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42-585: The peninsula extends into the Gulf of St. Lawrence and is joined to Newfoundland by a narrow isthmus connecting at the town of Port au Port . It is bounded on the south by Bay St. George , on the western side by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and on the northwestern side by Port au Port Bay . With a rocky shoreline measuring approximately 130 km in length, the peninsula extends approximately 40 km west from its isthmus to Cape St. George and northwest 50 km to

84-506: A blast furnace where the iron compounds in the ore give up excess oxygen and become liquid iron. At intervals of a few hours, the accumulated liquid iron is tapped from the blast furnace and either cast into pig iron or directed to other vessels for further steel making operations. Historically the Bessemer process was a major advancement in the production of economical steel, but it has now been entirely replaced by other processes such as

126-709: A rolling mill . Originally the minimill was adapted to production of bar products only, such as concrete reinforcing bar , flats, angles, channels, pipe, and light rails. Since the late 1980s, successful introduction of the direct strip casting process has made minimill production of strip feasible. Often a minimill will be constructed in an area with no other steel production, to take advantage of local markets, resources, or lower-cost labour. Minimill plants may specialize, for example, in making coils of rod for wire-drawing use, or pipe, or in special sections for transportation and agriculture. Capacities of minimills vary: some plants may make as much as 3,000,000 tons per year,

168-530: A European in its waters was by the French explorer Jacques Cartier in the year 1534 . Cartier named the shores of the St. Lawrence River "The Country of Canadas", after an indigenous word meaning "village" or "settlement", thus naming the world's second largest country. Basque whalers from Saint-Jean-de-Luz sailed into the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1530 and began whaling at Red Bay . They established their base on

210-500: A collection of approximately 20 communities: Following Route 460 : Following Route 463 : Following Route 463 and local roads: 48°34′N 59°03′W  /  48.57°N 59.05°W  / 48.57; -59.05 Gulf of St. Lawrence The Gulf of St. Lawrence fringes the shores of the provinces of Quebec , New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , Newfoundland and Labrador , in Canada , plus

252-613: A continuous production campaign of several years duration. Even during periods of low steel demand, it may not be feasible to let the blast furnace grow cold, though some adjustment of the production rate is possible. Integrated mills are large facilities that are typically only economical to build in 2,000,000-ton per year annual capacity and up. Final products made by an integrated plant are usually large structural sections, heavy plate, strip, wire rod, railway rails , and occasionally long products such as bars and pipe . A major environmental hazard associated with integrated steel mills

294-1638: A fascination and a keen interest for laymen and, subjects of endless studies for scientists from Quebec, Canada and around the world. Thirteen species of cetaceans frequent the waters of the estuary and the gulf of the St. Lawrence River. 1. Hyperoodon ampullatus . — Hypéroodon boreal, Hypéroodon arctique. — (Northern Bottlenose Whale). 2. Delphinapterus leucas . — Béluga, Bélouga, Baleine blanche, Dauphin blanc, Marsouin blanc. — (Beluga Whale). 3. Physeter macrocephalus . — Grand cachalot, Cachalot, Cachalot macrocéphale. — (Sperm whale). 4. Lagenorhynchus acutus . — Lagénorhynque à flancs blancs, Dauphin à flancs blancs. — (Atlantic white-sided dolphin). 5. Lagenorhynchus albirostris . — Dauphin à nez blanc, Dauphin à bec blanc, Lagénorhynque à bec blanc. — (White-beaked dolphin). 6. Orcinus orca . — Orque, Épaulard. — (Killer Whale). 7. Globicephala melas . — Globicéphale commun, Globicéphale noir, Dauphin pilote. — (Long-Finned Pilot Whale). 8. Phocoena Phocoena . — Marsouin commun, Cochon de mer, Dieu des mers. — (Harbour Porpoise). 9. Eubalaena glacialis . — Baleine franche de l'Atlantique nord, Baleine noire de l'Atlantique nord, Baleine de Biscaye. — (North Atlantic Right Whale). 10. Balaenoptera acutorostrata . — Petit rorqual. — (Minke whale). 11. Balaenoptera musculus . — Baleine bleue, Rorqual bleu. — (Blue whale). 12. Megaptera novaeangliae . — Rorqual à bosse, Baleine à bosse. — (Humpback whale). 13. Balaenoptera physalus . — Rorqual commun. — (Fin whale). Around Anticosti Island and to flow into

336-614: A network of 164 wind turbines was announced, taking advantage of the favorable wind conditions in Port au Port. However, the project has yet to undergo full environmental review. Today travellers access the area using the Marine Atlantic ferry service to Channel-Port aux Basques or with the Stephenville International Airport . The Port au Port Peninsula is a relatively insular region and contains

378-421: A plant where steel semi-finished casting products are made from molten pig iron or from scrap . Since the invention of the Bessemer process , steel mills have replaced ironworks , based on puddling or fining methods. New ways to produce steel appeared later: from scrap melted in an electric arc furnace and, more recently, from direct reduced iron processes. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries

420-457: A typical size is in the range 200,000 to 400,000 tons per year, and some old or specialty plants may make as little as 50,000 tons per year of finished product. Nucor Corporation , for example, annually produces around 9,100,000 tons of sheet steel from its four sheet mills, 6,700,000 tons of bar steel from its 10 bar mills and 2,100,000 tons of plate steel from its two plate mills. Since the electric arc furnace can be easily started and stopped on

462-477: Is about 290 m (950 ft) deep and about 1,250 km (780 mi) long from the Continental Shelf to the mouth of the St. Lawrence River . Deep waters with temperatures between 2 and 6.5 °C (36 and 44 °F) enter the Gulf at the continental slope and are slowly advected up the channel by estuariane circulation. Over the 20th century, the bottom waters of the end of the channel (i.e. in

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504-426: Is based on natural resources, namely fishing. Limited forestry takes place in the unsettled areas of the interior, and a small amount of subsistence farming takes place along coastal areas. Many residents of the peninsula, particularly the communities at the eastern end near the isthmus, work in nearby Kippens and Stephenville . Beginning in 1900, a limestone quarrying operation was established at Aguathuna , near

546-477: Is established as follows: The five provinces bordering the Gulf of St. Lawrence have several provincial parks with protected coasts. Download coordinates as: The Laurentian Channel is a feature of the floor of the Gulf that was formed during previous ice ages , when the Continental Shelf was eroded by the St. Lawrence River during the periods when the sea level plunged. The Laurentian Channel

588-413: Is hilly, with the northern shore having a sloping lowland extending to a low rise along the centre of the eastern part of the peninsula. The geological structure is complex, with the peninsula's sedimentary strata dating to the middle Cambrian to early Ordovician continental margin , creating a carbonate platform of limestone , shale , and sandstone . The heavily folded geological structure in

630-416: Is sometimes used with scrap, to help maintain desired chemistry of the steel, though usually DRI is too expensive to use as the primary raw steelmaking material. A typical mini-mill will have an electric arc furnace for scrap melting, a ladle furnace or vacuum furnace for precision control of chemistry, a strip or billet continuous caster for converting molten steel to solid form, a reheat furnace and

672-640: Is the pollution produced in the manufacture of coke , which is an essential intermediate product in the reduction of iron ore in a blast furnace. Integrated mills may also adopt some of the processes used in mini-mills, such as arc furnaces and direct casting, to reduce production costs. A minimill is traditionally a secondary steel producer; however, Nucor (one of the world's largest steel producers) and Commercial Metals Company (CMC) use minimills exclusively. Usually it obtains most of its iron from scrap steel, recycled from used automobiles and equipment or byproducts of manufacturing. Direct reduced iron (DRI)

714-844: The Migratory Birds Convention Act on Bonaventure Island , on the Bird Rocks of the Magdalen Islands , and on the Percé Rock . These migratory bird sanctuaries are administered by the Canadian Wildlife Service . The Federal Government of Canada manages 37 National Parks of Canada , overview of the parks touching the Gulf of St. Lawrence: Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve , in Côte-Nord , Forillon National Park on

756-576: The Pointe-des-Monts Lighthouse , a National historic site of Canada , was built in 1829-1830 on a point that ancient geographers, since Samuel de Champlain (1567-1655) himself, classified as the demarcation point between the St. Lawrence River and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Gulf of St. Lawrence is bounded on the north by the Labrador Peninsula and Quebec , to the east by Saint-Pierre and Newfoundland , to

798-721: The Strait of Belle Isle and worked closely with the Iroquois in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In 1579 the English government closed all English ports to Spanish oil imports. As a result, a third of Basque whale oil could not be sold. Basque whaling collapsed in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and never recovered. Steel mill A steel mill or steelworks is an industrial plant for the manufacture of steel . It may be an integrated steel works carrying out all steps of steelmaking from smelting iron ore to rolled product, but may also be

840-434: The basic oxygen furnace . Molten steel is cast into large blocks called blooms . During the casting process various methods are used, such as addition of aluminum , so that impurities in the steel float to the surface where they can be cut off the finished bloom. Because of the energy cost and structural stress associated with heating and cooling a blast furnace, typically these primary steel making vessels will operate on

882-450: The "French Shore". The Port au Port Peninsula represents the most varied ethnic and linguistic mix in the entire island of Newfoundland, including Mi'kmaq families with the highest proportion of French-speaking settlement on the island (15%). The French minority, a mix of Mi'kmaq, Acadian , French and Basque, has had an important influence on the area's culture. Newfoundland's unique folk music has been somewhat influenced by musicians from

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924-415: The 1970s to present, a major limestone quarry began operating at Lower Cove employing 30-40 people. In the 1980s-1990s, petroleum companies began exploring the peninsula for oil . Some deposits were discovered in recoverable quantities, and limited production wells are in place at some locations. Geologists have estimated that a much larger deposit exists deeper and possibly off shore from the peninsula in

966-474: The 400-500 billion barrel range; however, exploration drilling has not yet confirmed this theory. The primary employer in Stephenville was a paper mill, which closed in 2005. A Canadian energy company may soon get the green light to begin drilling for oil off Newfoundland's southwest coast. The Canadian Imperial Venture Corporation (CIVC) is waiting for approval from the federal-provincial oil regulator –

1008-684: The Atlantic Ocean, the waters of the Gulf take the following straits : Since its appearance on maps, there has been no consensus on the demarcation of the St Lawrence River from the Gulf, nor whether it is hydrographically a gulf or an estuary . According to Fisheries and Oceans Canada 2023, the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence planning area covers most of the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence bioregion, an area with some of

1050-666: The Canada Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board – to drill a test well on Shoal Point, near the Port Au Port Peninsula. The company has been exploring in the area over the last few years. It discovered some oil there in 2008. "At the turn of the century there were several wells on the Port Au Port Peninsula, and Shoal Point, that produced somewhere between 20 to 25 barrels a day," said Kirby Mercer, CIVC's vice-president. "Now, we're going in with modern technology, modern tools. So we hope to extract

1092-693: The Federal Bureau of Statistics gives detailed annual statistics for the years 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 Ports of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the Côte-Nord Shore: Blanc-Sablon , Harrington Harbor , Natashquan , Havre-Saint-Pierre , Mingan , Port-Menier (Anticosti Island), Cap-aux-Meules (Îles-de-la -Madeleine). The gulf has provided a historically important marine fishery for various First Nations that have lived on its shores for millennia and used its waters for transportation. The first documented voyage by

1134-606: The French to fight the British in the Thirty Years' War , were also present in the area. During and after the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 and Treaty of Paris in 1763, France retained the right to use the west coast of the island. This area came to be known as the " French Shore ," and the Port au Port Peninsula was at its centre. Scattered settlement continued in the area until 1904, when France relinquished its right of use to

1176-419: The Port au Port Peninsula, notably Émile Benoît . Additionally, the area's strong Roman Catholic tradition is reflected in the high visibility accorded to churches throughout the peninsula's communities. As the centre of the province's Franco-Newfoundlander community, the peninsula has been designated the only bilingual district on the island of Newfoundland since 1971. The Port au Port Peninsula's economy

1218-400: The St. Lawrence River becomes the gulf at Pointe des Monts on the Côte-Nord and Matane Bas-Saint-Laurent or Sainte-Anne-des-Monts La Haute-Gaspésie , the Estuary is upstream, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, much wider, downstream. Large marine mammals travel in all the seas of the earth, the research and observations of these giants concern fishermen and shipping industry , exercise

1260-575: The St. Lawrence River itself, significant streams emptying into the Gulf of St. Lawrence include the Miramichi River , Natashquan River , Romaine River , Restigouche River , Margaree River , Humber River , Mingan River and others. Branches of the Gulf include the Chaleur Bay , Fortune Bay , Miramichi Bay , St. George's Bay , Bay St. George , Bay of Islands , and Northumberland Strait . According to Commission of Toponymy Quebec,

1302-608: The St. Lawrence estuary) have become hypoxic . Almost all of Quebec's ports are located along the St. Lawrence River seaway, from its source to its gulf, to the Atlantic Ocean . There are dozens and dozens of shelters, harbors, natural ports , large and small along the gulf up to the source of the St. Lawrence River, we can add village or individual wharf , without forgetting the large international maritime transport ports . In its annual report on maritime traffic in Canada,

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1344-428: The area has been identified as having an unknown amount of petroleum reserves. The area was named "Ophor portu" (port of rest) by Basque fishermen during the 16th-17th centuries. French and Basque fishermen used the west coast of Newfoundland, including the Port au Port Peninsula, for seasonal fishing settlements; however, some began permanently inhabiting the area. Mi'kmaq families, who came from Nova Scotia with

1386-503: The black gold using modern technology." Mercer said if the company receives approval for a test well and drilling is successful, CIVC hopes the Offshore Petroleum Board will then approve a significant discovery licence. That would bring the company one step closer to establishing an oil-producing well in western Newfoundland. In 2022, a "hydrogen alliance" was forged between Canada and Germany. As part of this project,

1428-501: The eastern tip of the Gaspé Peninsula , Prince Edward Island National Park on the northern shore of the island, Kouchibouguac National Park on the northeastern coast of New Brunswick , Cape Breton Highlands National Park on the northern tip of Cape Breton Island , Gros Morne National Park on the west coast of Newfoundland . In Quebec, since March 31, 2024, the network of protected areas extends over 274,431 km2 and

1470-521: The fingerlike Long Point which by itself is approximately 25 km in length. The eastern shore of the peninsula is irregular, jutting into Port au Port Bay. The Port au Port Peninsula is located on the western edge of the heavily eroded Appalachian Mountain chain which runs along Newfoundland's west coast. There are no natural harbours along the peninsula's rocky coastline. The peninsula was once heavily forested, but many areas along its shores have been cleared for subsistence farming. The southern shore

1512-473: The formation of ice cubes between Montreal and Quebec City . The prevailing winds and currents push this ice towards the estuary, it reaches the east of Les Méchins at the end of December. Ice covers the entire gulf in January and February. Ice helps navigation because it prevents the formation of waves and therefore spray, ice has the advantage of preventing the icing process of ships. At Baie-Trinité,

1554-701: The islands Saint-Pierre and Miquelon , possessions of France , in North America . The Gulf of St. Lawrence connects the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence River . The secrets of the Saint-Laurent , marine weather guide 2013, of 100 pages, provides information on a multitude of facets of the great river in all seasons. In winter, the St. Lawrence River is an immense ice factory. The machine starts up in December with

1596-580: The peninsula's isthmus, where the Table Head mountain ridge extends from the Lewis Hills. The limestone was used by Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation at a steel mill in Sydney , Nova Scotia . The quarry was closed in 1966 following DOSCO's financial difficulties. From 1941 to 1966, many people in the eastern end of the peninsula were employed at Ernest Harmon AFB in nearby Stephenville. From

1638-763: The signing of the Canada–Quebec Collaborative Agreement to Establish a Network of Marine Protected Areas in Quebec in March 2018. St. Paul Island in Nova Scotia off the northeastern tip of Cape Breton Island, is known as the "Graveyard of the Gulf" because of its many shipwrecks . Access to this island is controlled by the Canadian Coast Guard . In 1919 the first Migratory Bird Sanctuaries (MBS) in Canada were established under

1680-575: The south by the Nova Scotia peninsula and Cape Breton Island , and to the west by the Gaspé Peninsula , New Brunswick , and Quebec. As for significant islands the Gulf of St. Lawrence contains Anticosti Island , Prince Edward Island , Îles-de-la-Madeleine archipelago , Cape Breton Island , Saint Pierre Island , and Miquelon-Langlade . Half of the ten provinces of Canada adjoin the Gulf: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador , and Quebec. Besides

1722-668: The warmest surface waters in Atlantic Canada during summer and the largest amount of sea ice during winter. The planning area is approximately 240,000 km². According to Encyclopedia Britannica , the name of Gulf St. Lawrence in a hydrologic context is not accurate, a gulf has to be considered more as a sea bordering the North American continent than as simply a river mouth . The International Hydrographic Organization 1953 defines it as follows: Western Honguedo Strait Coral Conservation Area , create following

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1764-634: The world's largest steel mill was the Barrow Hematite Steel Company steelworks located in Barrow-in-Furness , United Kingdom . Today, the world's largest steel mill is in Gwangyang , South Korea . An integrated steel mill has all the functions for primary steel production: The principal raw materials for an integrated mill are iron ore, limestone, and coal (or coke). These materials are charged in batches into

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