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70-635: Aimé Fernand David Césaire ( / ɛ m eɪ s eɪ ˈ z ɛər / ; French: [ɛme fɛʁnɑ̃ david sezɛʁ] ; 26 June 1913 – 17 April 2008) was a Francophone Martinican poet, author, and politician . He was "one of the founders of the Négritude movement in Francophone literature" and coined the word négritude in French. He founded the Parti progressiste martiniquais in 1958, and served in

140-800: A Return to the Native Land) , a poetic exploration of Caribbean life and cultural complexities in the New World. Césaire married fellow Martinican student Suzanne Roussi in 1937. Together they moved back to Martinique in 1939 with their young son. Césaire became a teacher at the Lycée Schoelcher in Fort-de-France, where he taught Frantz Fanon , becoming an influence on Frantz Fanon's intellectual development and ideas. Césaire also served as an inspiration for, but did not teach, writer Édouard Glissant . The years of World War II were

210-521: A decade later over worries that it was not committed to a distinct Martinican or Antillean culture. Many of the major contributors to Tropiques were proponents of surrealist writing, and the magazine was the most prominent example of the movement in the Caribbean at the time. The various writers in Tropiques were influenced by surrealism in different ways: whereas Aimé Césaire mostly used it as

280-440: A large influence on the surrealism present in many of the magazine's later issues—the philosophy of Tropiques was primarily about Negritude and uplifting Martinican culture, and surrealism served as a useful poetic device and theoretical lens for developing these ideas. Scholars such as Kara Rabbitt have stated that unlike many literary trends of the time, women played a leading role in Tropiques . Suzanne Césaire, in particular,

350-493: A laudatory introduction to this 1947 edition, saying that the "poem is nothing less than the greatest lyrical monument of our times." When asked by René Depestre about his writing style, Césaire replied by saying that "Surrealism provided me with what I had been confusedly searching for." In 1945, with the support of the French Communist Party (PCF), Césaire was elected mayor of Fort-de-France and deputy to

420-471: A new business venture using their political connections. The personal histories of politicians have been frequently studied, as it is presumed that their experiences and characteristics shape their beliefs and behaviors. There are four pathways by which a politician's biography could influence their leadership style and abilities. First, a politician’s biography may shape their core beliefs, which are essential to shaping their worldview. The second pathway

490-461: A period of increased literary and intellectual engagement for the Césaires. In 1941, Aimé Césaire and Suzanne Roussi founded the literary review Tropiques , with the help of other Martinican intellectuals such as René Ménil and Aristide Maugée, in order to challenge the cultural status quo and alienation that characterized Martinican identity at the time. In this sense, according to Ursula Heise,

560-611: A pivotal role as a politician because he was the first President of the United States of America . Today, political offices take many forms in the modern century in the United States of America such as ministers, mayors , governors , senators , and presidents, each of whom has different duties. While all government leaders are considered politicians, not all politicians are subject to voters, autocratic and dictatorial regimes remain extant. The identity of politicians

630-401: A poet to find a new mode of thought that was still based in the world around him. Surrealism allowed for such "primitivism," the promotion of art that drew primarily from uniquely African or Caribbean influences, instead of European styles. In this sense, to allow "Martinique to refocus" and "to lead Martinicans to reflect" on their close environment, Césaire offers Henri Stehlé , Director of

700-618: A poetic device, René Ménil and others adopted its larger philosophical positions in their political writing. Ménil, who had been exposed to and endorsed surrealism during the early 1930s as a student in Paris, combined a surrealist attitude with Négritude in many of his pieces, including his writing about the need for art in Martinique that comes from distinctly Martinican experiences and traditions. Ménil wrote that he could avoid reality and establishment theories while using his imagination, as

770-534: A potential contender at the time for the 2007 presidential election , because the UMP had voted for the 2005 French law on colonialism . This law required teachers and textbooks to "acknowledge and recognize in particular the positive role of the French presence abroad, especially in North Africa", a law criticized by opponents for portraying a positive role of colonialism and French presence abroad, especially during

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840-482: A reversal of the usual view of colonialism as just being one country imposing its values on another. She concluded that the white French majority was unwilling to see these changes: "They dare not recognize themselves in this ambiguous being, the West Indian man ... They did not expect this strange budding of their blood." Martinique was controlled by France's Nazi-affiliated Vichy government until mid-1943, and

910-526: A revolutionary, radical, and sectarian review," so Tropiques could not publish a new issue. Aimé Césaire, Suzanne Césaire, Georges Gratiant , Aristide Maugée, René Ménil , and Lucie Thésée signed the response, in which they denounced the Vichy government's racism and noted great French writers who had claimed the negative qualities Bayle had tagged them with: "Racists," yes. Racism like that of Toussaint-Louverture, Claude McKay, and Langston Hughes—against

980-414: A role in legislative gridlock and negatively impact public perception, which negatively impacts politicians’ interests. Additionally, research highlighted that politicians, especially populist politicians, may create a challenge for themselves by increasingly accusing the media of spreading misinformation or “fake news.” Such accusations can undermine the credibility of media platforms, even though trust in

1050-694: A role in shaping shape voter behavior and political preferences Also, educational background in politics also plays an important role in shaping the political awareness of politicians and plays a major role in increasing people’s confidence in them. Some critics often accuse politicians of not communicating with the public. They accuse politicians' speeches of being sometimes overly formal, filled with many euphemisms and metaphors, and generally seen as an attempt to "obscure, mislead, and confuse". Lack of awareness, selfishness, manipulation , and dishonesty are perceptions that people often accuse politicians of, and many see them as prioritizing personal interests over

1120-477: A single issue, or 40 francs for a yearlong subscription . The magazine included poetry, fiction, essays, and commentary from a range of authors in Martinique at the time. Ménil and the Césaires would write and solicit pieces after their jobs as schoolteachers at the famed Lycée Schoelcher in Fort-de-France. Césaire used his leadership position in the magazine to advance the philosophy of Negritude . Césaire has been cited by scholars such as Arnold James as one of

1190-579: A speech. The honor of making the funeral oration was left to his longtime friend Pierre Aliker , who had served for many years as deputy mayor under Césaire. Martinique's airport at Le Lamentin was renamed Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport on 15 January 2007. A national commemoration ceremony was held on 6 April 2011, as a plaque in Césaire's name was inaugurated in the Panthéon in Paris . He

1260-565: A uniquely African or diasporic African intellectual tradition, had a profound influence on his own later writings. Like Fanon, Césaire's experiences during the war led him to the belief that French colonialism was associated with many of the same dehumanizing evils as the autocratic regimes spreading across Europe. After the Free French took over Martinique from the Vichy, Césaire continued to write against European colonialism. According to Janis L. Pallister, although Césaire wrote against

1330-652: Is influenced  by their social and work environments, their ideology, and the parties to which they belong, furthermore, the development of means of communication and social media have increased public participation in policy-making, leading to a reformation of  politician's identity  and increasing the complexity of political work. Politicians are influential people who use rhetoric to impact people as in speeches or campaign advertisements. They are especially known for using common themes,  and media platforms that allow them to develop their political positions,  developing communication between them and

1400-548: Is those personal experiences that influence a politician's skills and competence, and which determine where politicians focus their resources and attention as leaders. The third pathway refers to biographical characteristics that influence a politician's resource allocation and responses based on characteristics such as race or gender. The fourth pathway is how a politician's biography affects his public perception, which affects politicians' leadership style and their strategy for gaining people's respect. Numerous scholars have studied

1470-530: The Algerian War . President Jacques Chirac finally had the controversial law repealed. On 9 April 2008, Césaire had serious heart troubles and was admitted to Pierre Zobda Quitman hospital in Fort-de-France. He died on 17 April 2008. Césaire was accorded the honor of a state funeral , held at the Stade de Dillon in Fort-de-France on 20 April. French President Nicolas Sarkozy was present but did not make

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1540-595: The French National Assembly for Martinique. He managed to get a law addressing departmentalization approved unanimously on 19 March 1946. While departmentalization was implemented in 1946, the status did not bring many meaningful changes to the people of Martinique. Like many left-wing intellectuals in 1930s and 1940s France, Césaire looked toward the Soviet Union as a source of progress, virtue, and human rights. He later grew disillusioned with

1610-563: The French National Assembly from 1945 to 1993 and as President of the Regional Council of Martinique from 1983 to 1988. He was also the Mayor of Fort-de-France for 56 years, from 1945–2001. His works include the book-length poem Cahier d'un retour au pays natal (1939), Une Tempête , a response to William Shakespeare 's play The Tempest , and Discours sur le colonialisme ( Discourse on Colonialism ), an essay describing

1680-741: The Négritude movement later substantial in both pan-Africanist theory and the actual decolonization of the French Empire in Africa. In 1934 Césaire was invited to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by his friend Petar Guberina where in Šibenik he started writing his poem Notebook of a Return to the Native Land , which was one of the first expressions of the concept of Négritude. Upon returning home to Martinique in 1936, Césaire began work on his long poem Cahier d'un retour au pays natal (Notebook of

1750-424: The political parties they belong to, or public opinion . Politicians sometimes face many challenges and mistakes that may affect their credibility and ability to persuade. These mistakes include corruption resulting from their misuse and exploitation of power to achieve their interests, which requires them to prioritize the public interest and develop long-term strategies. Challenges include how to keep up with

1820-709: The Botanical Garden of Fort-de-France, to write two articles for Tropiques concerning the Martinican flora, and the stories and legends related to the common names of plants used by people (Tropiques N° 2 of 1941 and N° 10 of 1944). According to Ursula Heise, these articles and "the Caesarean invocations to the Antillean ecology operates as indices of a racial and cultural authenticity which is distinguished from European identity...." André Breton , one of

1890-460: The Caribbean. In 2021, the Musée de l'Homme for its Portraits de France exhibition paid tribute to Aimé Césaire through a work by the artist Hom Nguyen . Each year links to its corresponding "[year] in poetry" article for poetry, or "[year] in literature" article for other works: Césaire's Discourse on Colonialism challenges the narrative of the colonizer and the colonized. This text criticizes

1960-582: The Mexican government introduced the Federal Law on Administrative Responsibilities of Public Officials (2002) which establishes professional and accountable standards for officials against corruption and the spoils system. Also, The Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of 2012 in the USA has established corruption to protect federal employees who report corruption, fraud, or other illegal activities within

2030-504: The National Assembly in 1993, after a 47-year continuous term. His writings during this period reflect his passion for civic and social engagement. He wrote Discours sur le colonialisme ( Discourse on Colonialism ), a critique of European colonial practices and attitudes that was republished in the French review Présence Africaine in 1955 (English translation 1957). In 1960, he published Toussaint Louverture , based on

2100-797: The Soviet Union after the 1956 suppression of the Hungarian Revolution . He announced his resignation from the PCF in a text entitled Lettre à Maurice Thorez (Letter to Maurice Thorez). In 1958 Césaire founded the Parti Progressiste Martiniquais . Césaire and the Parti Progressiste Martiniquais remained influential in Martinique's politics during the latter half of the 20th century. Césaire declined to renew his mandate as deputy in

2170-400: The accused politicians remains largely unaffected. They will therefore have a negative impact on the credibility of media platforms, and this distrust may extend to the media institutions as a whole that politicians use to communicate with people. Regarding the challenges of gender dynamics, particularly the role of women in politics , some recent research focuses on the life path of women in

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2240-488: The basis for many Igbo given names. Césaire traveled to Paris to attend the Lycée Louis-le-Grand on an educational scholarship. In Paris , he passed the entrance exam for the École Normale Supérieure in 1935 and created the literary review L'Étudiant noir ( The Black Student ) with Léopold Sédar Senghor and Léon Damas . Manifestos by these three students in its third number (May–June 1935) initiated

2310-526: The capital of Martinique, Fort-de-France , in order for Césaire to attend the only secondary school on the island, Lycée Victor Schœlcher . He believed that he was of Igbo descent, and thought of his first name Aimé as a retention of an Igbo name; though the name is of French origin, ultimately from the Old French word amée , meaning beloved, its pronunciation is similar to the Igbo eme , which forms

2380-503: The changing colonial landscape. More generally, Césaire's works conceptualized African unity and black culture in ways that allowed for the creation of black spaces where there previously were none, from the establishment of several literary journals to his reworking of Caliban's speech from Shakespeare's The Tempest . Césaire's works have been described as significant contributions to postcolonial literature in France, its former colonies, and

2450-493: The characteristics of politicians and in economic class to explain characteristics impact on politicians' effectiveness and electoral success, comparing politicians involves different dimensions such as level of government (the local and national levels), political ideology (liberal or the more conservative), economic class , and comparing the more successful and less successful in terms of elections. Demographic factors such as age, gender, education, income, and race/ethnicity, play

2520-454: The colonizers are able to "other" the colonized, they can justify the means by which they colonize. The text also continuously references Nazism , blaming the barbarism of colonialism and how whitewashed and accepted the tradition, for Hitler's rise to power. He says that Hitler lives within and is the demon of "the very distinguished, very humanistic, very Christian bourgeois of the twentieth century." Particularly, Césaire argues that Nazism

2590-410: The colonizers, saying that though the men may not be inherently bad, the practice of colonization ruins them. Césaire's text intertwines slavery, imperialism, capitalism, republicanism, and modernism, stating that they were linked together and influenced one another in undeniable ways. Importantly, all of those oppressive forces came together to hurt the colonized and empower the colonizer. This position

2660-455: The development of social media and confronting biased media, in addition to discrimination against them on the basis of gender , race , or belief, which requires them to adapt their communications to engage citizens, confront discrimination, and spread their message effectively. Politicians are people who participate in policy-making, in a multifaceted variety of positions of responsibility both domestically and internationally. The role of

2730-531: The fathers of surrealism in Europe, was living in Martinique during the war, and he was in contact with the writers of Tropiques after he saw the first issue in a store. Surrealists in Europe supported Tropiques , in part because Breton heard of Césaire and his magazine in Martinique. The fact that the magazine was written outside of Europe gave it more authenticity in Breton's eyes. Breton's visit to Martinique had

2800-485: The future has come to fruition today. Critiques of French universalism were also apparent in the text, particularly citing the issues that universalism caused for the departmentalization of Martinique of which Césaire was the main propagator. Departmentalization was an important goal for Césaire both in his texts and in his political career. Césaire originally wrote his text in French in 1950, but later worked with Joan Pinkham to translate it to English. The translated version

2870-413: The government. Mattozzi and Merlo argue that politicians typically follow two main career paths in modern democracies. The first is career politicians who remain in government until retirement. The second is political careerists, who have gained a reputation for their experience at various levels of government such as international, federal, state, and local governments, they often leave politics and start

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2940-402: The hypocrisy of justifying colonization with the equation "Christianity=civilized, paganism=savagery" comparing white colonizers to "savages". Césaire writes that "no one colonizes innocently, that no one colonizes with impunity either" concluding that "a nation which colonizes, that a civilization which justifies colonization - and therefore force - is already a sick civilization". He condemns

3010-440: The immunity from prosecution they receive as politicians results in further corruption and evasion from legal punishment, as represented by the immunity bath depiction by J.J. Hanberg Tropiques Aimé Césaire wrote in the first issue of Tropiques that he had formed the magazine in reaction to the problems of the time and the lack of art coming out of Martinique and other parts of the Caribbean. Césaire would go on to be

3080-479: The integrity of government positions. A notable example of government reform over time are The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 passed by the U.S. Congress to combat corruption, favoritism in hiring, and the spoils system. It advocated hiring based on merit and protected civil servants from political influence. In the modern century, many laws have been put in place to protect employees and reduce corruption and favoritism in employment, for example,

3150-584: The island authorities attempted to shut down the magazine soon before Martinique was taken by the Free French . Lieutenant de vaisseau Bayle, the Chief of Information Services for the island's government, wrote that Tropiques was no longer eligible to get paper to print on (paper was in short supply during the war, so it was being rationed, and denying a periodical its paper supply could effectively silence it). Bayle wrote that he had "very formal objections to

3220-631: The leading contributor to the magazine, and each issue included at least one of his pieces. He set the focus on the need to create a distinct Martinican culture with the first words of the introduction for the journal's first issue: "Sterile and silent land. It is of ours that I am speaking." The first issue was published in Fort-de-France , Martinique's capital, in April 1941, with contributions by Aimé and Suzanne Césaire, René Ménil , Charles Péguy , and Georgette Anderson . It cost 12 francs for

3290-526: The life of the Haitian revolutionary . In 1969, he published the first version of Une Tempête , an adaptation of Shakespeare's The Tempest with themes resonating with a black audience. Césaire served as President of the Regional Council of Martinique from 1983 to 1988. He retired from politics in 2001. In 2006, he refused to meet the leader of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP), Nicolas Sarkozy ,

3360-634: The most influential theorists of the movement, and he started writing about it in earnest in the years shortly before and during Tropiques. He wrote that black people, in Africa and the African diaspora , should reject the norms that influenced them to try to follow French and other European intellectual traditions. Scholars have argued that there was not a distinct and significant black Martinican literary tradition before Tropiques . Frantz Fanon said that Césaire's ideas, especially leaving Europe to create

3430-399: The people. Politicians of necessity become expert users of the media . Politicians in the 19th century made heavy use of newspapers , magazines, and pamphlets, as well as posters to disseminate their messages to appeal to voters' emotions and beliefs in their campaigns. In the 20th century, the scope of media expanded out into radio and television, and a major change occurred as speech

3500-567: The political field and the challenges surrounding them. For example, there are studies on the "supermader" model in politics in Latin America, which illustrate the difficulties women face and how to balance their home and work and the distinction between women and men that negatively affects their acceptance in political work. . Historically, in patronage-based systems, especially in the 19th century, winning politicians replaced civil servants and government employees who were not protected by

3570-461: The politician has changed dramatically over time, for example, Pericles of Athens played an important role in politics in ancient Greece both in public life and in decision-making as depicted in Philip Foltz's 19th-century painting. Over time the figure of the politician has evolved to include many forms and functions. For example, In the United States of America, George Washington played

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3640-520: The public interests. Politicians in many countries are seen as the “most hated professionals,” and the least trustworthy, leading to public skepticism and constant criticism. In addition, some politicians tend to be negative, this strategy, although it does not enhance their chances of being re-elected or gaining public support, politicians see this negativity as consistent with negative media bias, which increases their chances of securing media access and public attention. Also, lack of accountability and

3710-698: The publications of the French botanist Henri Stehlé in Tropiques in the early 1940s, concerning the Martinican flora, and "the invocations of Césaire to the Antillean ecology operate as indices of a racial and cultural authenticity which is distinguished from European identity...". During an interview granted in 1978, Césaire explains that his aim for including these articles in Tropiques was "to allow Martinique to refocus" and "to lead Martinicans to reflect" on their close environment. Despite instances of censorship, Césaire continued to advocate for Martinican cultural identity. He also became close to French surrealist poet André Breton , who spent time in Martinique during

3780-411: The racism like that of Drumont and Hitler. Tropiques was unable to publish until the Free French came to power in Martinique a few months later. The next publication was a double issue, to make up for the issue that was censored. René Ménil later wrote that even when the Vichy government allowed Tropiques to be published, the authors had to censor themselves. Informed readers, many of whom were in

3850-414: The rules of government service with their supporters, a so-called “ spoils system .” In response to the corruption this system fostered, government job reforms were introduced. These reforms required elected politicians to work with existing civil servants and officials to pursue long-term public interest goals, rather than simply rewarding their supporters. This shift aimed to reduce corruption and prioritize

3920-474: The same Martinican literary circles as the writers, knew to go beyond what the articles and essays directly said in interpreting the political messages. The creation of the magazine, by a group of intellectuals after the Vichy-affiliated regime took power and started to suppress freedoms, was itself seen as a protest by some. At times, though, the opposition to the Vichy-affiliated government came to

3990-497: The speed of spread and interaction. Politicians, who rarely meet voters in person, seek to use the media as a means of communicating with people, winning votes, and obtaining political roles. Some research confirms that the media increases the popularity of a politician, and indicates that negative news has a stronger effect on popularity than positive news. Some research has suggested that politicians tend to use social media more than traditional media because their perception of

4060-484: The strife between the colonizers and the colonized. Césaire's works have been translated into many languages. Aimé Césaire was born in Basse-Pointe , Martinique , French Caribbean, in 1913. His father was a tax inspector, and his mother was a dressmaker. 'Although in his Cahier he evoked his childhood as poverty-stricken and squalid, his family was part of the island's small, black middle class.' His family moved to

4130-468: The systems of colonialism that the French had on the island before and during the war, he opposed independence for the French territories in the Caribbean, and he was elected to France's National Assembly after the war ended. Part of the Negritude philosophy of the magazine involved a commitment to leftist thought, even though Césaire would personally leave the French Communist Party a little more than

4200-662: The traditional media’s influence as a public informant greatly affects their satisfaction with democratic processes. So they prefer to use social media and communicate directly with people in order to have greater control over their message and easier communication. This continuous evolution in media has made politicians adapt their discourse to these diverse and evolving platforms for greater communication and effectiveness. In this century of advanced communications, politicians face challenges and difficulties while communicating with people through various social media platforms . The implicit importance of social media for politics stems from

4270-413: The virtual space these platforms have created for expressing ideas and spreading mutual messages without restrictions. Misinformation , rumors, and discrimination complicate their political behavior and communication with people. Also, Political polarization created by the media plays a role in influencing politicians’ behavior and communications, which reinforces negative campaigns. They also play

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4340-480: The war. The two had met in 1940, and Breton later championed Césaire's work. In 1947, his book-length poem Cahier d'un retour au pays natal , which had first appeared in the Parisian periodical Volontés in 1939 after rejection by a French book publisher, was published. The book mixes poetry and prose to express Césaire's thoughts on the cultural identity of black Africans in a colonial setting. Breton contributed

4410-469: Was also proclaimed as a national hero in Martinique. Césaire's influence has been recognized in poetry from his era and in later works. Most notably, his relation to Frantz Fanon, famed author of Black Skin, White Masks , as mentor and inspiration is tangible. Fanon's personal testimony in Black Skin, White Masks explains the "liberating effect of Césaire’s word and action" that he felt in traversing

4480-448: Was considered radical at the time. Césaire continues to deconstruct the colonizer, and ultimately concludes that by colonizing those white men often lose touch with who they were, and become brutalized into hidden instincts that result in the rape, torture, and race hatred that they put onto the people they colonize. He also examines the effects colonialism has on the colonized, stating that "colonization = 'thing-ification'", where because

4550-421: Was essential to the magazine as an editor and a writer—she wrote seven pieces in the magazine's 14 issues. Topics included Leo Frobenius, André Breton, and surrealism. She would almost never write again (just one play was published before her death in 1966). One prominent novelist, Maryse Condé , named Suzanne Césaire as the most important influence behind the political ideologies of the magazine. Suzanne Césaire

4620-611: Was not an exception or singular event in European history; rather, the natural progression of a civilization that justified colonization without "perceiving the dangers involved in proceeding towards savagery." Césaire compared colonial violence to Nazism, arguing: "they tolerated that Nazism before it was inflicted on them, they absolved it, shut their eyes to it, legitimized it, because, until then, it had been applied only to non-European peoples." Césaire's wishes for post-war Europe centered around decolonization, arguing that decolonization

4690-491: Was now presented visually as well as verbally as evidenced by the Kennedy-Nixon debates , marking a new era where visual media became crucial to campaigns. The twenty-first century has provided wide and diverse media platforms represented by Facebook, and Twitter, which has now become X, Instagram, YouTube, and others. This development has made their rhetorical messages faster, shorter more efficient, and characterized by

4760-526: Was published in 1972. Politician A politician is a person who participates in policy-making processes , usually holding a position in government . Politicians represent the people, make decisions, and influence the formulation of public policy. The roles or duties that politicians must perform vary depending on the level of government they serve, whether local , national, or international. The ideological orientation that politicians adopt often stems from their previous experience, education, beliefs,

4830-486: Was the first of the writers in her circle (even before her husband) to challenge communism and Breton's surrealism as too grounded in European ideals and not being committed enough to an independent Antillean culture and intellectual tradition. In her final essay in Tropiques , "Le Grand Camouflage," Suzanne Césaire wrote about the changes that the West Indies had caused on the French sense of nationhood and identity,

4900-476: Was the way forward for Europe out of "the binarism of capitalism/communism." Césaire believed that the only possible redemption for Europe’s dark path which had led to Nazism was through interactions with the "Third World". Decolonization offered an alternative to the dual negatives of capitalism and communism, employing pluralism as a way to usher in a new, more tolerant Europe. He was critical of neo-imperialism and US capitalism, and in many ways his fearful vision of

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