the Sketchpad program at Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory . One of the first displays of computer animation was Futureworld (1976), which included an animation of
3038-628: The render engine how to treat light when it hits the surface. Textures are used to give the material color using a color or albedo map, or give the surface features using a bump map or normal map . It can be also used to deform the model itself using a displacement map . Rendering converts a model into an image either by simulating light transport to get photo-realistic images, or by applying an art style as in non-photorealistic rendering . The two basic operations in realistic rendering are transport (how much light gets from one place to another) and scattering (how surfaces interact with light). This step
3100-546: The rendered image, a model's data is contained within a graphical data file. A 3-D model is a mathematical representation of any three-dimensional object; a model is not technically a graphic until it is displayed. A model can be displayed visually as a two-dimensional image through a process called 3-D rendering , or it can be used in non-graphical computer simulations and calculations. With 3-D printing , models are rendered into an actual 3-D physical representation of themselves, with some limitations as to how accurately
3162-400: The same algorithms as 2-D computer vector graphics in the wire-frame model and 2-D computer raster graphics in the final rendered display. In computer graphics software, 2-D applications may use 3-D techniques to achieve effects such as lighting , and similarly, 3-D may use some 2-D rendering techniques. The objects in 3-D computer graphics are often referred to as 3-D models . Unlike
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#17328013527503224-432: The same fundamental 3-D modeling techniques that 3-D modeling software use but their goal differs. They are used in computer-aided engineering , computer-aided manufacturing , Finite element analysis , product lifecycle management , 3D printing and computer-aided architectural design . After producing a video, studios then edit or composite the video using programs such as Adobe Premiere Pro or Final Cut Pro at
3286-405: The temporal description of an object (i.e., how it moves and deforms over time. Popular methods include keyframing , inverse kinematics , and motion-capture ). These techniques are often used in combination. As with animation, physical simulation also specifies motion. Materials and textures are properties that the render engine uses to render the model. One can give the model materials to tell
3348-503: The world being explored does not coherently coalesce", and that the film attacks divisive topics "with an undisciplined flurry of jabs". Green was intrigued by the film's "glib omniscient" title cards, writing that their presence "almost makes for a character in and of itself." Aylish Wood, reviewing in Science Fiction Film and Television , described the intertitles as fine for children, but "annoying" for adults, and found
3410-535: Was LightWave 5.0, released in 1995. Shortly after the release of the first PC version, NewTek discontinued the Amiga version, citing the platform's uncertain future. Versions were soon released for the DEC Alpha , Silicon Graphics (SGI) , and Macintosh platforms. LightWave was used to create special effects for the television series Babylon 5 , Star Trek: Voyager , Space: Above and Beyond , seaQuest DSV , Lost , and Battlestar Galactica . The program
3472-459: Was added, to ease creation of complex hairstyles. On November 1, 2013, NewTek shipped LightWave 11.6. This release brought a new animation tool, spline control, along with improvements to ray casting (to enable items in the scene to be precisely positioned on a surface, with optional offset. nVidia's CgFX was also implemented, albeit via the legacy shader system. STL support was added to enable output suitable for 3D printers. The virtual studio system
3534-502: Was also enhanced to support a LightWave 3D group-authored add-on called NevronMotion, enabling direct motion capture (full body and facial) using consumer devices such as the Kinect (on Windows only) and re-targeting via a simplified user interface. A simplified Python system was made available for the Modeler environment and for common functions. The timeline for Layout support via this simplified system has not been disclosed. Alembic support
3596-436: Was also introduced. Since the release of 11.6, two minor patches have been released to resolve software issues (11.6.1 and 11.6.2). In early May 2014, 11.6.3 was released to address a licensing system limitation. On November 24, 2014, NewTek released Lightwave 2015. The release upgraded Bullet physics integration (constraints, motors, dynamics affecting bones), Genoma rigging automation plug-in with scripting, edge rendering, and
3658-669: Was also utilized in the production of Titanic as well as Avatar , Sin City , and 300 . The short film 405 was produced by two artists from their homes using LightWave. In the Finnish Star Trek parody Star Wreck: In the Pirkinning , most of the visual effects were done in LightWave by Finnish filmmaker Samuli Torssonen , who produced the VFX work for the feature film Iron Sky . The film Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius
3720-461: Was directed and animated by Ladd Ehlinger Jr. in Lightwave 3D . The screenplay was written by author Tom Whalen. The music was composed by Mark Slater . In a two-dimensional world called Flatland populated by sapient polygons, it is three days until the celebration of the year 3000. "A Square", attorney at law, struggles to instruct his son, A Hexagon, in the art of sight recognition. The lesson
3782-493: Was made entirely in LightWave 6 and messiah:Studio . In 2007, the first feature film to be 3D animated entirely by one person made its debut, Flatland the Film by Ladd Ehlinger Jr. It was animated entirely in LightWave 3D 7.5 and 8.0. In its ninth version, the market for LightWave ranges from hobbyists to high-end deployment in video games , television and cinema . NewTek shipped a 64-bit version of LightWave 3D as part of
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#17328013527503844-585: Was originally LightWave HC, intended to be a transitional software system comprising the classical Layout and Modeler applications during the initial stages of CORE, in order to supply compatibility with the existing toolset for LightWave). On December 30, 2010, NewTek shipped LightWave 10. It added an interactive viewport renderer (VPR), interactive stereoscopic camera rigs, linear color-space workflow, real time interactive physical teleoperation input (Virtual Studio Tools), and data interchange upgrades. On February 20, 2012, NewTek began shipping LightWave 11 Software,
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