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33-850: CNDP may refer to: National Congress for the Defence of the People , a political armed militia in the Democratic Republic of the Congo National Convention of Progressive Democrats , a political party in Burkina Faso Centre national de documentation pédagogique , the former name of the publisher of the Ministry of National Education of France, known as Réseau Canopé since 2014 Châteauneuf-du-Pape AOC ,

66-637: A French wine appellation in the Rhône wine region in southeastern France, and the wine produced therein Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title CNDP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CNDP&oldid=1173028240 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

99-844: A commander in the CNDP and former chief of military operations of the Union of Congolese Patriots , declared that he was taking leadership from Nkunda. On January 16, he appeared at a joint press conference with Congolese Minister of the Interior and Security Célestin Mbuyu Kabangu , the Inspector General of the Police General John Numbi , Rwanda's Chief of Defence Staff General James Kabarebe , and other senior Congolese military officers, where he declared that he

132-432: A majority of the local population (56%) is Swahili . Congolese Rwandans speak Kinyarwanda (15%), Hunde (20%). A few people speak Tembo (2%), who migrated from Lubero Territory and Beni Territory , and a few others speak Nande (2%), which is more common in the south of Masisi in the two Ufamando groupings. The following lists the organizational subunits of the territory, as of 1977. The administrative center of

165-748: A new political organization, Synergy for Peace and Harmony ( French : Synergie pour la paix et la concorde ). As part of the peace process, rebels were to be integrated into the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Nkunda refused to join, citing fears for the safety of the local Tutsi community and fearing arrest for war crimes. After the arrest RCD officer Joseph Kasongo in Bakongo in South Kivu in February 2004, clashes began between

198-662: A new round of fighting began. This round of conflict, the Second Congo War, also known as the African World War, was a complex conflict involving multiple rebel groups, foreign armies, and various factions within the DRC . In the course of the conflict, the original RCD faction fractured into several groups, with the Rally for Congolese Democracy–Goma maintaining control of Masisi. The war officially ended in 2003 with

231-497: A senior position in the integration of CNDP forces back into the military. Later he effectively acted as deputy commander of Operation Kimia II, the 2009 anti-FDLR operation. About 6,000 CNDP combatants were integrated into the FARDC through what became known as the 'accelerated integration' process. The UN Children's Fund has stated that the CNDP has verbally committed to release all child soldiers in its ranks. On March 23, 2009,

264-649: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages National Congress for the Defence of the People Since 1998, General Laurent Nkunda had been a senior officer in the Rwandan-backed Congolese Rally for Democracy (Goma faction) rebel group. After the 2003 Sun City Agreement ended the Second Congo War and demobilized rebel groups, Nkunda rallied fellow RCD leaders into

297-575: Is part of Virunga National Park , and contains the active volcano Nyamuragira and its satellite Rumoka . The area was traditionally inhabited mostly by the Hunde people , as well as some Twa people . With support from the Belgians , one of the small local chiefs, Mwami André Kalinda, expanded his chiefdom, the Grande Chefferie des Bahunde to encompass of all of Masisi by 1935. During

330-636: The Congo crisis in the early 1960s, voting rights were first granted to the Rwandan immigrants. Their immediate electoral success prompted a backlash from the Hunde population, who took control of local politics under the slogan udongo ya baba (father's land). Increasing violence between the Hunde administration and the immigrant population spiraled into the Kanyarwanda War . The violence prompted most of

363-621: The Great Lakes refugee crisis when there was an influx of around 600,000 Rwandan refugees due to Rwandan Genocide and related Hutu - Tutsi conflict. In the 1990s, Mobutu Sese Seko , the long-time dictator of the DRC , was facing growing opposition from various factions in the country, including rebel groups in the east. In 1996, a coalition of rebel groups, backed by neighboring Rwanda and Uganda , launched an offensive against Mobutu's forces. The rebels quickly gained control of much of eastern Congo, including Masisi Territory, and Mobutu

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396-589: The International Crisis Group sees as an attempt to distance himself from a disaster in the making, as accusations mounted that the CNDP was in effect setting up a small kingdom in Masisi. In late April, the military stopped the creation of the sixth brigade scheduled to be under Nkunda. The mixed brigades carried out offensives against the FDLR from mid-April to mid-May but, despite the claims of

429-552: The Pakistani battalion of the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC), he entered negotiations with the government and agreed to put his men into mixage , which involved mixing rebel and non-rebel units together but is not brassage . Perhaps inspired by the recently concluded general elections , when Nkunda engaged in negotiations with Major General John Numbi , at that time head of

462-411: The coltan mining center of Rubaya . Near the town of Mweso there is a tea processing plant as part of a 450 hectare tea plantation known as JTN. Beginning in 1975, Belgian priests introduced a cheese-making tradition, and small farmers in the area produce Goma cheese , a Gouda -like cow cheese that is the only significant cheese production in the whole DRC. The eastern portion of the territory

495-782: The Bravo brigade in Rubare . Within days the CNDP-government violence had vastly escalated and the government was carrying out full-scale offensives against the CNDP by 6 September. The CNDP under the command of Col. Sultani Makenga was accused of massacring 67 civilians in 2008 in the town of Kiwandja in North Kivu . The head of the UN Human Rights Commission , Navi Pillay , accused Makenga of committing war crimes. In early January 2009, Bosco Ntaganda ,

528-588: The CNDP signed a peace treaty with the government, in which it agreed to become a political party in exchange for the release of its imprisoned members. The armed confrontation resumed three years later, in the 2012 East D.R. Congo conflict . Masisi Territory Masisi Territory is a territory which is located within the North Kivu Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Its political headquarters are located in

561-399: The CNDP, did poorly as they had little logistical support and the FDLR fought well. The military demanded that the CNDP soldiers undergo brassage , mixage having failed, and three months of standoff ensued as relations between soldiers loyal to Nkunda and loyalist troops grew increasingly tense. Matters reached a breaking point when the army chief of staff declared that the offensive against

594-584: The Congolese air force, he declared the group he led to be the National Congress for the Defence of the People on 30 December 2006. Nkunda benefited greatly from mixage ; before 2007, he had two brigades while mixage created five mixed brigades. While numbers are disputed, Nkunda's two original brigades (the 81st and the 83rd) numbered about 2,200 men but by May 2007 some 8,000 to 8,500 men considered themselves under his command. This expansion

627-401: The FDLR would be halted. After an international outcry, he reversed himself but stated that only units that had undergone brassage would be allowed to fight, apparently in the belief that the all-Tutsi CNDP units were more likely to be indiscriminately violent towards the mostly Hutu population of the FDLR heartland. On 28 August 2007, soldiers loyal to Nkunda ambushed pro-Kinshasa soldiers of

660-609: The army and RCD. Nkunda and his allies mobilized, launching a ten day attack on the city before retreating. Tensions again flared up in late 2005 as the Congolese army deployed to Rutshuru and began to confiscate weapons distributed by the former RCD. Nkunda alleged that Congolese forces were targeting the Banyarwanda population, and his forces drove the army out of Rutshuru. Nkunda rebelled again in November 2006 and attacked Goma . After sustaining heavy casualties in battle with

693-573: The civilian population. One of the armed groups active in the territory is Nyatura , a majority Hutu militia which was founded in 2010 in nearby Kalehe Territory in South Kivu. Another active group is the Alliance of Patriots for a Free and Sovereign Congo (APCLS), a majority Hunde Mai-Mai . In July 2014, an offensive in the Masisi and Walikale Territories by the Congolese army and UN forces liberated 20 rebel controlled towns, freeing

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726-555: The colonial period in the 1940s and 1950s, the Belgian administration had a "dual colonization" policy of bringing in many immigrant white people and Banyarwanda ( Hutus and Tutsis ) to settle in the area, based on the promise of land. The colonial parastatal Comité national du Kivu  [ fr ] gave out long term leases to the settlers in Bashali Chiefdom, to focus on tea and pyrethrum cash crops. During

759-568: The conflict between the Congolese army and militias, which has plagued the eastern Congo since the ending of the Second Congo War . militias originating from the Rwandan genocide and the Congolese civil war, and Ugandan rebel groups, are involved in these episodes of conflict, which also relates to Rwandan border security and the control of eastern Congo's minerals by rebel groups and business interests. Armed groups have systematically targeted

792-525: The large Osso concession in Masisi. Since at least the 1970s, the territory has been divided into the four modern collectives: Bahunde chiefdom and Bashali chiefdom are run by the traditional ethnic Hunde chiefs, and Katoyi and Osso are organized as sectors. Beginning in March 1993, the conflict broke out along ethnic lines in nearby Walikale Territory . Although fighting ended in Walikale after two weeks,

825-611: The signing of the Sun City Agreement , but fighting continued in some parts of the country, including Masisi Territory. During the conflict, Masisi Territory was a hotspot of violence and human rights abuses, with numerous reports of massacres, rape, and other atrocities committed by both rebel groups and government forces. The conflict also had a devastating impact on the local economy and infrastructure, with many villages and towns destroyed and large numbers of people displaced. Masisi Territory has constantly been subjected to

858-565: The territory is the town of Masisi , which contains Masisi Hospital, run by aid agency Médecins Sans Frontières , treats civilians and fighters from all sides of the conflict. The town is inaccessible much of the time, due to fighting. The town of Sake in Masisi, located at a crossroads, is the main headquarters of the United Nations Force Intervention Brigade (part of MONUSCO ). Other settlements in Masisi include Karuba and Burungu , as well as

891-495: The town of Masisi . Masisi territory has an area of 4734 km . Masisi Territory is administratively subdivided into four sectors: Bahunde, Bashali, Katoyi, and Osso. Masisi is bordered by Walikale Territory on the west and north, Rutshuru Territory to the northeast, Nyiragongo Territory and Goma to the east, and South Kivu to the south. Language-wise French is the DRC's administrative language. The most common language for

924-631: The violence had since spread to Masisi Territory and the Bwito Chiefdom (western Rutshuru Territory ). This began with militias made up of the autochtone populations ( Nyanga people , Hunde people , and Twa people ), conducting a campaign aimed at forcibly removing the majority Hutu population from Walikale and Masisi. According to Doctors Without Borders , the fighting in March and May 1993 killed between 6,000 and 15,000 and displaced 250,000. Peace negotiations were attempted, but violence resumed in 1994, and then escalated significantly with

957-524: The white settlers to leave, with all the remaining whites gone after the implementation of the Zaïranization policy in the early 1970s. Historical events such as the 1977 eruption of Mount Nyiragongo prompted additional immigration to the area. The Banyarwanda acquired the overwhelming majority of the ex-colonial plantations, such as the case of Barthélémy Bisengimana , who served as chief of staff for DRC president Mobutu as well as taking over

990-541: Was able to control large areas of Masisi and Rutshuru and expand north and east toward the border with Uganda . Newly formed national brigades were ordered to establish territorial control, which Nkunda took to mean fighting the Hutu Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) descended from the groups that carried out the Rwandan genocide . In late March 2007, Numbi left Goma in what

1023-569: Was at least partially accomplished because Nkunda began incorporating all manner of men with unclear backgrounds into the brigades under his control, including former Rwandan soldiers, members of former militias who had been demobilized and had no skills outside of war, and others simply attracted to his populist Tutsi rhetoric. Prior to mixage , Nkunda's troops controlled a swathe of Masisi Territory from Goma north through Sake , Kirolirwe and Kitchanga (Nkunda's homeland) and then further north and west. With his new mixage battalions, Nkunda

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1056-530: Was forced to flee the country in May 1997. After Mobutu's ouster, Laurent-Désiré Kabila assumed power in the DRC . However, Kabila's rule was also marked by conflict and instability, as various rebel groups sought to gain control of the country's vast mineral resources. In 1998, a new rebellion broke out in the east of the country, led by the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD). The rebels quickly gained control of Masisi Territory and other areas of eastern Congo, and

1089-474: Was joining forces with the national army to fight the FDLR. Nkunda was arrested on 22 January after he had crossed in Rwanda. After unsuccessfully attempting to defeat the CNDP militarily, Congolese president Kabila made a deal with President Kagame of Rwanda to allow Rwandan soldiers into the DRC to uproot FDLR militants in exchange for Rwanda removing Nkunda. The Congolese government subsequently gave Ntaganda

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