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73-641: Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville was born at Montreal on 29 December 1693. He was the son of Jean-Baptiste Céloron de Blainville and Hélène Picoté de Belestre . Céloron entered military service in 1713. At this time the French collaborated with the Indians in pressuring the New England colonies. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1731. He was appointed lieutenant commandant to the post at Michilimackinac in 1734 (Burton, 328). He seems to have been appointed to

146-537: A British prisoner, observed it in August, 1756. In 1758, General Forbes' troops passed through it and observed the decapitated bodies of Scottish highlanders of the 77th Regiment of Foot (Montgomerie's Highlanders) who had been killed on 14 September at the Battle of Fort Duquesne when Major James Grant was defeated. The town had vanished by the time construction of Fort Pitt was begun in 1759. Archaeological work in

219-611: A French detachment under Michel Maray de La Chauvignerie discovered the fort, still under construction. In April, a force of more than 500 men under the command of Captain Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur sailed down the Allegheny River from Venango, landing at Shannopin's Town. On 18 April 1754, the French Commander sent a captain, a drummer and an interpreter to present Ensign Edward Ward,

292-419: A courageous, resistant & brave fighter and it has been written that "Belestre has surmounted all the obstacles which arose before him at each instant." Belestre was considered a capable and efficient warrior by his superiors and a frightening threat for his enemies. It is surprising that he was not killed while fighting, or executed once made prisoner of war on several occasions. According to reports found in

365-454: A day's ride from Kittanning , all prominent communities with trading posts. Lewis Evans describes a ford near the town: "At Shannopin's there is a fording place in very dry times and the lowest down the river." William West reported that, on 16 June 1752, Shannopin's Town was found to be at "Forty Degrees twenty-seven minutes North latitude," according to a measurement taken by Joshua Fry . On November 15, 1753, Lewis Montour informed

438-542: A flotilla consisting of large boats and canoes. The expedition included 216 French Canadians and 55 Native Americans. On the shore of Lake Erie , at the mouth of Chautauqua Creek in present-day Westfield, New York , the expedition cut a road over the French Portage Road , and carried their boats and equipment overland to Chautauqua Lake , then followed the Chadakoin River and Conewango Creek to

511-580: A hunting expedition with a group of Lenapes in the fall of 1729. Another trader, David Robeson, was shot and beaten during an altercation. These incidents were blamed on intoxication by rum of those involved. Shannopin and the other signatories wanted to limit the free trade of rum and the numbers of people traveling from the European settlements in the east. The traders also complained that the rum trade had caused Indians in Shannopin's town to go into debt to

584-586: A letter from the Marquis de Vaudreuil and a copy of the capitulation. Belestre got very upset, irritated by the news, and the idea that he could lose his post. Could he trust Rogers, an enemy? No real proofs were given. Four hundred soldiers were stationed at the entrance of the Detroit River to obstruct any further advance from Rogers' troops. Belestre intended to fight and arrested the officer who delivered Rogers' message. Belestre's doubts were reinforced by

657-587: A meeting with chiefs of the Delaware, Shawnee, Iroquois and Wyandot nations. Among those accompanying Weiser was Benjamin Franklin 's illegitimate son, William Franklin , only nineteen at the time, probably sent by his father as a part of his education. William's journey subsequently inspired his father's keen interest in the frontier. In 1749, the Comte de La Galissonière wanted to strengthen French control over

730-456: A monument of the renewal of the possession we have taken of the said river Ohio and of all those which empty into it, and of all the lands on both sides as far as the sources of the said rivers, as enjoyed or ought to have been enjoyed by the kings of France preceding and as they have there maintained themselves by arms and by treaties, especially those of Ryswick, Utrecht and Aix-la-Chapelle. The French continued to press their claim to

803-426: A raft to cross the river. As they were crossing, the raft was struck by an ice jam and Washington was thrown into the water, but managed to grab onto the raft with Gist pulling him aboard. Gist writes: Saturday 29.— We set out early, got to Alleghany, made a raft, and with much difficulty got over to an island, a little above Shannopin's town. The Major having fallen in from off the raft, and my fingers frostbitten, and

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876-485: A second term in 1737, but before the expiration of that term he was called to Louisiana. He was promoted to captain in 1738. The British-allied Chickasaw nation , in present-day northern Mississippi, blocked communication between Upper and Lower Louisiana. Bienville , Governor of Louisiana, assembled a second grand campaign against them in 1739. In response to a call to the Canadian government for assistance, Céloron

949-670: A troop of colonial marines and Indians in the decisive Battle of the Monongahela , in which British General Edward Braddock 's forces were routed. For his contribution to the victory, Belestre was awarded the Order of Saint Louis . In April 1756, he led a raiding party of 20 French soldiers and 150 Miami, Ouiatonon, and Shawnee into the Carolinas, capturing Fort Vause on the way. Later that year he participated in Montclam's victory in

1022-501: A warehouse of supplies and equipment for the troops in the northwest of New France. As the French settlements in the east started falling to British forces in 1759, some citizens of New France fled to Detroit seeking protection. He participated in the French effort to relieve Fort Niagara that same year. More colonial troops were sent to fortify Fort Detroit in 1760. But in September 1760, Governor Vaudreuil surrendered Montreal and

1095-505: A week camped outside the village and met briefly with the chief Memeskia , who promised to consider returning to live near Detroit as a French ally. Céloron later remarked, speaking in general about his journey, that "the nations of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French, and are entirely devoted to the English." Five months after the expedition began, it returned to Montreal, arriving November 10, 1749. Céloron's journal

1168-1402: Is archived at Archives of the Department de la Marine, Paris, France (Galbreath, 12). In total, Céloron buried at least six lead plates. One was stolen by curious Indians almost immediately, possibly before it was even buried, and placed in British hands. Two more were found in the early 19th Century. Measuring about eleven inches long and seven and one-half inches wide, each lead plate was marked with an inscription as follows (Galbreath, 110–111): L'AN 1749 DV REGNE DE LOVIS XV ROY DE FRANCE, NOVS CÉLORON, COMMANDANT D'VN DETACHEMENT ENVOIE PAR MONSIEVR LE MIS. DE LA GALISSONIERE, COMMANDANT GENERAL DE LA NOUVELLE FRANCE POVR RETABLIR LA TRANQUILLITE DANS QUELQUES VILLAGES SAUVAGES DE CES CANTONS, AVONS ENTERRE CETTE PLAQUE AU CONFLUENT DE L'OHIO ET DE TCHADAKOIN CE 29 JVILLET, PRES DE LA RIVIERE OYO AUTREMENT BELLE RIVIERE, POUR MONUMENT DU RENOUVELLEMENT DE POSSESSION QUE NOUS AVONS PRIS DE LA DITTE RIVIERE OYO, ET DE TOUTES CELLES QUI Y TOMBENT, et de TOUTES LES TERRES DES DEUX COTES JVSQVE AVX SOURCES DES DITTES RIVIERES AINSI QV'EN ONT JOVY OU DÛ JOVIR LES PRECEDENTS ROIS DE FRANCE, ET QU'ILS S'Y SONT MAINTENVS PAR LES ARMES ET PAR LES TRAITTES, SPECIALEMENT PAR CEVX DE RISWICK D'VTRECHT ET D'AIX LA CHAPELLE. In

1241-440: Is known about Chief Shannopin, probably the founder of Shannopin's Town, who is also sometimes referred to as "Shawanoppan," "Shawanosson," and other variations of this name. On 30 April, 1730, Shannopin and five other Lenape leaders, "the chiefs of ye Delewares at Allegaeniny, on the main road," sent a letter, taken down by Edmund Cartledge and interpreted by James Le Tort , to Deputy Governor Patrick Gordon , protesting against

1314-563: Is sent to France to be cured of a wound and report of the situation. (A N Colonies C11A 97:198). 1751 (end) or 1752: Promoted to the rank of Lieutenant. 1752: he is back in Canada, in charge of Wabash Post (ref: Ibid., 119:316). 1753: On January 29, following the death of his wife, Belestre married Marie Ann Magnan also in Montreal. 1754: He was recommended for promotion to ensign "en pied". (ref: Ibid, 99:282v.) In 1755 Belestre commanded

1387-577: Is unknown, but a letter from Governor James Hamilton to George Croghan , dated 25 April 1751, refers to a promise Shannopin and other Lenape leaders made, to meet with colonial authorities following the death of Chief Allumapees in October, 1747. The letter states: On 29 October 1731, James Le Tort and his colleague Jonas Davenport were called to testify before Governor Patrick Gordon. Le Tort and Davenport had by then traveled to Native American communities across western Pennsylvania and knew them well. At

1460-556: The Allegheny River , reaching it on July 29, 1749. As it progressed, the expedition sought to strengthen France's claim to the territory by marking it at the mouths of several principal tributaries. At each point, a tin or copper plate bearing the French royal arms was nailed to a tree. Below, an inscribed leaden plate was buried, declaring the claims of France. This was a traditional European mode of marking territory, but it might have contributed to Native American anxieties about

1533-635: The American Revolutionary War broke out in 1775, and the rebel colonists launched an invasion of Quebec, he volunteered his services in defence of Fort Saint-Jean on the Richelieu River . The fort was besieged in September by Continental Army forces, and Belestre was taken prisoner when the garrison surrendered. 1776: on May 1, he was named "Grand Voyer" of the Province of Quebec and as recognition for his services in

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1606-529: The Battle of Fort Oswego . He was then promoted to lieutenant, and placed in command of Fort de Miami . In the summer of 1757, he was ordered to raid Fort Cumberland on the Virginia frontier. He led an expedition with 12 French soldiers, 40 allied natives and 300 men but on June 5 they were attacked on their way back by Cherokees allied to the British. Belestre's nephew, Philippe Dagneau of Saussaye, St. Ours and three French soldiers were killed, and Belestre

1679-613: The Chickasaw Wars and was active in battles against the Iroquois . He was promoted to second ensign in 1741. When Louisbourg fell early in King George's War , Belestre was sent to Acadia to assist in resistance against the British occupation. By 1747 he was back on the western frontier, working with Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville to supply Fort Detroit . During the 1740s British colonists had begun to penetrate

1752-690: The Mississippi River valley. Belestre became famous during the wars between France and Great Britain , serving in the North American theater of the Seven Years' War , also known as the French and Indian War (1754–63). He was one of the last officers of New France to surrender to British troops. In 1758, Belestre became the thirteenth and last official French Commandant of Fort Ponchartrain ( Fort Detroit ). His term ended in 1760 with

1825-633: The Mohawk River valley. Captain Belestre received the order, probably from Vaudreuil, the Governor of New France, to attack the Palatine settlement of German Flatts , where they destroyed the place, killing 40 German settlers and taking 150 prisoners (men, women and children). Most of the houses and buildings were burned. Using this "hit and run" tactic, common during this war, the damage caused

1898-534: The Ohio Country and were competing successfully with the French in the lucrative fur trade. Belestre was sent to Paris in 1749 to report on the state of affairs with the Indians. 1749 to 1759: he is given the responsibility to look after and maintain the trade of fur in Michigan. 1751: he is asked to carry out a punitive raid on "La Demoiselle" village (ref: post, 417, 419, 444). 1751 (Fall) to 1752: he

1971-545: The Ohio Country , and in August he ordered the military commander at Detroit, Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville to travel down the Ohio River to demonstrate French dominance. Leading a force of eight officers, six cadets, an armorer, 20 soldiers, 180 Canadians, 30 Iroquois and 25 Abenakis , Céloron moved down the river on a flotilla of 23 large boats and birch-bark canoes, on his "lead plate expedition," burying lead plates at six locations where major tributaries entered

2044-691: The Allegheny. According to George Croghan , the town was situated on the south bank of the Allegheny, nearly opposite what is now known as Herr's Island , in what is now the Lawrenceville neighborhood. The town was near the western end-point of the Kittanning Path and at the southern terminus of the Venango Path . It was located at a convenient river crossing, within 16 miles of Logstown , about 20 miles from Chartier's Town , and

2117-722: The Chickasaw were found quite willing to make peace (Atkinson, 70). After his return to Michilimackinac , Céloron was appointed to command of Detroit , at which time he was referred to as a Chevalier of the Military Order of Saint Louis and a captain in the Department of Marine . In 1744, he was appointed to command at Fort Niagara , and in 1746, Fort St. Frédéric on Lake Champlain (Burton, 327). From 1743 to 1748, Britain and France fought King George's War . During this war, England blockaded New France , breaking down

2190-408: The French commander at Fort Le Boeuf . It was near Shannopin's Town, as he was returning from his mission to the French, December 29, 1753, that Washington almost drowned in the icy waters of the Allegheny. Washington and Gist were following " The Piney Creek ", which meets the Allegheny River at current day Etna, Pennsylvania . The river had not completely frozen, so Gist and Washington had to make

2263-540: The French fur trade. The British became the major trading partners with Native Americans in the Ohio valley. France claimed the Ohio Valley (and indeed the entire Mississippi basin) on the basis of the explorations made by La Salle in 1669 and 1682. Great Britain claimed the Ohio Valley on the basis of purchases from Native Americans in 1744. In fact, both the colonies of Virginia and Pennsylvania had claims on

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2336-724: The Governor and the Speaker of the Assembly that "Shanoppin Town" was situated about three miles above the Forks of the Monongahela. John Hogan, who was taken prisoner at the destruction of Fort Granville , and carried to Fort Duquesne in August, 1756, stated in a deposition in June 1757 that, "at about two miles' distance from Fort Duquesne, there was an Indian Town, containing fifty or sixty natives, of whom twenty were able to bear arms." Little

2409-422: The Ohio Valley, and colonial friction with the British finally contributed to outbreak of the Seven Years' War . Upon his return, Céloron was reappointed to the important post at Detroit, and in 1753, was promoted to Major and appointed to Montreal. He died at Montreal on April 14, 1759 (Burton, 332). Céloron had three children by his first wife, Marie Madeline Blondeau, married December 30. 1724. His second wife

2482-564: The Ohio and nailing copper plates bearing royal arms to trees to claim the territory for New France . Céloron reached Kittanning on 6 August 1749 and arrived at Shannopin's Town the next day. He writes: The 7th I passed by a Loup ( Mohegan ) village in which there were only three men. They had placed a white flag over their cabins, the rest of their people had gone to Chiningue , not hazarding to remain at home. I invited these three men to come along with me to Chiningue in order to hear what I had to say to them. Christopher Gist first visited

2555-587: The Ohio valley, although in the 1740s and 1750s, Virginia was more active in pressing her claim. According to R. E. Banta, author of The Ohio [Rivers of America series], in March 1749, the Ohio Company of Virginia received a grant from King George, which included 200,000 acres on the south bank of the Ohio between the Monongahela and the Great Kanawha Rivers. One goal of establishing this grant

2628-599: The Quebec Historical Society, "After the capture of Fort DuQuesne in 1758, General Forbes planned an attack on Detroit. Sieur de Belestre, having heard that the enemy was marching, put himself at the head of the Hurons and other Indians to give an attack to the advance guard, which he defeated." Belestre was also said to write "French with an inimitable German phonetization" in a Paris journal. Shannopin%27s Town Shannopin's Town, or Shannopintown,

2701-690: The Revolutionary War, was made provincial lieutenant-colonel in the Québec Militia on July 12, 1790. 1775: Member of the legislative Council on August 17. 1784: appointed as member of the executive Council. 1792: He was decorated with the Saint Helena Medal . 1792 : from January - to March 30, 1792 when he became too weak, he was appointed a member to the first Legislative Council of Lower Canada , where he served for 3 months. 1793 (March 30): he died in Montreal, at

2774-461: The acting commander, with a summons stating that the French Army intended to lay siege to the fort, and that the British had one hour to leave. The British garrison of about forty men withdrew, and the French seized the fort and razed it to build Fort Duquesne . Shannopin's Town was largely abandoned during the construction of Fort Duquesne, but a small community still existed when John Hogan,

2847-477: The age of 76 years and 4 months. He was buried in the parish of Notre-Dame, April 2. Belestre's family comes from the French nobility and their line can be traced back to France in the 15th century. The family played a significant role in the affairs of the French regime, New France and subsequently after the English takeover in about 1760. Belestre's father bears the same name - Francois Marie Picote, Sieur de Belestre I (born in Montreal 1677 - 1729). His father

2920-747: The commissioners, who informed the Lenape that they were to meet the Six Nations at Logstown to improve relationships between the King’s representatives and the Ohio Indians. On 30 May the commissioners headed a short distance down river to meet with Queen Alliquippa . They reached Logstown on 31 May. George Washington and Christopher Gist met with Shingas at Shannopin's Town (which Washington refers to as "Shanapins") on 23 November 1753, on their way to Logstown, during Washington's journey to speak with

2993-602: The daughter of Pierre Nivard Saint-Dizier, in Montreal . They had six children: François-Louis (1739) (ref: Joachime Coulon de Villiers in 1762 in Fort Chartres), Marie-Joseph (1741), Etienne (1742), François-Xavier (1743), Anne (1746) & Marie-Archangel (1748). In 1739, he followed his father into the military, embarking on a career in the Troupes de la marine , the colonial military of New France . He saw service in

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3066-467: The death of the Detroit commandant, Nicholas D'aneau, Sieur de Muy in 1758. Assisted by Pierre Passerat de La Chapelle, he commanded a small army in a fort which was more of a fur trading center than a military fortress. Because of the many Indian allies camped around the fort, it was not considered necessary by the French Army to garrison the post with many troops like it was in the past. But it soon became

3139-557: The end of French rule in Detroit, after which he was sent to England. He returned to Quebec under British rule, and joined the British troops which defended Fort Saint Jean from American colonial forces in 1775. He became a colonel in the British Army before his death. François-Marie Picoté de Belestre was born in Lachine , in the French province of Canada on 17 November 1716. In 1738 he married Marie Anne Nivard Saint-Dizier,

3212-513: The exact location of Shannopin's Town are based on settler's journals, early maps, and a burial site which was uncovered during building excavations in 1862. The village is believed to have been situated in what is now downtown Pittsburgh , roughly from where Penn Avenue is today, below the mouth of Two Mile Run, from 30th Street to 39th Street. At this place the Raystown Trail leading from Harris' Ferry ( Harrisburg, Pennsylvania ) crossed

3285-487: The fact that no French officers had confirmed the situation in Montreal and he sent messengers to try to find out the truth. The next morning, near to what is now Ecorse city (Michigan), the British troops approached Fort Detroit and Rogers sent Captain Donald Campbell with a small party to Belestre, carrying an official copy of Montreal's capitulation together with Vaudreuil's letter instructing Belestre to surrender

3358-482: The fort to him. These documents were convincing enough, and Belestre capitulated. On November 29, Rogers took possession of Fort Detroit. Captain Campbell took over command of the fort, while Belestre and his soldiers were made prisoners of war and sent to Philadelphia in chains, escorted by two officers under the command of Lieutenant Holmes and twenty men. This ended Belestre's career as a French military officer. He

3431-617: The intentions of the French, and thus ultimately had a counterproductive effect. Reaching the Monongahela River, the party boated past Shannopin's Town at the current site of Pittsburgh , and down the Ohio River . They paused at Kittanning , but found the village abandoned except for a Lenape chief, whom they invited to attend a council meeting with Céloron at Logstown. At Logstown , in present-day western Pennsylvania, Céloron discovered English traders. Incensed, he evicted

3504-524: The mouth of Turtle Creek , staying overnight and continuing on the next day to Shannopin's Town. in November, 1753, Lewis Montour reported to James Hamilton that Tanacharison and Scarouady were living in Shannopin's Town. In January, 1754 British soldiers under the command of William Trent began construction of Fort Prince George at the confluence of the Ohio and the Monongahela rivers, about two miles west of Shannopin's Town. On 4 March 1754,

3577-647: The mouth of the Kanawha River on August 18, 1749. Arriving at Lower Shawneetown at the Scioto River 's mouth on August 21, he again encountered English traders. Céloron summoned them to his camp on August 25 and demanded that they leave, stating that "they had no right to trade or aught else on the [Ohio] River," but most refused. The expedition then traveled up the Great Miami River to Pickawillany , arriving there on 13 September. They spent

3650-569: The rest of New France to the British. At that time, all communications with France and the rest of the French troops were broken, and Fort Detroit and other frontier outposts became completely isolated; Belestre knew nothing of the French capitulation. British General Jeffery Amherst then ordered Major Robert Rogers to ascend the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes, to take command of the French forts at Detroit, Michilimackinac and elsewhere. Rogers

3723-437: The river bank above the town, where they pitched camp. They spent the following day in conference with the chiefs, and noted that the Lenape had no king, but were represented by Shingas and his brother Tamaqua, both of whom, supplied with coats and hats by the commissioners, "were dressed after the English fashion." Both wore "silver Breast Plates and [had] a great deal of Wampum about them." They made favorable impressions with

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3796-481: The sale of rum in Lenape communities and asking the Governor to "prevent any further misfortunes for the future, we would request that the Governor would please regulate the Traders, and suppress such numbers of them from coming into the woods; and especially from bringing such large quantities of rum." The letter was to explain the death of two traders named John Hart and John Fisher, who were accidentally shot during

3869-432: The sun down, and very cold, we contented ourselves to encamp upon that island. It was deep water between us and the shore; but the cold did us some service, for in the morning it was frozen hard enough for us to pass over on the ice. They spent the night on Wainwright's Island, an island which has now been absorbed into the southern shore of the Allegheny River. The next day they went to the trading house of John Fraser at

3942-417: The time of their examination, Davenport and Le Tort provided an estimate of the populations of the Allegheny settlements, and the names of their chiefs, including "Senangelstown," which has been assumed to be Shannopin's Town, with 16 families, 50 men, and a Delaware Chief named Senangel. Not all sources agree that this is Shannopin's Town, however. William Albert Hunter (1952) proposes that "Senangel's Town"

4015-542: The time, and Chartier's Old Town after it was abandoned in 1745. Chartier was in conflict with the Pennsylvania authorities because he opposed the sale of alcohol in Native American communities. In 1745 he declared his allegiance with the French and migrated to Kentucky, along with about 400 Pekowi Shawnees. Conrad Weiser spent the night of August 26, 1748 at Shannopin's Town on his way to Logstown for

4088-567: The town in November, 1750. Shannopin's Town was small, containing about twenty wigwams , fifty or sixty natives and twenty warriors. It was much visited by traders. Gist writes: En route to the Logstown Treaty Conference , the Virginia Commissioners paused at Shannopin's Town (which they refer to as "Shonassim's Town") on May 28–30, to meet with the Lenape chiefs Shingas and Tamaqua . Shingas, who

4161-532: The traders and wrote a scolding note to the governor of Pennsylvania. He then hectored the Native Americans about French dominance of the region. This overbearing behavior offended the Iroquois in his party, some of whom returned to their homeland in present-day New York , tearing down copper plates as they went. A plate was buried at the mouth of the Muskingum River on August 15, 1749, and

4234-554: The traders. Among the names signed to the message is that of "Shawanoppan his X mark." On 8 August 1732 Shannopin's name appears signed to a message sent by the Delawares on the Allegheny to Deputy Governor Gordon, promising to come to Philadelphia the following spring. At Logstown on September 15, 1748 he made a speech to Conrad Weiser about the recent death of Chief Allumapees (Weiser refers to him as "Shawanasson"). Shannopin died between 1748 and 1751. The exact date

4307-414: The year 1749, of the reign of Louis the 15th, King of France, we Céloron, commander of a detachment sent by Monsieur the Marquis de la Galissoniere, Governor General of New France, to reestablish tranquility in some Indian villages of these cantons, have buried this Plate of Lead at the confluence of the Ohio and the Chadakoin, this 29th day of July, near the river Ohio, otherwise Belle Riviere, as

4380-410: The « Recensement de Montréal en 1666 » when he was 39 years old). François-Louis, Francois Marie's oldest son by the first marriage, followed his father into the troupes de la marine and later settled in Louisiana . After the Expulsion of the Acadians , descendants of Belestre (or Belletre, Bélêtre) were dispersed throughout North America, Germany and France. Belestre had the reputation of

4453-471: Was Catherine Eury de la Parelle, married in Montreal on October 13, 1743, and with whom he enjoyed nine children (Burton, 327). Picot%C3%A9 de Belestre François-Marie Picoté, sieur de Belestre II (17 November 1716 – 30 March 1793) was a colonial soldier for both New France and Great Britain . As a soldier in the French troupes de la marine , Belestre fought against British and American colonial troops for 30 years, from Nova Scotia to

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4526-431: Was a separate community and that "Senangel" refers to Chief Sayningoe, mentioned in other colonial documents. In 1743 Peter Chartier , a half-Shawnee Indian trader whose father was French-Canadian, moved to Shannopin's Town. He established a trading post on the Allegheny River about twenty miles upstream from the forks of the Ohio near the mouth of Chartiers Run , at what became Tarentum , known as Chartier's Town at

4599-429: Was about to be named chief of the western Lenape, may have been living at Shannopin's Town at that time, although he did not attend the conference in Logstown. The commissioners were Colonel Joshua Fry , James Patton , and Lunsford Lomax, accompanied by Christopher Gist and Andrew Montour , who served as interpreter. The commissioners were greeted by two or three volleys of gunfire, after which they then proceeded to

4672-449: Was also given instructions to avoid battle unless necessary. On September 13, 1760, with "two hundred Rangers in fifteen whale-boats" (some archives mention the 60th Royal Americans troops and Rogers' Rangers ), Rogers left Montreal. Approaching Fort Detroit in late November, Rogers sent a runner with a letter for Belestre, notifying him that the western posts now belonged to King George . His messenger explained to Belestre that Rogers had

4745-424: Was an 18th-century Lenape (Delaware) town located within the site of modern-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania , along the Allegheny River , approximately two miles east from its junction with the Monongahela River . In the early 1700s, British colonial settlers began spreading into western Pennsylvania, forcing Lenape and other American Indian tribes to move further west, settling in the Ohio Country . Shannopin's Town

4818-446: Was born. In 1764, he was released in England and returned to Canada via France. He then became a highly respected citizen of Quebec , serving in 1767 on a jury that heard the case of Thomas Walker, a British merchant and justice who was assaulted in his home after he handed down an unfavourable judgment. In 1771 Belestre took part in St. Peter's Lodge (Provincial Grand Lodge of Quebec) as "Premier Surveillant" with Pierre Gamelin. When

4891-556: Was captured. Belestre was brought to Fort Loudoun, in Winchester, VA, where he was questioned by Edmund Atkyn, Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the presence of Colonel George Washington and George Croghan , Deputy to Sir William Johnson . It is uncertain if he was released or if he escaped, but he succeeded in finding his way back to Montreal by early fall 1757. On November 28, he took what remained of his troops—about 300 Canadians and Indians soldiers—toward Fort Frontenac (now Kingston, Ontario ). They move east towards

4964-440: Was described as an officer or garrison commander of the fort of Ville-Marie (now Montréal ), a title that he shared with Adam Dollard des Ormeaux , (1635 – May 1660). His father was also governor of Fort Detroit as acting Commandant in de Tonty's absence, in winter 1721-22. His mother was Marie-Catherine Trottier des Ruisseaux de Beaubien (1681–1731). Belestre is a descendant of "Pierre Picotté, Sieur de Belestre" (as listed within

5037-443: Was dispatched to Fort de l'Assumption near present-day Memphis, Tennessee , with a 'considerable number of Northern Indians' and a company of cadets. The assembled forces remained in place through the winter without striking the fortified villages of the Chickasaw, 120 miles to the east. But finally in March, 1740, Céloron with his corps of cadets, one hundred regulars, and four or five hundred Indians set forth. After some skirmishing

5110-468: Was important. This last raid was regarded as a considerable victory for France, by the fact that this relatively small team had succeeded in penetrating deep into New York without opposition. They took what remained of the food, horses and cows, which they carried back to Montreal. In 1758 Belestre was promoted to captain and became the 13th official commander of Fort Ponchartrain du Detroit, founded by Antoine de Lamothe Cadillac in 1701. This happened after

5183-450: Was one of several communities established in western Pennsylvania in the 1720s. The town was largely abandoned during the construction of Fort Duquesne in 1754, although a small community still existed when General John Forbes ' troops arrived in September 1758. The community was gone by the time construction on Fort Pitt was started in 1759. The town or village is believed to have been settled by 1730. Modern attempts to pinpoint

5256-572: Was sent to England, still a prisoner. Although Belestre was in bitter spirit about the defeat, he was also very disappointed about the French Crown, letting New France and his Acadians down. He then found out that the French government was near bankruptcy after the Seven Years' War, and had little choice but to stop fighting. He became reconciled to British rule, and decided that he would prefer to return with his family to Montreal where he

5329-449: Was to test the French's willingness to defend the Ohio. The grant in turn provoked the immediate dispatch of Céloron's expedition from Montreal (page 65). In 1748, Comte de la Galissoniere , the governor of Canada , ordered Céloron to strengthen the French claim on the Ohio Valley. Céloron carried out this mission in the summer of 1749 by means of an expedition through the contested territory. He set out from Montreal on June 15, 1749, in

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