48-492: CNI may refer to: Businesses and organizations [ edit ] Government and politics [ edit ] National Intelligence Centre (Mexico) (Spanish: Centro Nacional de Inteligencia , National Intelligence Centre), the Mexican national intelligence agency National Intelligence Centre (Spain) (Spanish: Centro Nacional de Inteligencia , National Intelligence Centre),
96-457: A folic acid analogue. It binds dihydrofolate reductase and prevents synthesis of tetrahydrofolate . It is used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases (for example rheumatoid arthritis or Behcet's Disease) and in transplantations. Azathioprine (Prometheus' Imuran), is the main immunosuppressive cytotoxic substance. It is extensively used to control transplant rejection reactions. It is nonenzymatically cleaved to mercaptopurine , that acts as
144-1149: A Peruvian political party Comunità Nazionale Italiana (Italian, 'Italian National Community'), an organisation representing Dalmatian Italians in Croatia and Montenegro Campaign for National Independence, Maltese political group of former prime minister Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici Congreso Nacional Indígena , (Spanish, 'National Indigenous Congress), a Mexican organization Media and communications [ edit ] Coalition for Networked Information , an American non-profit organization Community Newspapers Inc. , an American newspaper publisher Community Newspapers (disambiguation) , other similarly-named companies Corporación de Noticias e Información (Spanish, 'News and Information Corporation'), Mexican TV channel, now XHTVM-TV Cult Network Italia , an Italian TV channel, now Sky Cinema Cult Christian Network, Inc., owner of The Worship Network TV channel Other organizations [ edit ] Cherokee Nation Industries, owned by Cherokee Nation Businesses Church of North India Colegio Nacional Iquitos ,
192-687: A Peruvian soccer team Corpo della Nobiltà Italiana (Italian, 'Body of the Italian Nobility'), the Italian nobility association CNI College , or Career Networks Institute, in Santa Ana, California, U.S. Science and technology [ edit ] Computing [ edit ] Common-network interface ring , in Alcatel-Lucent products Compiled native interface (previously Cygnus native interface), software framework for
240-598: A life-threatening reaction of the cardiovascular system and the central nervous system, requiring a lengthy therapy. Past this period CD3 blocks the TCR-antigen binding and causes conformational change or the removal of the entire TCR3/CD3 complex from the T-cell surface. This lowers the number of available T-cells, perhaps by sensitizing them for the uptake by the epithelial reticular cells . The cross-binding of CD3 molecules as well activates an intracellular signal causing
288-437: A non-competitive, selective, and reversible inhibitor of inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), which is a key enzyme in the de novo guanosine nucleotide synthesis. In contrast to other human cell types, lymphocytes B and T are very dependent on this process. Mycophenolate mofetil is used in combination with ciclosporin or tacrolimus in transplant patients. Fingolimod is a synthetic immunosuppressant. It increases
336-551: A purine analogue and an inhibitor of DNA synthesis. Mercaptopurine itself can also be administered directly. By preventing the clonal expansion of lymphocytes in the induction phase of the immune response, it affects both the cell and the humoral immunity . It is also efficient in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Among these, dactinomycin is the most important. It is used in kidney transplantations . Other cytotoxic antibiotics are anthracyclines , mitomycin C , bleomycin , mithramycin . Antibodies are sometimes used as
384-462: A quick and potent immunosuppressive therapy to prevent the acute rejection reactions as well as a targeted treatment of lymphoproliferative or autoimmune disorders (e.g., anti- CD20 monoclonals). Heterologous polyclonal antibodies are obtained from the serum of animals (e.g., rabbit , horse ), and injected with the patient's thymocytes or lymphocytes. The antilymphocyte ( ALG ) and antithymocyte antigens ( ATG ) are being used. They are part of
432-550: Is immunodeficiency , because the majority of them act non-selectively, resulting in increased susceptibility to infections , decreased cancer immunosurveillance and decreased ability to produce antibodies after vaccination . However, the vaccination status of patients taking immunosuppressive drugs for chronic diseases such as Rheumatoid arthritis or Inflammatory bowel disease should be investigated before starting any treatment, and patients should eventually be vaccinated against Vaccine-preventable disease . Some studies showed
480-461: Is a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI). It has been in use since 1983 and is one of the most widely used immunosuppressive drugs. It is a cyclic fungal peptide, composed of 11 amino acids. Ciclosporin is thought to bind to the cytosolic protein cyclophilin (an immunophilin ) of immunocompetent lymphocytes, especially T-lymphocytes . This complex of ciclosporin and cyclophilin inhibits the phosphatase calcineurin , which under normal circumstances induces
528-499: Is a product of the bacterium Streptomyces tsukubensis . It is a macrolide lactone and acts by inhibiting calcineurin . The drug is used primarily in liver and kidney transplantations, although in some clinics it is used in heart, lung, and heart/lung transplantations. It binds to the immunophilin FKBP1A , followed by the binding of the complex to calcineurin and the inhibition of its phosphatase activity. In this way, it prevents
SECTION 10
#1732776769071576-557: Is common and can result in significant morbidity and mortality. The results of several studies suggest that calcineurin inhibitors have oncogenic properties mainly linked to the production of cytokines that promote tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis. This drug has been reported to reduce the frequency of regulatory T cells (T-Reg) and after converting from a CNI monotherapy to a mycophenolate monotherapy, patients were found to have increased graft success and T-Reg frequency. Tacrolimus (trade names Prograf, Astagraf XL, Envarsus XR)
624-475: Is decreased production of IL-2. This further decreases the proliferation of T cells. Glucocorticoids also suppress the humoral immunity , causing B cells to express smaller amounts of IL-2 and IL-2 receptors . This diminishes both B cell clone expansion and antibody synthesis. Glucocorticoids influence all types of inflammatory events, no matter their cause. They induce the lipocortin-1 (annexin-1) synthesis, which then binds to cell membranes preventing
672-568: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages National Intelligence Centre (Mexico) The Centro Nacional de Inteligencia or CNI , is a Mexican intelligence agency controlled by the Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection . The CNI replaced the Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional (CISEN) in December 2018 at
720-411: Is expressed only by the already-activated T lymphocytes. Therefore, it is of special significance to the selective immunosuppressive treatment, and research has been focused on the development of effective and safe anti-IL-2 antibodies. By the use of recombinant gene technology , the mouse anti-Tac antibodies have been modified, leading to the presentation of two chimeric mouse/human anti-Tac antibodies in
768-602: Is possible to diminish their toxicity by using highly purified serum fractions and intravenous administration in the combination with other immunosuppressants, for example, calcineurin inhibitors , cytostatics, and corticosteroids . The most frequent combination is to use antibodies and ciclosporin simultaneously in order to prevent patients from gradually developing a strong immune response to these drugs, reducing or eliminating their effectiveness. Monoclonal antibodies are directed towards exactly defined antigens. Therefore, they cause fewer side-effects. Especially significant are
816-399: Is probably the most potent immunosuppressive compound. In small doses, it is very efficient in the therapy of systemic lupus erythematosus , autoimmune hemolytic anemias , granulomatosis with polyangiitis , and other immune diseases. High doses cause pancytopenia and hemorrhagic cystitis . Antimetabolites interfere with the synthesis of nucleic acids. These include: Methotrexate is
864-435: Is provided in a hospital, where adequate isolation from infection is available. They are usually administered for five days intravenously in the appropriate quantity. Patients stay in the hospital as long as three weeks to give the immune system time to recover to a point where there is no longer a risk of serum sickness . Because of a high immunogenicity of polyclonal antibodies, almost all patients have an acute reaction to
912-978: The Archivo General de la Nación . The Centro Nacional de Inteligencia (CNI) was created on November 30, 2018, following reforms to the Organic Law of the Federal Public Administration. The agency maintains the functions established for CISEN in Article 19 of the National Security Law. Audomaro Martínez Zapata was named director of the CNI on December 1, 2018. Immunosuppressive drug#Drugs acting on immunophilins Immunosuppressive drugs , also known as immunosuppressive agents , immunosuppressants and antirejection medications , are drugs that inhibit or prevent
960-857: The GNU Compiler for Java Container Network Interface, a Linux Foundation project Medicine [ edit ] Calcineurin inhibitor, an Immunosuppressive drug CN I, or Olfactory nerve , the first cranial nerve Other uses [ edit ] Critical national infrastructure, or Critical infrastructure , assets essential for the functioning of a society and economy CNI, IATA code for Changhai Airport in Liaoning province, China CNI, U.S. FAA code for Cherokee County Regional Airport , Georgia, U.S. CNI Music, 1990 record label of Paolo Dossena See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with CNI All pages with titles containing CNI Topics referred to by
1008-504: The IL-2 receptor - (CD25-) and CD3-directed antibodies. They are used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs, but also to track changes in the lymphocyte subpopulations. It is reasonable to expect similar new drugs in the future. Muromonab-CD3 is a murine anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody of the IgG2a type that was previously used to prevent T-cell activation and proliferation by binding
SECTION 20
#17327767690711056-713: The circulation in the spleen and liver . In this way, polyclonal antibodies inhibit cell-mediated immune reactions, including graft rejection, delayed hypersensitivity (i.e., tuberculin skin reaction), and the graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), but influence thymus -dependent antibody production. As of March 2005, there are two preparations available to the market: Atgam , obtained from horse serum, and Thymoglobuline , obtained from rabbit serum. Polyclonal antibodies affect all lymphocytes and cause general immunosuppression, possibly leading to post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) or serious infections, especially by cytomegalovirus . To reduce these risks, treatment
1104-514: The phospholipase A2 from coming into contact with its substrate arachidonic acid . This leads to diminished eicosanoid production. The cyclooxygenase (both COX-1 and COX-2) expression is also suppressed, potentiating the effect. Glucocorticoids also stimulate the lipocortin-1 escaping to the extracellular space, where it binds to the leukocyte membrane receptors and inhibits various inflammatory events: epithelial adhesion , emigration , chemotaxis , phagocytosis , respiratory burst , and
1152-680: The Israeli spyware Pegasus during the presidency of Enrique Peña Nieto . The spyware was used by the Peña Nieto administration to spy on journalists, human rights activists, and political opponents, including dozens of associates of Andrés Manuel López Obrador in the run-up to his presidential election victory in 2018. Then-Secretary of the Interior Miguel Ángel Osorio Chong publicly denied CISEN's purchase of Pegasus; however, in May 2020
1200-578: The Mexican state. Article 19 of the National Security Act defined the scope and responsibilities of CISEN. The 1994 Zapatista uprising in Chiapas played a formative role in shaping the scope of the agency's objectives and lead to a significant increase in intelligence operations against all sectors of Mexican society. From its inception, the agency received training and equipment from the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad . CISEN acquired
1248-511: The Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection (Spanish: Secretaría de Seguridad y Protección Ciudadana, SSPC) confirmed the acquisition of the spyware by CISEN. Before taking office in 2018, President López Obrador had been critical of CISEN's opacity in its operations and practices, which included wiretapping and surveillance of political adversaries and ideological dissidents. This prompted López Obrador to dissolve CISEN and replace
1296-773: The Spanish national intelligence agency Central Nacional de Informaciones (Spanish, 'National Information Center'), the Chilean national intelligence agency Centre national des indépendants et paysans (French, 'National Centre of Independents and Peasants', CNIP or CNI), a French political party Council for the National Interest , an American political advocacy organization Commission on National Integration, now National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (Philippines) Coordinadora Nacional de Independientes , (Spanish, 'National Coordinator of Independents'),
1344-437: The T cell anergy or apoptosis, unless the cells receive another signal through a co-stimulatory molecule . CD3 antibodies shift the balance from Th1 to Th2 cells as CD3 stimulates Th1 activation. The patient may develop neutralizing antibodies reducing the effectiveness of muromonab-CD3. Muromonab-CD3 can cause excessive immunosuppression. Although CD3 antibodies act more specifically than polyclonal antibodies, they lower
1392-458: The T-cell receptor complex present on all differentiated T cells. As such it was one of the first potent immunosuppressive substances and was administered to control the steroid- and/or polyclonal antibodies-resistant acute rejection episodes. As it acts more specifically than polyclonal antibodies it was also used prophylactically in transplantations. However, muromonab-CD3 is no longer produced, and this mouse monoclonal antibody has been replaced in
1440-916: The activity of the immune system . Immunosuppressive drugs can be classified into five groups: In pharmacologic (supraphysiologic) doses, glucocorticoids, such as prednisone , dexamethasone , and hydrocortisone are used to suppress various allergic , inflammatory , and autoimmune disorders. They are also administered as posttransplantory immunosuppressants to prevent the acute transplant rejection and graft-versus-host disease . Nevertheless, they do not prevent an infection and also inhibit later reparative processes . Glucocorticoids suppress cell-mediated immunity . They act by inhibiting gene expression of cytokines including Interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2 , IL-3 , IL-4 , IL-5 , IL-6 , IL-8 , and TNF-alpha by binding to corticosteroid response elements on DNA. This decrease in cytokine production reduces T cell proliferation. With decreased T cell proliferation there
1488-518: The agency with the Centro Nacional de Inteligencia (CNI). Although mostly regarded as a rebrand (CNI maintains the same faculties, internal structure, and the majority of CISEN personnel), one notable structural change was its placement under the control of the reinstated Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection. In July 2021, López Obrador announced that all CISEN files would be declassified and made available for public examination at
CNI - Misplaced Pages Continue
1536-399: The cell cycle. In a similar manner, Sirolimus prevents B cell differentiation into plasma cells, reducing production of IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies. It is also active against tumors that are PI3K/AKT/mTOR-dependent. Everolimus is an analog of sirolimus and also is an mTOR inhibitor. Zotarolimus is a semi-synthetic derivative of sirolimus used in drug-eluting stents . IFN-β suppresses
1584-521: The cell from transitioning from the G 0 into G 1 phase of the cell cycle . Tacrolimus is more potent than ciclosporin and has less pronounced side-effects. Sirolimus (rapamycin, trade name Rapamune) is a macrolide lactone, produced by the actinomycete bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus . It is used to prevent rejection reactions. Although it is a structural analogue of tacrolimus, it acts somewhat differently and has different side-effects. Contrary to ciclosporin and tacrolimus, drugs that affect
1632-405: The cell-mediated immunity significantly, predisposing the patient to opportunistic infections and malignancies. Interleukin-2 is an important immune system regulator necessary for the clone expansion and survival of activated lymphocytes T. Its effects are mediated by the trimer cell surface receptor IL-2a , consisting of the α, β, and γ chains. The IL-2a (CD25, T-cell activation antigen, TAC)
1680-428: The clinic with chimeric, humanized, or human monoclonal antibodies. The muromonab's mechanism of action is only partially understood. It is known that the molecule binds TCR/CD3 receptor complex. In the first few administrations this binding non-specifically activates T-cells, leading to a serious syndrome 30 to 60 minutes later. It is characterized by fever, myalgia , headache, and arthralgia . Sometimes it develops in
1728-606: The dissolution of the Dirección Federal de Seguridad (DFS) and the Dirección General de Investigaciones Políticas y Sociales (DGIPS). CISEN was the principal intelligence agency of the Secretariat of the Interior (Spanish: Secretaría de Gobernación, SEGOB). The agency was formally charged with generating strategic, tactical, and operative intelligence to ensure the integrity, stability, and permanence of
1776-498: The expression or changes the function of certain adhesion molecules (α4/β7 integrin ) in lymphocytes, so they accumulate in the lymphatic tissue (lymphatic nodes) and their number in the circulation is diminished. In this respect, it differs from all other known immunosuppressants. Myriocin has been reported being 10 to 100 times more potent than Ciclosporin . Immunosuppressive drugs are used in immunosuppressive therapy to: A common side-effect of many immunosuppressive drugs
1824-534: The first phase of T lymphocyte activation, sirolimus affects the second phase, namely signal transduction and lymphocyte clonal proliferation. It binds to FKBP1A like tacrolimus, however the complex does not inhibit calcineurin but another protein, mTOR . Therefore, sirolimus acts synergistically with ciclosporin and, in combination with other immunosuppressants, has few side effects. Also, it indirectly inhibits several T lymphocyte-specific kinases and phosphatases, hence preventing their transition from G 1 to S phase of
1872-465: The production of Th1 cytokines and the activation of monocytes. It is used to slow down the progression of multiple sclerosis . IFN-γ is able to trigger lymphocytic apoptosis . Prolonged use of opioids may cause immunosuppression of both innate and adaptive immunity. Decrease in proliferation as well as immune function has been observed in macrophages, as well as lymphocytes. It is thought that these effects are mediated by opioid receptors expressed on
1920-642: The release of various inflammatory mediators (lysosomal enzymes, cytokines, tissue plasminogen activator , chemokines , etc.) from neutrophils , macrophages , and mastocytes . Cytostatics inhibit cell division . In immunotherapy, they are used in smaller doses than in the treatment of malignant diseases. They affect the proliferation of both T cells and B cells. Due to their highest effectiveness, purine analogs are most frequently administered. The alkylating agents used in immunotherapy are nitrogen mustards ( cyclophosphamide ), nitrosoureas , platinum compounds, and others. Cyclophosphamide (Baxter's Cytoxan)
1968-461: The risk of contracting tuberculosis or inducing a latent infection to become active. Infliximab and adalimumab have label warnings stating that patients should be evaluated for latent TB infection and treatment should be initiated prior to starting therapy with them. TNF or the effects of TNF are also suppressed by various natural compounds, including curcumin (an ingredient in turmeric ) and catechins (in green tea ). Mycophenolic acid acts as
CNI - Misplaced Pages Continue
2016-403: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title CNI . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CNI&oldid=1230358087 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2064-612: The start of the administration of President Andrés Manuel López Obrador . The CNI is the primary civilian intelligence service in Mexico. Formally, the agency is charged with intelligence operations as they pertain to national security, which contribute to the preservation of the Mexican State's integrity, stability, and permanence. CISEN was created on February 13, 1989, replacing the Dirección General de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional (DGISN), which assumed its role following
2112-443: The steroid-resistant acute rejection reaction and grave aplastic anemia treatment. However, they are added primarily to other immunosuppressives to diminish their dosage and toxicity. They also allow transition to cyclosporin therapy. Polyclonal antibodies inhibit T lymphocytes and cause their lysis , which is both complement -mediated cytolysis and cell-mediated opsonization followed by removal of reticuloendothelial cells from
2160-504: The surface of these immune cells. A TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) binding protein is a monoclonal antibody or a circulating receptor such as infliximab (Remicade), etanercept (Enbrel), or adalimumab (Humira) that binds to TNF-α, preventing it from inducing the synthesis of IL-1 and IL-6 and the adhesion of lymphocyte-activating molecules. They are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis , ankylosing spondylitis , Crohn's disease , and psoriasis . These drugs may raise
2208-533: The transcription of interleukin-2 . The drug also inhibits lymphokine production and interleukin release, leading to a reduced function of effector T-cells. Ciclosporin is used in the treatment of acute rejection reactions, but has been increasingly substituted with newer, and less nephrotoxic , immunosuppressants. Calcineurin inhibitors and azathioprine have been linked with post-transplant malignancies and skin cancers in organ transplant recipients. Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) after kidney transplantation
2256-426: The treatment. It is characterized by fever , rigor episodes, and even anaphylaxis . Later during the treatment, some patients develop serum sickness or immune complex glomerulonephritis . Serum sickness arises seven to fourteen days after the therapy has begun. The patient has fever, joint pain , and erythema that can be soothed with the use of steroids and analgesics . Urticaria (hives) can also be present. It
2304-555: The year 1998: basiliximab (Simulect) and daclizumab (Zenapax). These drugs act by binding the IL-2a receptor's α chain, preventing the IL-2 induced clonal expansion of activated lymphocytes and shortening their survival. They are used in the prophylaxis of the acute organ rejection after bilateral kidney transplantation , both being similarly effective and with only few side-effects. Like tacrolimus , ciclosporin (Novartis' Sandimmune)
#70929