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37-1013: Bantu language spoken in Angola and DRC For other languages with the name spoken in Congo, see Yaka language (disambiguation) . Yaka Iyaka Kiyaka Native to Democratic Republic of the Congo , Angola Ethnicity Yaka Native speakers 900,000 (2000) Language family Niger–Congo ? Atlantic–Congo Volta-Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Southern Bantoid Bantu ( Zone H ) Kongo - Yaka Yaka languages Yaka Language codes ISO 639-3 Variously: yaf  – Kiyaka noq  – Ngoongo ppp  – Pelende (duplicate code) lnz  – Lonzo (duplicate code) Glottolog yaka1269 Guthrie code H.31 Yaka , also spelled Iaca and Iyaka ,

74-5927: A comprehensive review: online appendices v t e Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Official language French National languages Kongo Kituba Lingala Swahili ( Congo Swahili ) Tshiluba Indigenous languages (by province ) Bandundu Boma Chokwe Ding Hungana Kwese Lia-Ntomba Mbala Mpuono Nzadi Pende Sakata Sengele Shinji Sonde Suku Tiene Yaka Yansi Équateur Bala Bangi Bango Budza Central Banda Furu Losengo Mbaka Mbandja Mongo Mono Ndolo Ndunga Ngbaka Minagende Ngbandi Ngbinda Ngbundu Ngombe Pagibete Sango South Banda Yangere Kasai-Occidental Binji Bushong Chokwe Lele Lwalu Wongo Kasai-Oriental Budya Dengese Luna Nkutu Salampasu Songe Tetela Katanga Bangubangu Bemba Bwile Chokwe Hemba Kaonde Kebwe Luba-Katanga Lunda Ruund Sanga Tabwa Zela Yazi Kinshasa Mfinu Maniema Hendo Zimba Nord-Kivu Amba Havu Hunde Kinyarwanda Kirundi Nande Nyanga Talinga Tembo Vanuma Yaka Orientale Alur Asoa Avokaya Bangala Bangba Barambu Beeke Bila Budu Bwa Bwela Dongo Guru Hema Kaliko Kango (Bas-Uélé District) Kango (Tshopo District) Kari Kele Lendu Lese Lika Likile Linga Loki Logo Lombo Lugbara Ma Mangbetu Mangbutu Mayogo Mba Mbo Ndaka Ngbee Ngelima Nyali Nyanga-li Nzakara Omi Pambia Poke Soko Tagbo Zande Sud-Kivu Buyu Fuliiru Havu Kabwari Kinyarwanda Kirundi Shi Tembo Sign languages French African Sign v t e Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H) (by Guthrie classification ) Zone E [J]E10 [J]E11 Nyoro [J]E12 Tooro [J]E13 Nyankore [J]E14 Ciga [J]E15 Ganda [J]E16 Soga [J]E17 Gwere [J]E18 Nyala [JE101 Gungu JE102 Talinga-Bwisi JE103 Ruli JE121 Hema [J]E20 [J]E21 Nyambo [J]E22 Ziba [J]E23 Dzindza [J]E24 Kerebe [J]E25 Jita [JE221 Rashi JE251 Kwaya JE252 Kara JE253 Ruri [J]E30 [J]E31a Gisu [J]E31b Kisu [J]E31c Bukusu [J]E32a Hanga [J]E32b Tsotso [J]E33 Nyore [J]E34 Saamia [J]E35 Nyuli [JE341 Xaayo JE342 Marachi JE343 Songa [J]E40 [J]E41 Logooli [J]E42 Gusii [J]E43 Koria [J]E44 Zanaki [J]E45 Nata E46 Sonjo [JE401 Nguruimi JE402 Ikizu JE403 Suba / Suba-Simbiti JE404 Shashi JE405 Kabwa JE406 Singa JE407 Ware JE411 Idaxo JE412 Isuxa JE413 Tiriki JE431 Simbiti JE432 Hacha JE433 Surwa JE434 Sweta E50 E51 Kikuyu E52 Embu E53 Meru E54 Saraka E55 Kamba E56 Daiso [E531 Mwimbi-Muthambi E541 Cuka E60 E61[621a] Rwo E62a[621b,622a] Hai E62b[622c] Wunjo E62c[623] Rombo E63 Rusa E64 Kahe E65 Gweno E70 E71 Pokomo E72a Gyriama E72b Kauma E72c Conyi E72d Duruma E72e Rabai E73 Digo E74a Dabida E74b[741] Sagala [E701 Elwana E731 Segeju E732 Degere E74 Taita Zone F F10 F11 Tongwe F12 Bende [J]F20 [J]F21 Sukuma [J]F22 Nyamwezi [J]F23 Sumbwa [J]F24 Kimbu [J]F25 Bungu F30 F31 Nilamba F32 Remi F33 Langi F34 Mbugwe Zone G G10 G11 Gogo G12 Kaguru G20 G21 Tubeta G22 Asu G23 Shambala G24 Bondei [G221 Mbugu G30 G31 Zigula G32 Ngwele G33 Zaramo G34 Ngulu G35 Ruguru G36 Kami G37 Kutu G38 Vidunda G39 Sagala [G301 Doe G311 Mushungulu G40 G41 Tikuu G42a Amu G42b Mvita G42c Mrima G42d Unguja G43a Phemba G43b Tumbatu G43c Hadimu G44a Ngazija G44b Njuani [G402 Makwe G403 Mwani G404 Sidi G411 Socotra Swahili G412 Mwiini G50 G51 Pogolo G52 Ndamba G60 G61 Sango G62 Hehe G63 Bena G64 Pangwa G65 Kinga G66 Wanji G67 Kisi [G651 Magoma Zone H H10 H11 Beembe H12 Vili H13 Kunyi H14 Ndingi H15 Mboka H16a South Kongo H16b Central Kongo H16c Yombe H16d Fiote H16e Bwende H16f Laadi H16g East Kongo H16h Southeast Kongo [H111 Hangala H112 Kamba - Doondo H131 Suundi H20 H21a Kimbundu H21b Mbamba H22 Sama H23 Bolo H24 Songo H30 H31 Yaka H32 Suku H33 [L12b] Hungu H34 Mbangala H35 Sinji [H321 Soonde H40 H41 Mbala H42 Hunganna Italics indicate extinct languages . Languages between parentheses are varieties of

111-476: A distinct dialect of French. Similarly to many other African dialects of French, many of the linguistic aspects are influenced, either directly or indirectly, by the linguistics of the local African languages. It is also essential to note that grammatical differences between local Congolese languages and the French language, such as the lack of gendered nouns in the former, result in linguistic changes when speakers of

148-625: A local language with its own pronunciation and some local words borrowed for the most part from Lingala. Depending on their social status, some people may mix French and Lingala, or code switch between the two depending on the context. Here are examples of words particular to Kinshasa French. As in Abidjan, there exist various registers and the most educated people may frown upon the use of slangish/Lingala terms. There are many linguistic differences that occur in Kinshasa French that make it

185-445: A new linguistic concept: le petit français . Le petit français is the result of a superposition of the structure of a local language with a narrowed lexical knowledge of French. The specific structures, though very different, are juxtaposed, marking the beginning of the creolization process. In the urban areas of Francophone Africa, another type of French has emerged: Français populaire africain ("Popular African French") or FPA. It

222-870: Is a Bantu language spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola . There are two dialects, Yaka proper, which comprises 99% of speakers, and Ngoongo (distinguish West Ngongo language ). The alleged varieties Pelende and Lonzo are political rather than ethnolinguistic entities. References [ edit ] ^ Kiyaka at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Ngoongo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Pelende (duplicate code) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Lonzo (duplicate code) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online ^ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions:

259-589: Is a first language among some social classes of the population, such as in Algeria , Tunisia , Morocco , and Mauritania , where French is a first language among the upper classes along with Arabic (many people in the upper classes are simultaneous bilinguals in Arabic/French), but only a second language among the general population. In each of the Francophone African countries, French

296-514: Is also frequently done in French. Documents, forms, and posters are often in both French and Arabic. The usage of French among the Algerian population is different depending on social situations. One can find: French is the sole official language in Benin. In 2014, over 4 million Beninese citizens spoke French (around 40% of the population). Fongbe is the other widely spoken language of Benin. It

333-445: Is also unique in its grammatical differences present in spoken speech such as these: Without being an official language, French is frequently used in government, workplaces, and education. French is the default language for work in several sectors. In a 2007 study set in the city of Mostaganem , it was shown that French and Arabic were the two functional languages of banking. Technical work (accounting, financial analysis, management)

370-426: Is annoying me to death)" or "I'm dying (out of love) for him/her" depending on the circumstances. " Il ou elle commence à me plaire " signifies a feeling of exasperation (whereupon it actually means "he or she starts to appeal to me"), and friendship can be expressed with " c'est mon môgô sûr " or " c'est mon bramôgo. " FPA is mainly composed of metaphors and images taken from African languages. For example,

407-600: Is attested not only in Côte d'Ivoire but also in Senegal , Mali , Niger , Burkina Faso , Chad , the Central African Republic , Benin , Togo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . As already mentioned, these local words range from slang to formal usage, and their use therefore varies depending on the context. In Abidjan, this is how the sentence "The girl stole my money." is constructed depending on

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444-407: Is natural to hear both languages blending, either through loan words or code-switching. Few academic sources exist surrounding the particularisms of Beninese French. Nevertheless, it is evident that Beninese French has adapted the meanings of several French terms over time, such as: seconder (to have relations with a second woman, from the French second - second), doigter (to show the way, from

481-730: Is often spoken as a second language alongside the Indigenous ones, but in a small number of urban areas (in particular in Central Africa and in the ports located on the Gulf of Guinea ) it has become a first language, such as in the region of Abidjan , Ivory Coast , in the urban areas of Douala , Yaoundé in Cameroon , in Libreville , Gabon , and Antananarivo In some countries, though not having official de jure status, it

518-551: Is shared with Lingala . Kinshasa French also differs from other African French variants, for it has some Belgian French influences, due to colonization. People of different African mother tongues living in Kinshasa usually speak Lingala to communicate with each other in the street, but French is the language of businesses, administrations, schools, newspapers and televisions. French is also the predominant written language. Due to its widespread presence in Kinshasa, French has become

555-432: Is spoken by 75 to 99 percent of Abidjan 's population, either alone or alongside indigenous African languages. There are three sorts of French spoken in Abidjan. A formal French is spoken by the educated classes. Most of the population, however, speaks a colloquial form of French known as français de Treichville (after a working-class district of Abidjan) or français de Moussa (after a character in chronicles published by

592-589: Is spoken with local variations in pronunciation and vocabulary. French proficiency in African countries according to the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF). There are many different varieties of African French, but they can be broadly grouped into five categories: All the African French varieties differ from Standard French , both in terms of pronunciation and vocabulary, but

629-464: Is used in the entirety of Sub-Saharan Africa , but especially in cities such as Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire; Cotonou , Benin; Dakar , Senegal; Lomé , Togo; and Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso. At its emergence, it was marginalized and associated with the ghetto; Angèle Bassolé-Ouedraogo describes the reaction of the scholars: Administration and professors do not want to hear that funny-sounding and barbarian language that seems to despise articles and distorts

666-504: The register : Another unique, identifiable feature of Ivorian French is the use of the phrase n'avoir qu'à + infinitif which, translated into English, roughly means, to have only to + infinitive . The phrase is often used in linguistic contexts of expressing a wish or creating hypotheticals. This original Ivorian phrase is generally used across the Ivory Coast's population; children, uneducated adults, and educated adults all using

703-403: The "pure" language used by many African intellectuals and writers versus the mixtures between French and African languages. For this, the term "creolization" is used, often in a pejorative way, and especially in the areas where French is on the same level with one or more local languages. According to Gabriel Manessy , "The consequences of this concurrency may vary according to the social status of

740-498: The Democratic Republic of the Congo Languages of Angola Hidden categories: Pages containing links to subscription-only content Language articles citing Ethnologue 18 Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Yaka language (disambiguation) (Redirected from Yaka language (disambiguation) ) Yaka may refer to

777-608: The French doigt - finger). French is the language of administration, education, and business in Burkina Faso and was the de jure official language until a constitutional change in 2024. While spoken fluently only by about a quarter of the population, French has progressively become a native language among urban populations since the late 20th century, notably in the cities of Ouagadougou , Bobo-Dioulasso , and Banfora . By 2010, about 10% of Ouagadougou residents spoke French as their first language. Linguists have observed

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814-893: The Ubangi River between the Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic Yaka language (Cameroon) , spoken in Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo and the Central Africa Republic See also [ edit ] Yakkha language , spoken in Nepal and India Yakan language , spoken in the Philippines Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

851-463: The creolization of French in 1968, naming the result "franlof": a mix of French and Wolof (the language most spoken in Senegal) which spreads by its use in urban areas and through schools, where teachers often speak Wolof in the classroom despite official instructions. The omnipresence of local languages in Francophone African countries – along with insufficiencies in education – has given birth to

888-402: The development of a local vernacular of French in the country called français populaire burkinabè which is influenced by local languages such as Mooré and is used as a lingua franca in commerce. It is largely used as a spoken language whereas speakers continue to use standard French as the written language. With more than 11 million inhabitants, Kinshasa is the largest Francophone city in

925-627: The following languages of Africa: Yaka language (Congo–Angola) , the most populous, spoken in Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo One of the other Yaka languages Yaka language (Kivu) , a minor language on the north shore of Lake Kivu, in the east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Yaka language (Lékoumou) , in the Lékoumou department of the Republic of the Congo Yaka language (Ubangi) , or Aka, spoken along

962-492: The formal African French used in education, media and legal documents is based on standard French vocabulary. In the colonial period, a vernacular form of creole French known as Petit nègre ("little negro ") was also present in West Africa. The term has since, however, become a pejorative term for "poorly spoken" African French. The difficulty linguists have in describing African French comes from variations, such as

999-831: The language on their left. The Guthrie classification is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them. Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S) Authority control databases [REDACTED] National United States France BnF data Israel Other IdRef Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yaka_language_(Congo–Angola)&oldid=1211902042 " Categories : Yaka languages Languages of

1036-475: The magazine Ivoire Dimanche which are written in this colloquial Abidjan French). Finally, an Abidjan French slang called Nouchi has evolved from an ethnically neutral lingua franca among uneducated youth into a creole language with a distinct grammar. New words often appear in Nouchi and then make their way into colloquial Abidjan French after some time. As of 2012, a crowdsourced dictionary of Nouchi

1073-513: The major phonetic and phonological variations of Abidjan French, as compared to a more "typical" French, include substituting the nasal low vowel [ɑ̃] for a non-nasal [a], especially when the sound occurs at the beginning of a word, and some difficulty with the full production of the phonemes [ʒ] and [ʃ]. There are also, to a certain degree, rhythmic speaking patterns in Ivorian French that are influenced by native languages. Ivorian French

1110-476: The now standard uvular trill or ' guttural R .' The voiced velar fricative , the sound represented by ⟨غ⟩ in the Arabic word مغرب Ma gh rib , is another common alternative. Pronunciation of the letters ⟨d⟩ , ⟨t⟩ , ⟨l⟩ and ⟨l⟩ may also vary, and intonation may differ from standard French. According to some estimates, French

1147-487: The phrase relatively equally. Often in written speech, the phrase is written as Ils non cas essayer de voir rather than Ils n'ont qu'à essayer de voir . Many characteristics of Ivorian/Abidjan French differ from "standard" French found in France. Many of the linguistic evolutions are from the influences of native African languages spoken within the Ivory Coast and make Abidjan French a distinct dialect of French. Some of

Yaka language (Congo–Angola) - Misplaced Pages Continue

1184-621: The sense of words. They see in it a harmful influence to the mastery of good French. However, FPA has begun to emerge as a second language among the upper class. It has also become a symbol of social acceptance. FPA can be seen as a progressive evolution of Ivorian French. After diffusing out of Ivory Coast, it became Africanized under the influence of young Africans (often students) and cinema, drama, and dance. FPA has its own grammatical rules and lexicon. For example, " Il ou elle peut me tuer! " or " Il ou elle peut me dja! " can either mean "This person annoys me very much (literally he or she

1221-594: The speakers, to their occupations, to their degree of acculturation and thus to the level of their French knowledge." Code-switching , or the alternation of languages within a single conversation, takes place in both DR Congo and Senegal , the former having four "national" languages – Ciluba , Kikongo , Lingala , and Swahili – which are in a permanent opposition to French. Code-switching has been studied since colonial times by different institutions of linguistics. One of these, located in Dakar, Senegal , already spoke of

1258-475: The title Yaka language . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yaka_language&oldid=1182303192 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages African French In Africa, French

1295-408: The upper social class is called " les en-haut d'en-haut " (the above from above) or " les môgôs puissants " (the powerful môgôs). Pronunciation in the many varieties of African French can be quite varied. There are nonetheless some trends among African French speakers; for instance, ⟨r⟩ tends to be pronounced as the historic alveolar trill of pre-20th Century French instead of

1332-450: The world, surpassing Paris in population. It is the capital of the most populous francophone country in the world, the Democratic Republic of the Congo , where an estimated 43 million people (51% of the total population) can speak French (essentially as a second language). Contrary to Abidjan where French is the first language of a large part of the population, in Kinshasa French is only a second language, and its status of lingua franca

1369-605: Was being written using mobile phones. Here are some examples of words used in the African French variety spoken in Abidjan (the spelling used here conforms to French orthography , except ô which is pronounced [ɔ] ): When speaking in a formal context, or when meeting French speakers from outside Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan speakers would replace these local words with the French standard words une fille , un restaurant or une cantine , un copain , battre and l'argent respectively. Note that some local words are used across several African countries. For example, chicotter

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