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74-428: It is classified as a regional language of France and has the recognised status of a regional language of Wallonia , where it is known as Gaumais . It has been influenced by Lorraine Franconian and Luxembourgish , West Central German languages spoken in nearby or overlapping areas. Linguist Stephanie Russo noted the difference of a 'second' imperfect and pluperfect tense between Lorrain and Standard French. It

148-476: A language isolate ; Breton , a Celtic language (spoken by 0.61%); Corsican , an Italo-Dalmatian language ; and various other Gallo-Romance languages ( Langues d'oïl 1.25%, Occitan 1.33%). Some of these languages are also spoken in neighbouring countries, such as Belgium , Germany , Switzerland , Italy , Andorra , or Spain . The official language of the French Republic is French (art. 2 of

222-679: A miller . When Hollande was thirteen, the family moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine , a highly exclusive suburb of Paris. He attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle boarding school, a private Catholic school in Rouen, the Lycée Pasteur , in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his baccalaureate in 1972 then graduated with a bachelor's degree in Law from Panthéon-Assas University . Hollande studied at HEC Paris , graduated in 1975, and then attended

296-470: A 75% income tax rate on revenue earned above 1,000,000 euros per year, to generate the provision of development funds for deprived suburbs, and to return to a deficit of zero per cent of GDP by 2017. The tax plan proved controversial, with courts ruling it unconstitutional in 2012, only to then take the opposite position on a redrafted version in 2013. Hollande had also announced several reforms to education, pledging to recruit 60,000 new teachers, to create

370-459: A book about her time with Hollande titled Merci pour ce moment ( Thank You for This Moment ) . The memoir claimed the president presented himself as disliking the rich, but in reality disliked the poor. The claim brought an angry reaction and rejection from Hollande, who said he had spent his life dedicated to the under-privileged. On 4 June 2022, Hollande married Gayet in Tulle, France. Hollande

444-667: A candidate in the upcoming primary election to select the Socialist and Radical Left Party presidential nominee. The primary marked the first time that both parties had held an open primary to select a joint nominee at the same time. He initially trailed the front-runner, former finance minister and International Monetary Fund managing director Dominique Strauss-Kahn . Following Strauss-Kahn's arrest on suspicion of sexual assault in New York City in May 2011, Hollande began to lead

518-494: A current and/or historical use, such as Occitan, which was already being written at a time when French was not and its literature has continued to thrive, with a Nobel Prize for Frédéric Mistral in 1904. It is estimated that at the time of the French Revolution in 1789, only half of the population of France could speak French, and as late as 1871 only a quarter spoke French as their native language. The topic of

592-424: A key part of his campaign. On 26 January, he outlined a full list of policies in a manifesto containing 60 propositions, including the separation of retail activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; raising taxes on big corporations, banks and the wealthy; creating 60,000 teaching jobs; bringing the official retirement age back down to 60 from 62; creating subsidised jobs in areas of high unemployment for

666-648: A new low of 12%, according to a YouGov poll. Following the Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015, however, approval for Hollande increased dramatically, reaching 40% according to an IFOP poll two weeks after the attack, though an Ipsos-Le Point survey in early February showed his rating declining back to 30%. Hollande ultimately registered the least popularity for a president of the French Fifth Republic . In September 2014, his approval rating

740-569: A recognised or official status in the respective neighbouring state or territory. French itself is also a cross-border language, being spoken in neighbouring Andorra , Belgium , Italy , Luxembourg , Monaco , and Switzerland . Mother tongues of the French population (2007 AES) According to the 2007 Adult Education survey, part of a project by the European Union and carried in France by

814-481: A reduction of the corporate tax rate to 30% for medium corporations and 15% for small. Hollande's government has announced plans to construct 500,000 public homes per year, including 150,000 social houses , funded by a doubling of the ceiling of the Livret A , the region making available its local government land within five years. In accordance with long-standing Socialist Party policy, Hollande has announced that

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888-434: A second ballot against Martine Aubry , who had come in second with 30% of the vote. The second ballot took place on 16 October 2011. Hollande won with 56% of the vote to Aubry's 43% and thus became the official Socialist and Radical Left Party candidate for the 2012 presidential election . All his main opponents in the primary – Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Arnaud Montebourg , and Manuel Valls – pledged their support to him for

962-614: A single office [...] and that it should be directly chosen" by the members of the European Parliament . On 11 January 2013, Hollande authorised the execution of Operation Serval , which aimed to curtail the activities of Islamist extremists in the north of Mali. The intervention was popularly supported in Mali, as Hollande promised that his government would do all it could to "rebuild Mali". During his one-day visit to Bamako , Mali's capital, on 2 February 2013, he said that it

1036-399: A study allowance and means-tested training, and to set up a mutually beneficial contract that would allow a generation of experienced employees and craftsmen to be the guardians and teachers of younger newly hired employees, thereby creating a total of 150,000 subsidized jobs. This was complemented by the promise of aid to SMEs , with the creation of a public bank investment-oriented SME's, and

1110-648: Is a French politician who served as the 24th president of France from 2012 to 2017. Before his presidency, he was First Secretary of the Socialist Party (PS) from 1997 to 2008, Mayor of Tulle from 2001 to 2008, as well as President of the General Council of Corrèze from 2008 to 2012. He also held the 1st constituency of Corrèze seat in the National Assembly for the third time, first from 1988 to 1993, then from 1997 until 2012 and

1184-465: Is also recognised as a language of France (with at least one regional variant in Provence). A large number of immigrant languages are spoken in France, with a handful having a significant number of home speakers. (Figures as of 2000) At the 1999 census, INSEE sampled 380,000 adult people all across Metropolitan France , and asked them questions about their family situation. One of the questions

1258-667: Is critical of the domestic policies of his successor Emmanuel Macron, but also of his former left-wing political rival Jean-Luc Mélenchon , who led the left-wing union in the 2022 legislative elections. On 12 November 2023, he participated in the March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism in Paris in response to the rise in antisemitism since the start of the Israel–Hamas war . On 15 June 2024, Hollande announced his candidacy for

1332-599: Is derived from Latin grammar that no longer is used in modern French. The Linguasphere Observatory distinguishes seven variants : After 1870, members of the Stanislas Academy in Nancy noted 132 variants of Lorrain from Thionville in the north to Rupt-sur-Moselle in the south, which means that main variants have sub-variants. This article about Romance languages is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Languages of France Of

1406-531: The 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict , and told Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu , "France strongly condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]." In September 2015, Hollande warned former Eastern Bloc countries against rejecting the EU mandatory migrant quotas , saying: "Those who don't share our values, those who don't even want to respect those principles, need to start asking themselves questions about their place in

1480-520: The Court of Audit . Five years after volunteering as a student to work for François Mitterrand 's ultimately unsuccessful campaign in the 1974 presidential election , Hollande joined the Socialist Party . He was quickly spotted by Jacques Attali , a senior adviser to Mitterrand, who arranged for Hollande to run in legislative election of 1981 in Corrèze against future President Jacques Chirac , who

1554-586: The Délégation générale à la langue française has acquired the additional function of observing and studying the languages of France and has had et aux langues de France added to its title. The category of languages of France (in French: langues de France ) is thus administratively recognised even if this does not go so far as to provide any official status. Following his election as president, François Hollande reasserted in 2012 his campaign platform to ratify

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1628-535: The French Constitution ) and the French government is, by law , compelled to communicate primarily in French. The government, furthermore, mandates that commercial advertising be available in French (though it can also use other languages). The French government, however, does not mandate the use of French by private individuals or corporations or in any other media. A revision of the French constitution creating official recognition of regional languages

1702-592: The French referendum on the European constitution caused friction within the party. Although Hollande was re-elected as first secretary at the Le Mans Congress in 2005, his authority over the party began to decline. Eventually his domestic partner, Ségolène Royal , was chosen to represent the party in the 2007 presidential election , where she would lose to Nicolas Sarkozy . Hollande was widely blamed for

1776-624: The Insee and based on a sample of 15,350 people, French was the mother tongue of 87.2% of the total population, or roughly 55.81 million people, followed by Arabic (3.6%, 2.3 million), Portuguese (1.5%, 960,000), Spanish (1.2%, 770,000) and Italian (1.0%, 640,000). People who spoke other languages natively made up the remaining 5.2% of the population. The regional languages of Metropolitan France include: There are also several languages spoken in France's overseas areas (see Administrative divisions of France for details): French Sign Language

1850-636: The Institut d'études politiques de Paris and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He completed his military service in the French Army in 1977. He graduated from the ENA in 1980, and chose to enter the prestigious Cour des comptes . Hollande lived in the United States in the summer of 1974 while he was a university student. Immediately after graduation, he was employed as a councillor in

1924-572: The National Assembly . Hollande lost his bid for re-election to the Assembly in the so-called "blue wave" of the 1993 election , described as such due to the number of seats gained by the Right at the expense of the Socialist Party. As the end of Mitterrand's term in office approached, the Socialist Party was torn by a struggle of internal factions, each seeking to influence the direction of

1998-573: The New Popular Front in the first constituency of Corrèze for the 2024 French legislative election . Hollande's decision to contest the election was considered surprising, including among fellow PS members. He qualified, in first place, for a three-way second round against candidates from the National Rally and The Republicans , and was elected with 43 percent of the vote in the runoff. For twenty nine years, his partner

2072-429: The languages of France , French is the sole official language according to the second article of the French Constitution . French, a Gallo-Romance language , is spoken by nearly the entire population of France. In addition to French, several regional languages are also spoken to varying degrees, such as Alsatian , a German dialect (specifically Alemannic ; spoken by 1.44% of the national population); Basque ,

2146-551: The retirement age will revert to 60, for those who have contributed for more than 41 years. Hollande has also announced his personal support for same-sex marriage and adoption for LGBT couples , and outlined plans to pursue the issue in early 2013. In July 2012, Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced that "In the first half of 2013, the right to marriage and adoption will be open to all couples, without discrimination", confirming this election promise by Hollande. The bill to legalize same-sex marriage, known as Bill no. 344,

2220-661: The 2003 party congress in Dijon , he obtained the support of many notable personalities of the party and was re-elected first secretary against opposition from left-wing factions. After the triumph of the Left in the 2004 regional elections , Hollande was cited as a potential presidential candidate, but the Socialists were divided on the European Constitution , and Hollande's support for the ill-fated "Yes" position in

2294-489: The European Charter and ensure a clear legal framework for regional languages (within a programme of administrative decentralisation that would give competencies to the regions in language policy). The regional languages of France are sometimes called patois , but this term (roughly meaning "dialects") is often considered derogatory. Patois is used to refer to essentially oral languages, even though some have

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2368-709: The European Union". Hollande supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen , re-supplying the Saudi military. France authorised $ 18 billion (€16 billion) in arms sales to Saudi Arabia in 2015. In 2014, French bank BNP Paribas agreed to pay an $ 8.9 billion fine, the largest ever for violating U.S. sanctions against Iran at that time. In October 2016, Hollande said: "When the (European) Commission goes after Google or digital giants which do not pay

2442-482: The French weekly Télé 7 Jours . She remained a reporter for the magazine Paris Match , but ceased work on political stories. Trierweiler moved into the Élysée Palace with Hollande when he became president and started to accompany him on official travel. On 25 January 2014, Hollande officially announced his separation from Valérie Trierweiler after the tabloid magazine Closer revealed his affair with actress Julie Gayet . In September 2014, Trierweiler published

2516-616: The National Assembly. That same year, Jospin became the Prime Minister of France , and Hollande won the election for his successor as First Secretary of the party, a position he would hold for eleven years. Because of the very strong position of the Socialist Party within the French government during this period, Hollande's position led some to refer to him the "Vice Prime Minister". Hollande would go on to be elected mayor of Tulle in 2001, an office he would hold for

2590-462: The PS, Hollande was cited as a potential presidential candidate, but he resigned as First Secretary and was immediately elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as President of the General Council of Corrèze in 2008. In 2011, Hollande announced that he would be a candidate in the primary election to select the PS presidential nominee; he won the nomination against Martine Aubry before he was elected to

2664-422: The Socialist proposals and claiming that Hollande would bring about "economic disaster within two days of taking office". Opinion polls showed a tight race between the two men in the first round of voting, with most polls showing Hollande comfortably ahead of Sarkozy in a hypothetical second round. The first round of the presidential election was held on 22 April. François Hollande came in first place with 28.63% of

2738-613: The UN Security Council in order to stabilise those countries, two operations however largely seen as failures. He drew controversy among his left-wing electoral base for supporting the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . Under Hollande’s presidency, Paris hosted the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference , and his efforts to bring the 2024 Summer Olympics to the city were successful. However, with domestic troubles – in particular due to Islamic terrorism – over

2812-748: The commemorations of the end of the Second World War, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, following the latter's invitation. On 10 May 2012, the Constitutional Council announced the official results of the presidential election; and on 15 May 2012, the transfer of power took place. While refusing to sit on the Constitutional Council , of which he is an ex-officio member, François Hollande continues to comment publicly on French and international political life through several books and university lectures. In his books, he

2886-577: The course of his tenure, and unemployment rising to 10%, he faced spikes and downturns in approval rates, ultimately making him the most unpopular head of state under the Fifth Republic . On 1 December 2016, he announced he would not seek reelection in the 2017 presidential election , for which polls suggested his defeat in the first round. Hollande was born on 12 August 1954 in Rouen . His mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (1927–2009),

2960-569: The creation of a Franco-German research office, the creation of a Franco-German industrial fund to finance common competitiveness clusters, and the establishment of a common military headquarters". As well as this, Hollande has expressed a wish to "combine the positions of the presidents of the European Commission and of the European Council (currently held by José Manuel Barroso and Herman Van Rompuy respectively) into

3034-547: The curriculum and funding of public schools are already too strained. The topic also leads to wider controversial questions of autonomy of the régions . Regarding other languages, English, Spanish, Italian and German are the most commonly studied foreign languages in French schools. In April 2001, the Minister of Education, Jack Lang , stated formally that "Depuis plus de deux siècles, les pouvoirs politiques ont combattu les langues régionales", ie for more than two centuries,

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3108-438: The general election. Hollande's presidential campaign was managed by Pierre Moscovici and Stéphane Le Foll , a member of Parliament and Member of the European Parliament respectively. Hollande launched his campaign officially with a rally and major speech at Le Bourget on 22 January 2012 in front of 25,000 people. The main themes of his speech were equality and the regulation of finance, both of which he promised to make

3182-839: The language before the age of five (see note #3 below) are added together, the five most widely spoken languages in metropolitan France are (note that the percentages add up to more than 100, because many bilingual people are now counted twice): The following languages are listed as having 50,000 or more total speakers in Metropolitan France according to the 2022 edition of Ethnologue . Entries identified by Ethnologue as macrolanguages (such as Arabic , Persian , Malay , Pashto , and Chinese , encompassing all their respective varieties ) are not included in this section. Fran%C3%A7ois Hollande François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande ( French: [fʁɑ̃swa ʒeʁaʁ ʒɔʁʒ(ə) nikɔla ɔlɑ̃d] ; born 12 August 1954)

3256-414: The main measures of the bill allowed companies to temporarily cut workers' salaries or hours during times of economic difficulty. This measure took its inspiration from Germany, where furloughs have been credited with allowing companies to weather difficult times without resorting to massive layoffs. Layoffs in France are often challenged in courts and the cases can take years to resolve. Many companies cite

3330-533: The mandatory retirement age, as many economists had advised, Hollande pursued increases in contributions, leaving the retirement age untouched. The reform had a rough ride in parliament, being rejected twice by the Senate, where Hollande's Socialist Party has a slim majority, before it won sufficient backing in a final vote before the lower house of parliament. French private sector workers saw the size and duration of their pension contributions increase only modestly under

3404-429: The next seven years. The immediate resignation of Jospin from politics following his shock defeat by far-right candidate Jean-Marie Le Pen in the first round of the 2002 presidential election forced Hollande to become the public face of the party for the 2002 legislative election . Although he managed to limit defeats and was re-elected in his own constituency , the Socialists lost nationally. In order to prepare for

3478-407: The opinion polls, and his position as front-runner was established just as Strauss-Kahn declared that he would no longer seek the nomination. After a series of televised debates with other candidates throughout September, Hollande topped the ballot in the first round held on 9 October with 39% of the vote. He did not, however, gain the 50% required to avoid a run-off election , and was obliged to enter

3552-566: The others are from overseas areas of the French Republic (in the Caribbean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean and South America). Although ratification was blocked by the Constitutional Council as contradicting the Fifth Republic's constitutional provision enshrining French as the language of the Republic, the government continues to recognise regional and minority languages to a limited extent (i.e. without granting them official status) and

3626-552: The party. Hollande pleaded for reconciliation and for the party to unite behind Jacques Delors , the President of the European Commission , but Delors renounced his ambitions to run for the French presidency in 1995 . Former party leader Lionel Jospin resumed his position, and selected Hollande to become the official party spokesman. Hollande went on to contest Corrèze once again in 1997 , successfully returning to

3700-556: The pension system in France. The process proved to be very contentious, with members of Parliament, Labor Unions, and general public all opposed. Mass protests and demonstrations occurred throughout Paris. Despite the opposition, the French Parliament did pass a reform in December 2013 aimed at plugging a pension deficit expected to reach 20.7 billion euros ($ 28.4 billion) by 2020 if nothing were to be done. Rather than raising

3774-444: The political powers of the French government had repressed regional languages, and announced that bilingual education would, for the first time, be recognised, and bilingual teachers recruited in French public schools. Some of the languages of France are also cross-border languages (for example, Basque , Catalan , Corsican , Dutch , Franc-Comtois , Franco-Provençal , Norman , Picard , Occitan and others), some of which enjoy

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3848-569: The poor performances of the Socialist Party in the 2007 elections , and he announced that he would not seek another term as First Secretary. Hollande publicly declared his support for Bertrand Delanoë , the mayor of Paris , but it was Martine Aubry who would go on to win the race to succeed him in 2008. Hollande was next elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as the president of the General Council of Corrèze in April 2008, and won re-election in 2011. Hollande announced in early 2011 that he would be

3922-515: The presidency (becoming also, ex officio , Co-Prince of Andorra ) on 6 May 2012 in the second round with 51.6% of the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy . During his tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex marriage by passing Bill no. 344 , reformed labour laws and credit training programmes, signed a law restricting the cumul des mandats , and withdrew French forces in Afghanistan , in addition to concluding an EU directive on

3996-583: The protection of animals in laboratory research through a Franco-German contract . Hollande led the country through the January and November 2015 Paris attacks, as well as the 2016 Nice attack . He was a leading proponent of EU mandatory migrant quotas and NATO 's 2011 military intervention in Libya . He also sent troops to Mali and the Central African Republic with the approval of

4070-427: The reform while their retirement benefits were largely untouched. As President, Hollande promised an early withdrawal of French combat troops present in Afghanistan in 2012. He also pledged to conclude a new contract of Franco-German partnership , advocating the adoption of a Directive on the protection of public services. Hollande has proposed "an acceleration of the establishment of a Franco-German civic service,

4144-588: The right to take a leave of absence to work at another company. The law will also require all companies to offer and partially pay for supplemental health insurance. Lastly, the law also reforms unemployment insurance, so that someone out of work doesn't risk foregoing significant benefits when taking a job that might pay less than previous work or end up only being temporary. Under the new law, workers will be able to essentially put benefits on hold when they take temporary work, instead of seeing their benefits recalculated each time. As President, Hollande pursued reform to

4218-655: The separation of lending and investment in banks, reducing the share of electricity generated by nuclear power in France from 75 to 50% in favour of renewable energy sources, merging income tax and the General Social Contribution (CSG) , creating an additional 45% for additional income of 150,000 euros, capping tax loopholes at a maximum of €10,000 per year, and questioning the relief solidarity tax on wealth (ISF, Impôt de Solidarité sur la Fortune ) measure that should bring €29 billion in additional revenue. Hollande also signalled his intent to implement

4292-518: The taxes they should in Europe, America takes offence. And yet, they quite shamelessly demand 8 billion from BNP or 5 billion from Deutsche Bank." An IFOP poll released in April 2014 showed that Hollande's approval rating had dropped five points since the previous month of March to 18%, dipping below his earlier low of 20% in February during the same year. In November 2014, his approval rating reached

4366-471: The teaching of regional languages in public primary and secondary schools is controversial. Proponents of the measure state that it would be necessary for the preservation of those languages and to show respect to the local culture. Opponents contend that local languages are often non-standardised (thus making curricula difficult), of dubious practical usefulness (since most are spoken by a small number of people, without any sizable corpus of publications) and that

4440-493: The threat of lengthy court action – even more than any financial cost – as the most difficult part of doing business in France. The law shortens the time that employees have to contest a layoff and also lays out a scheme for severance pay. The government hopes this will help employees and companies reach agreement faster in contentious layoffs. Another key measure introduced was credits for training that follow employees throughout their career, regardless of where they work, and

4514-547: The two joint heads of state of the Principality of Andorra . Hollande hosted a visit from Antoni Martí , head of the government , and Vicenç Mateu Zamora , leader of the parliament . He also appointed Benoît Puga to be the military's chief of staff, Pierre-René Lemas as his general secretary and Pierre Besnard as his Head of Cabinet. Hollande's full Council of Ministers became the first ever in France to show gender parity, with 17 men and 17 women, and each member

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4588-402: The vote, and faced Nicolas Sarkozy in a run-off. In the second round of voting on 6 May 2012, Hollande was elected with 51.6% of the vote. Hollande was inaugurated on 15 May 2012, and shortly afterwards appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault to be his Prime Minister . He was the first Socialist Party president since François Mitterrand left office in 1995. The President of the French Republic is one of

4662-492: The young; promoting more industry in France by creating a public investment bank; granting marriage and adoption rights to same-sex couples; and pulling French troops out of Afghanistan in 2012. On 9 February, he detailed his policies specifically relating to education in a major speech in Orléans . Incumbent President Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 15 February that he would run for a second and final term, strongly criticising

4736-611: Was "the most important day in [his] political life". In 2014, Hollande took some of these troops out of Mali and spread them over the rest of the Sahel under Operation Barkhane , in an effort to curb jihadist militants. On 27 February 2014, Hollande was a special guest of honor in Abuja, received by Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in celebration of Nigeria's amalgamation in 1914, a 100-year anniversary. In July 2014, Hollande expressed support for Israel 's right to defend itself during

4810-524: Was a social worker , and his father, Georges Gustave Hollande (1922–2020), was a retired ear, nose, and throat doctor, who "ran for local election on a far right ticket in 1959". The name "Hollande" meant "one originally from Holland " – it is mostly found in Hollande's ancestral land, Hauts-de-France , and it is speculated to be Dutch in origin. The earliest known member of the Hollande family lived c.  1569 near Plouvain , working as

4884-479: Was about the languages that their parents spoke with them before the age of five. This is the first time serious statistics were computed about the proportion of mother tongues in France. The results were published in Enquête familiale, Insee, 1999 . Here is a list of the nine most prominent mother tongues in France based on Enquête familiale . When the people with mother tongue and people with some exposure to

4958-399: Was down to 13% according to an IFOP/JDD survey. One year before the end of his mandate, in April 2016, his approval rating was placed at 14%, and surveys predicted that if he were to run for a second term, he would be defeated in the first round of the 2017 presidential elections . In November 2016, a poll found Hollande's approval rating to be just 4%. On 8 May 2012, Hollande took part in

5032-583: Was fellow Socialist politician Ségolène Royal , with whom he has four children: Thomas (1982), Clémence (1984), Julien (1987) and Flora (1992). In June 2007, just a month after Royal's defeat in the French presidential election of 2007 , the couple announced that they were separating. A few months after his split from Ségolène Royal was announced, a French website published details of a relationship between Hollande and French journalist Valérie Trierweiler . In November 2007, Trierweiler confirmed and openly discussed her relationship with Hollande in an interview with

5106-631: Was implemented by the Parliament in Congress at Versailles in July 2008. The 1999 Report written for the government by Bernard Cerquiglini identified 75 languages that would qualify for recognition under the government's proposed ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . Of those languages, 24 are indigenous to the European territory of the state while all

5180-441: Was introduced to the National Assembly of France on 7 November 2012. On 12 February 2013, the National Assembly approved the bill in a 329–229 vote. The Right-wing opposed the bill. The Senate approved the full bill with a 171–165 majority on 12 April with minor amendments. On 23 April, the National Assembly approved the amended bill, in a 331–225 vote, and following approval of the law by the Constitutional Council of France , it

5254-472: Was reelected in 2024. Born in Rouen and raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine , Hollande began his political career as a special advisor to newly elected President François Mitterrand before serving as a staffer for Max Gallo the government's spokesman. He became a member of the National Assembly in 1988 and was elected First Secretary of the PS in 1997. Following the 2004 regional elections won by

5328-543: Was required to sign a new "code of ethics" that placed significant restrictions on their conduct and compensation, above that of existing law. The first measure enacted by the new government was to lower the salaries of the President, the Prime Minister, and other members of the government by 30%. Hollande's economic policies are wide-ranging, including supporting the creation of a European credit rating agency ,

5402-475: Was signed into law by President Hollande on 18 May 2013, with the first same-sex weddings under the law taking place eleven days later. As President, Hollande pursued labour reform to make France more competitive internationally. Legislation for this, introduced in late 2012, after much debate passed the French lower and upper house in May 2013. The bill included measures such as making it easier for workers to change jobs and for companies to fire employees. One of

5476-464: Was then the leader of the Rally for the Republic , a Neo-Gaullist party. Hollande lost to Chirac in the first round. He went on to become a special advisor to newly elected President Mitterrand, before serving as a staffer for Max Gallo , the government's spokesman. After becoming a municipal councillor for Ussel in 1983, he contested Corrèze for a second time in 1988 , this time being elected to

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