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71-492: Cook Off is a cooking simulation , where dishes are prepared by completing a series of short minigames . Each minigame represents a step in the meal preparation process, with a complete dish requiring anywhere from two to more than a dozen such steps. Players use the Wii Remote to mimic real-life cooking movements such as rolling, slicing, chopping, and stirring. For example, during a minigame involving grinding up raw beef,

142-536: A cookbook , along with a small national flag next to each, indicating each recipe's country of origin. While Cook Off includes fewer total recipes than Cooking Mama , recipes have a greater average number of steps and/or ingredients. The dishes come from 10 countries: France , the United States , the United Kingdom , Spain , Japan , Italy , China , Germany , India , and Russia . As with

213-541: A flight simulator , sailing simulator , or driving simulator . Continuous simulation is a simulation based on continuous-time rather than discrete-time steps, using numerical integration of differential equations . Discrete-event simulation studies systems whose states change their values only at discrete times. For example, a simulation of an epidemic could change the number of infected people at time instants when susceptible individuals get infected or when infected individuals recover. Stochastic simulation

284-519: A microprogram or sometimes commercial application programs, before the program is downloaded to the target machine. Since the operation of the computer is simulated, all of the information about the computer's operation is directly available to the programmer, and the speed and execution of the simulation can be varied at will. Simulators may also be used to interpret fault trees , or test VLSI logic designs before they are constructed. Symbolic simulation uses variables to stand for unknown values. In

355-427: A " diagnostic " instrument, allowing women to consult male physicians while maintaining social laws of modesty. Models are used today to help students learn the anatomy of the musculoskeletal system and organ systems. Games Magazine Games World of Puzzles is an American games and puzzle magazine. Originally the merger of two other puzzle magazines spun off from its parent publication Games magazine in

426-417: A "Mixed Bag" denoted by one filled and one unfilled star, meaning that some may find the puzzle very easy while others will be challenged, that the puzzle may have a range of difficulty with it, or that (like many logic puzzles) it may easily be solved by exhaustive trial and error but requires thinking to solve in a deductive way. Each issue typically has a three to six page article about gaming and hobbies as

497-401: A "safe" virtual environment yet living a lifelike experience (or at least it is the goal). Often the convenience is to permit mistakes during training for a safety-critical system. Simulations in education are somewhat like training simulations. They focus on specific tasks. The term 'microworld' is used to refer to educational simulations which model some abstract concept rather than simulating

568-562: A National Agenda for Simulation-Based Medical Education (Eder-Van Hook, Jackie, 2004), "a health care provider's ability to react prudently in an unexpected situation is one of the most critical factors in creating a positive outcome in medical emergency, regardless of whether it occurs on the battlefield, freeway, or hospital emergency room." Eder-Van Hook (2004) also noted that medical errors kill up to 98,000 with an estimated cost between $ 37 and $ 50 million and $ 17 to $ 29 billion for preventable adverse events dollars per year. Simulation

639-418: A broad subject. Common puzzles in the color sections (including the magazine cover) have included: Recent issues have included a multipart puzzle over several pages, where the solution of each sub-puzzle is used to complete the overall puzzle. Recent versions of these have been based on traveling to various locations in the world, though this aspect is only used for the theme of each sub-puzzle. Pencilwise

710-495: A computer connected to a plastic simulation of the relevant anatomy. Sophisticated simulators of this type employ a life-size mannequin that responds to injected drugs and can be programmed to create simulations of life-threatening emergencies. In other simulations, visual components of the procedure are reproduced by computer graphics techniques, while touch-based components are reproduced by haptic feedback devices combined with physical simulation routines computed in response to

781-472: A great deal of promise for virtual simulations. Systems such as brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) offer the ability to further increase the level of immersion for virtual simulation users. Lee, Keinrath, Scherer, Bischof, Pfurtscheller proved that naïve subjects could be trained to use a BCI to navigate a virtual apartment with relative ease. Using the BCI, the authors found that subjects were able to freely navigate

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852-478: A large variety of puzzle types, with wit and humor used throughout. Each issue contained feature articles and puzzles in its introductory color section, the "Pencilwise" puzzle section, board and video game reviews in its closing color section, and "Wild Cards". All puzzles in the magazine are ranked by difficulty: a one-star (one light bulb) puzzle is an "Easy Hike"; two stars is an "Uphill Climb"; three stars means "Proceed at Your Own Risk". Some puzzles are ranked as

923-659: A number of books containing "best-of" puzzle collections. Will Shortz started at Games in November 1978 and edited the magazine from 1989 to 1990 upon PSC's bankruptcy; he returned upon Bits & Pieces' resuming publication in late 1991, and remained until late 1993 when he became editor of The New York Times crossword puzzle . The current editorial team includes Jennifer Orehowsky , with help from Kappa Publishing editor Karen Powell. Graphic designers include Kevin Boone. Former Games Editor-at-Large Thomas L. McDonald handles

994-573: A photo montage. Earlier in its publishing history, the Letters page would also include an "Envelope of the Month", typically a highly decorated envelope or postcard sent in by a reader in response to a contest or general correspondence with the magazine. The winner of this would receive a Games T-shirt. This feature was phased out when the magazine changed publishers and publication schedules. Games ran two popular contests that recurred many times over

1065-503: A realistic object or environment, or in some cases model a real-world environment in a simplistic way so as to help a learner develop an understanding of the key concepts. Normally, a user can create some sort of construction within the microworld that will behave in a way consistent with the concepts being modeled. Seymour Papert was one of the first to advocate the value of microworlds, and the Logo programming environment developed by Papert

1136-400: A section called "Laundry") or alternate solutions to puzzles (in the "Eureka" section) are often rewarded with a Games T-shirt . Readers may otherwise obtain a Games T-shirt by being a runner-up in a Games contest. As part of the "Games 100", there is usually a contest to identify selected games featured in that list based on small pictures of the board or playing pieces from the game in

1207-509: A separate Electronic Games 100 , focusing on video games for computer, console, and portable systems. Notable game titles also are introduced into a Games Hall of Fame , updated each year along with the Games 100 list. Most issues used to feature a puzzle-solving contest, often with cash prizes, though this was no longer a regular feature of the magazine by 2010. In the past, the magazine also ran an occasional hidden contest , in which part of

1278-404: A simulator—although, perhaps, denoting a slightly different meaning of simulator —is the use of a placebo drug, a formulation that simulates the active drug in trials of drug efficacy. Patient safety is a concern in the medical industry. Patients have been known to suffer injuries and even death due to management error, and lack of using best standards of care and training. According to Building

1349-431: A type of simulator, typically called an emulator , is often used to execute a program that has to run on some inconvenient type of computer (for example, a newly designed computer that has not yet been built or an obsolete computer that is no longer available), or in a tightly controlled testing environment (see Computer architecture simulator and Platform virtualization ). For example, simulators have been used to debug

1420-440: Is a simulation where some variable or process is subject to random variations and is projected using Monte Carlo techniques using pseudo-random numbers. Thus replicated runs with the same boundary conditions will each produce different results within a specific confidence band. Deterministic simulation is a simulation which is not stochastic: thus the variables are regulated by deterministic algorithms. So replicated runs from

1491-464: Is also good evidence that procedural simulation improves actual operational performance in clinical settings." However, there is a need to have improved evidence to show that crew resource management training through simulation. One of the largest challenges is showing that team simulation improves team operational performance at the bedside. Although evidence that simulation-based training actually improves patient outcome has been slow to accrue, today

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1562-510: Is also used with scientific modelling of natural systems or human systems to gain insight into their functioning, as in economics. Simulation can be used to show the eventual real effects of alternative conditions and courses of action. Simulation is also used when the real system cannot be engaged, because it may not be accessible, or it may be dangerous or unacceptable to engage, or it is being designed but not yet built, or it may simply not exist. Key issues in modeling and simulation include

1633-409: Is an imitative representation of a process or system that could exist in the real world. In this broad sense, simulation can often be used interchangeably with model . Sometimes a clear distinction between the two terms is made, in which simulations require the use of models; the model represents the key characteristics or behaviors of the selected system or process, whereas the simulation represents

1704-404: Is being used to study patient safety, as well as train medical professionals. Studying patient safety and safety interventions in healthcare is challenging, because there is a lack of experimental control (i.e., patient complexity, system/process variances) to see if an intervention made a meaningful difference (Groves & Manges, 2017). An example of innovative simulation to study patient safety

1775-428: Is from nursing research. Groves et al. (2016) used a high-fidelity simulation to examine nursing safety-oriented behaviors during times such as change-of-shift report . However, the value of simulation interventions to translating to clinical practice are is still debatable. As Nishisaki states, "there is good evidence that simulation training improves provider and team self-efficacy and competence on manikins. There

1846-568: Is often used as an adjunct to, or substitution for, modeling systems for which simple closed form analytic solutions are not possible. There are many different types of computer simulation, the common feature they all share is the attempt to generate a sample of representative scenarios for a model in which a complete enumeration of all possible states would be prohibitive or impossible. Several software packages exist for running computer-based simulation modeling (e.g. Monte Carlo simulation, stochastic modeling, multimethod modeling) that makes all

1917-495: Is one of the most well-known microworlds. Project management simulation is increasingly used to train students and professionals in the art and science of project management. Using simulation for project management training improves learning retention and enhances the learning process. Social simulations may be used in social science classrooms to illustrate social and political processes in anthropology, economics, history, political science, or sociology courses, typically at

1988-438: Is one which uses more than one computer simultaneously, to guarantee access from/to different resources (e.g. multi-users operating different systems, or distributed data sets); a classical example is Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS). Parallel simulation speeds up a simulation's execution by concurrently distributing its workload over multiple processors, as in high-performance computing . Interoperable simulation

2059-466: Is patient care to deliver just-in-time service or/and just-in-place. This training consists of 20  minutes of simulated training just before workers report to shift. One study found that just in time training improved the transition to the bedside. The conclusion as reported in Nishisaki (2008) work, was that the simulation training improved resident participation in real cases; but did not sacrifice

2130-518: Is the Friends and Food of the World mode. In this mode, players challenge fictitious friends from various foreign countries to make their favorite recipes. Each friend has different ethnic or national recipes which they specialize in; in total, the game includes recipes from 10 countries. As friends rarely make mistakes, players must be proficient at creating a given dish if they hope to win. Defeating

2201-421: Is the newsprint pencil puzzle section that forms the core of the magazine and contains common puzzle varieties such as: The last puzzle in "Pencilwise" has generally been "The World's Most Ornery Crossword," a large standard crossword puzzle which has two sets of clues spanning three pages. One set, which is revealed by folding one page in half to hide the second page, consists of "Hard" clues (three stars), while

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2272-523: Is used to describe the accuracy of a simulation and how closely it imitates the real-life counterpart. Fidelity is broadly classified as one of three categories: low, medium, and high. Specific descriptions of fidelity levels are subject to interpretation, but the following generalizations can be made: A synthetic environment is a computer simulation that can be included in human-in-the-loop simulations. Simulation in failure analysis refers to simulation in which we create environment/conditions to identify

2343-473: Is where multiple models, simulators (often defined as federates) interoperate locally, distributed over a network; a classical example is High-Level Architecture . Modeling and simulation as a service is where simulation is accessed as a service over the web. Modeling, interoperable simulation and serious games is where serious game approaches (e.g. game engines and engagement methods) are integrated with interoperable simulation. Simulation fidelity

2414-493: The "Best Game of CES 2007". However, after playing the finished product, several reviews noted that the game was not nearly as responsive or intuitive as its predecessor. According to reviewers, a simple action with the Wii Remote can be difficult to perform successfully, leading to a frustrating experience. While the game was reported to still be fun, the lack of tactile feedback and several nagging control issues detract from

2485-481: The 2014 merger, a supplemental feature is This Old Game , an extended article discussing the rules, style, and playability of a game first published in the early/mid-20th century. The December issue each year includes a compilation of new and noteworthy games in its Games 100 list, similar to the German Spiel des Jahres , and usually includes a contest based on this list. More recent years have also included

2556-415: The ability of simulation to provide hands-on experience that translates to the operating room is no longer in doubt. One of the largest factors that might impact the ability to have training impact the work of practitioners at the bedside is the ability to empower frontline staff (Stewart, Manges, Ward, 2015). Another example of an attempt to improve patient safety through the use of simulations training

2627-461: The acquisition of valid sources of information about the relevant selection of key characteristics and behaviors used to build the model, the use of simplifying approximations and assumptions within the model, and fidelity and validity of the simulation outcomes. Procedures and protocols for model verification and validation are an ongoing field of academic study, refinement, research and development in simulations technology or practice, particularly in

2698-410: The behaviour of the system under study. Computer simulation has become a useful part of modeling many natural systems in physics , chemistry and biology , and human systems in economics and social science (e.g., computational sociology ) as well as in engineering to gain insight into the operation of those systems. A good example of the usefulness of using computers to simulate can be found in

2769-413: The best total score is stored as a high score, so that players can continue to try and surpass their previous performance on a dish even after winning a gold medal . If players complete an entire minigame without making a mistake, or otherwise perform a given sub-task perfectly, they may be awarded a small score bonus for their skill. The primary new play mode (as compared to the original Cooking Mama )

2840-407: The cause of equipment failure. This can be the best and fastest method to identify the failure cause. A computer simulation (or "sim") is an attempt to model a real-life or hypothetical situation on a computer so that it can be studied to see how the system works. By changing variables in the simulation, predictions may be made about the behaviour of the system. It is a tool to virtually investigate

2911-423: The challenge was to find the concealed puzzle with instructions on how to enter (e.g. "You have found the hidden contest. To enter, send us a chain of paper clips."). The standard contest has since been reinstated, with a $ 100 cash prize for the winner and one-year subscriptions/renewals for five runners-up. Following the merger, the contest was reinstated as a monthly feature. Readers who write in with mistakes (in

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2982-480: The clues under this fold are "Easy" (one star); the answers to both sets of clues are the same. Recent years have seen two pages of "Kid Stuff" puzzles aimed at pre-teen children, as well as a collection of assorted puzzles under the title "Motley Stew." Another feature of "Pencilwise" in recent years has been a "Puzzlecraft" column, authored by Mike Selinker and Thomas Snyder , that describes how readers can make their own puzzles, placed alongside puzzles created by

3053-513: The described techniques. Wild Cards is the section that typically contains one or two pages of puzzle miscellany, such as word games, trivia, or chess problems. Until November 2002, readers were challenged to find the fake advertisement among the legitimate ones in an issue; the last one was for the Red Card, a credit card used to pay off other credit cards. The magazine regularly features capsule reviews of board/card/video games. Following

3124-421: The dish is completed, the total scores of both players are compared and one is declared the winner. There are 55 recipes such as pan fried lobster , pierogie , cream puffs and sushi . The game received "mixed" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic . Prior to the title's release, early press generated a certain level of excitement, with Wired proclaiming Cooking Mama: Cook Off

3195-478: The early 1990s, Games World of Puzzles was reunited with Games in October 2014. The entire magazine interior is now newsprint (as opposed to the part-glossy/part-newsprint format of the original Games ) and the puzzles and articles that originally sandwiched the "Pencilwise" section are now themselves sandwiched by the main puzzle pages, replacing the "feature puzzle" section (they are still full-color, unlike

3266-457: The evolution of the model over time. Another way to distinguish between the terms is to define simulation as experimentation with the help of a model. This definition includes time-independent simulations. Often, computers are used to execute the simulation . Simulation is used in many contexts, such as simulation of technology for performance tuning or optimizing, safety engineering , testing, training, education, and video games. Simulation

3337-438: The field of network traffic simulation . In such simulations, the model behaviour will change each simulation according to the set of initial parameters assumed for the environment. Traditionally, the formal modeling of systems has been via a mathematical model , which attempts to find analytical solutions enabling the prediction of the behaviour of the system from a set of parameters and initial conditions. Computer simulation

3408-428: The field of optimization , simulations of physical processes are often used in conjunction with evolutionary computation to optimize control strategies. Simulation is extensively used for educational purposes. It is used for cases where it is prohibitively expensive or simply too dangerous to allow trainees to use the real equipment in the real world. In such situations they will spend time learning valuable lessons in

3479-429: The health professions. Simulators have been developed for training procedures ranging from the basics such as blood draw , to laparoscopic surgery and trauma care. They are also important to help on prototyping new devices for biomedical engineering problems. Currently, simulators are applied to research and develop tools for new therapies, treatments and early diagnosis in medicine. Many medical simulators involve

3550-425: The high school or university level. These may, for example, take the form of civics simulations, in which participants assume roles in a simulated society, or international relations simulations in which participants engage in negotiations, alliance formation, trade, diplomacy, and the use of force. Such simulations might be based on fictitious political systems, or be based on current or historical events. An example of

3621-565: The latter would be Barnard College 's Reacting to the Past series of historical educational games. The National Science Foundation has also supported the creation of reacting games that address science and math education. In social media simulations, participants train communication with critics and other stakeholders in a private environment. In recent years, there has been increasing use of social simulations for staff training in aid and development agencies. The Carana simulation, for example,

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3692-399: The modeling almost effortless. Modern usage of the term "computer simulation" may encompass virtually any computer-based representation. In computer science , simulation has some specialized meanings: Alan Turing used the term simulation to refer to what happens when a universal machine executes a state transition table (in modern terminology, a computer runs a program) that describes

3763-441: The norm in most military training processes and there is a significant amount of data to suggest this is a useful tool for armed professionals. A virtual simulation is a category of simulation that uses simulation equipment to create a simulated world for the user. Virtual simulations allow users to interact with a virtual world . Virtual worlds operate on platforms of integrated software and hardware components. In this manner,

3834-415: The opponent rewards the player with a piece of cooking gear or utensil (often adorned in gold), while failure earns a consolation prize with which to decorate the kitchen. The game also includes a new two-player mode, titled Friends and Food , in which players compete head-to-head preparing the same recipe. Both players play simultaneously (each with their own Wii Remote) using a split-screen view. After

3905-505: The overall enjoyment. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of one six, two eights, and one seven, for a total of 29 out of 40. Elsewhere, in the May 2007 issue, Electronic Gaming Monthly ' s three editors gave the game marks of 7/10, 7.5/10 and 8/10, earning it an overall score of 7.5 out of 10. In 2009, Games Magazine gave it a favorable review, concluding that the game "should appeal to anyone". Simulation A simulation

3976-482: The player might be instructed to move the Wii Remote in a circular motion as if grasping the handle of a meat grinder . Both the Wii Remote's motion sensing and positional/pointing capabilities may be utilized, depending on the minigame. Cook Off features 55 recipes using over 300 ingredients. Although the initial number of accessible recipes is relatively small, new recipes are unlocked as previous recipes are successfully completed. Available recipes are displayed in

4047-415: The previous title, the player's performance is rated based on how quickly and accurately he or she can perform the various tasks. The player is awarded a score after each minigame, with the score factoring in both successful completion and the amount of time remaining. After the dish is completed, a medal is awarded based upon the average performance in each of the minigames. Unlike the original Cooking Mama ,

4118-572: The quality of service. It could be therefore hypothesized that by increasing the number of highly trained residents through the use of simulation training, that the simulation training does, in fact, increase patient safety. The first medical simulators were simple models of human patients. Since antiquity, these representations in clay and stone were used to demonstrate clinical features of disease states and their effects on humans. Models have been found in many cultures and continents. These models have been used in some cultures (e.g., Chinese culture) as

4189-433: The real thing (some circles use the term for computer simulations modelling selected laws of physics, but this article does not). These physical objects are often chosen because they are smaller or cheaper than the actual object or system. Interactive simulation is a special kind of physical simulation, often referred to as a human-in-the-loop simulation, in which physical simulations include human operators, such as in

4260-461: The review department. Games World of Puzzles ( ISSN   1074-4355 ) was a puzzle magazine published bimonthly by Games Publications, a division of Kappa Publishing Group . Focusing on written puzzles, it was a merger of two spinoffs of Games , Pencilwise Extra and Games Premium Puzzles . Games World of Puzzles debuted in May 1994 and ran as a separate publication until merged with Games in October 2014. A centerpiece section contained

4331-435: The same boundary conditions always produce identical results. Hybrid simulation (or combined simulation) corresponds to a mix between continuous and discrete event simulation and results in integrating numerically the differential equations between two sequential events to reduce the number of discontinuities. A stand-alone simulation is a simulation running on a single workstation by itself. A distributed simulation

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4402-434: The state transitions, inputs and outputs of a subject discrete-state machine. The computer simulates the subject machine. Accordingly, in theoretical computer science the term simulation is a relation between state transition systems , useful in the study of operational semantics . Less theoretically, an interesting application of computer simulation is to simulate computers using computers. In computer architecture ,

4473-505: The system can accept input from the user (e.g., body tracking, voice/sound recognition, physical controllers) and produce output to the user (e.g., visual display, aural display, haptic display) . Virtual simulations use the aforementioned modes of interaction to produce a sense of immersion for the user. There is a wide variety of input hardware available to accept user input for virtual simulations. The following list briefly describes several of them: Research in future input systems holds

4544-501: The two-color "Pencilwise" sections.) The recombined title assumed the same 9-issue-per-year publication schedule as the original Games . Games ( ISSN   0199-9788 ) was a magazine devoted to games and puzzles and, until its 2014 merger was published by Games Publications, a division of Kappa Publishing Group . Games was originally published by Playboy , debuting with the September/October 1977 issue. It

4615-435: The user's actions. Medical simulations of this sort will often use 3D CT or MRI scans of patient data to enhance realism. Some medical simulations are developed to be widely distributed (such as web-enabled simulations and procedural simulations that can be viewed via standard web browsers) and can be interacted with using standard computer interfaces, such as the keyboard and mouse . An important medical application of

4686-530: The virtual environment with relatively minimal effort. It is possible that these types of systems will become standard input modalities in future virtual simulation systems. There is a wide variety of output hardware available to deliver a stimulus to users in virtual simulations. The following list briefly describes several of them: Clinical healthcare simulators are increasingly being developed and deployed to teach therapeutic and diagnostic procedures as well as medical concepts and decision making to personnel in

4757-411: The work of computer simulation. Historically, simulations used in different fields developed largely independently, but 20th-century studies of systems theory and cybernetics combined with spreading use of computers across all those fields have led to some unification and a more systematic view of the concept. Physical simulation refers to simulation in which physical objects are substituted for

4828-409: The years. One was a scavenger hunt - items in the hunt were usually not rare but could be difficult to locate; others involved finding items meeting specific requirements, requiring interpretation, some puzzle solving, or research. Winners were determined based on the most objects collected that fit the requirements. Another was "Calculatrivia", where a long equation involving approximately 40 variables

4899-752: Was acquired by PSC Limited Partnership in 1987, briefly out of business in 1990 (after PSC filed for bankruptcy), and brought back to life in 1991 by the Manhattan -based mail-order company "Bits & Pieces". Kappa Publishing Group acquired it in 1996 and moved the Games office to Kappa's headquarters in Pennsylvania . Throughout its publishing history, Games - and continuing with Games World of Puzzles - has differentiated itself from other puzzle magazines by its creative covers that are themselves puzzles, color sections containing feature articles and games, and

4970-550: Was first developed by the United Nations Development Programme , and is now used in a very revised form by the World Bank for training staff to deal with fragile and conflict-affected countries. Military uses for simulation often involve aircraft or armoured fighting vehicles, but can also target small arms and other weapon systems training. Specifically, virtual firearms ranges have become

5041-758: Was given; each variable was associated with a clue that resulted in a numerical value. Many clues were straightforward trivia, but some required research or other calculation to evaluate. When all variables were accounted for, the equation was solved for X and submitted to Games , along with a list of the individual variable values. Bygone sister publications of Games include The Four-Star Puzzler (1981–1983), " Games: The Video Edition" (1987), Games Special Edition (late 1980s-1990), Pencilwise Extra (1992-1994), Games Premium Puzzles (1993-1994), and Games World of Crosswords (late 1990s). Children's magazines put out by Games were Games Junior (Oct 1988–Feb 1990) and Zigzag (1995). Games has also published

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