The Argentine Naval Aviation ( Spanish : Comando de la Aviación Naval Argentina , COAN ) is the naval aviation branch of the Argentine Navy and one of its four operational commands. Argentina, along with Brazil is one of two South American countries to have operated two aircraft carriers .
119-479: The acronym CANA is often used in English language bibliographies, but is not correct Spanish usage. COAN's origin can be traced to 22 October 1912 when a navy officer, Lt Melchor Escola, graduated as a pilot. On 11 February 1916 the naval air station school Fuerte Barragan was created near La Plata and the anniversary of this is marked as Naval Aviation Day. In September 1917 three naval lieutenants were sent to
238-507: A humid subtropical climate ( Cfa under the Köppen climate classification ). During winter, temperatures are cool during the day and cold during the night, even reaching below freezing. The average temperature in the coldest month, July, is 8.9 °C (48.0 °F). Winters tend to be cloudier than summer, averaging around 10 overcast days from June to August, compared to 6 overcast days from December to February. Summers are warm to hot with
357-543: A January high of 29 °C (84.2 °F) while nighttime temperatures are cooler, averaging 18 °C (64.4 °F). Spring and fall are transition seasons, featuring warm daytime temperatures and cool nighttime temperatures, highly variable with some days reaching above 32 °C (89.6 °F) and below 0 °C (32.0 °F). The city is fairly humid, owing to its coastal location, having an average monthly humidity higher than 75%. La Plata receives 1,092 millimetres (43 in) of precipitation annually, with winters being
476-1235: A U.S.-sponsored program called Operation Charly . After attaining power in 1976, the National Reorganization Process formed close ties with the regime of Anastasio Somoza Debayle in Nicaragua among other right-wing dictatorships in Latin America. In 1977 at a meeting of the Conference of American Armies (CAA) held in the Nicaraguan capital city of Managua , junta members General Roberto Viola and Admiral Emilio Massera secretly pledged unconditional support of Somoza regime in its fight against left-wing subversion and agreed to send advisors and material support to Nicaragua to assist President Somoza's National Guard. Pursuant with these military agreements, Somoza's Guardsmen were sent to police and military academies in Argentina to undergo training and Argentina began to send arms and advisors to Nicaragua to bolster
595-539: A consequence of both Rocha and Benoit being Freemasons. The designs for the government buildings were chosen in an international architectural competition. Thus, the Governor Palace was designed by Italians, the City Hall by Germans, etc. Electric street lighting was installed in 1884 and was the first of its kind in Latin America. The neo-Gothic cathedral of La Plata is the largest church in Argentina. It
714-557: A consulate in the city of La Plata. The Arab community also has several institutions, including the Syriac Orthodox Welfare Assoc, Assoc Islamic Argentino de La Plata, and the Lebanese Society of La Plata. The Jewish community of La Plata has numerous institutions. These include AMIA La Plata (Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina), which has under its orbit Hebrew School Chaim Nachman Bialik and
833-634: A foreign debt installment guarantee program that shielded billions of private debt from the collapse of the peso, costing the treasury billions. He instituted controls over the facility, such as the indexation of payments, but this move and the rescission of Circular 1050 threw the banking sector against him; Cavallo and Dagnino Pastore were replaced in August. The President of the Central Bank, Julio González del Solar , undid many of these controls, transferring billions more in private foreign debt to
952-445: A group in whole or in part. Where the intention is to destroy a group in part, that part must be "substantial", either in the numerical sense, or in the sense of being important to the physical survival of the group. The facts being prosecuted involves attacks against "subversive elements", which does not appear, on first sight, to be a "substantial" part of the group defined by nationality, by sheer numerical representation. This decision
1071-519: A lack of funds for training and maintenance has left the Navy in poor condition. In particular their aircraft are dependent on a steady supply of foreign-made spares, which has been reduced by currency controls and import restrictions – for example the Fokker F-28 transports are grounded because of spares getting stuck in customs. Argentina hoped to upgrade ten of its eleven remaining Super Étendard to
1190-640: A magnitude of 5.5 on the Richter scale. Given the federal system of government in Argentina there are three orders or ranks: the National, Provincial and Municipal. Power of the executive branch in La Plata is exercised by the municipal mayor, elected by popular vote every four years with the possibility of unlimited reelection. The town hall is known as the Palacio Municipal, and is located in
1309-695: A number of Condor operations on Nicaraguan soil during the late-1970s, benefitting from close rapport between Argentine secret services and the Nicaraguan regime. The military in Argentina sent agents of the Batallón de Inteligencia 601 and the SIDE to Nicaragua in 1978 with the aim of apprehending and eliminating Argentine guerrillas fighting within the ranks of the Sandinistas. A special commando team from Argentina worked in conjunction with Somoza's OSN (Office of National Security) and its Argentine advisors with
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#17327805364891428-572: A potential solution to the problem of operationalizing the ejection seat system on the aircraft was being explored with the American company Task Aerospace. However, no decision had been taken as to whether the proposed solution would be pursued. In May 2023 it was initially reported that the aircraft would not be brought into service because of the inability to obtain parts for the Mk 6 ejection seat and due to France's inability to provide other spare parts for
1547-554: A rail service ( Roca Line ) between La Plata and Constitución station in Buenos Aires via Berazategui. It runs every 24 to 30 minutes Mondays to Saturdays and every 40 minutes on Sundays. In addition, there is a shuttle service Tren Universitario between La Plata station and Policlínico operating five to eight times a day. The city's general aviation needs are served by La Plata Airport , although it has no commercial service as of 2023. The nearest commercially served airport
1666-534: A request by the Ford Administration , to grant $ 50,000,000 in security assistance to the junta. In 1977 and 1978 the United States sold more than $ 120,000,000 in spare military parts to Argentina, and in 1977 the U.S. Department of Defense granted $ 700,000 to train 217 Argentine military officers. In 1978, president Jimmy Carter secured a congressional cutoff of all U.S. arms transfers for
1785-607: A resolution in September 2003 for a Parliamentary Commission to be convened on the "role of France in the support of military regimes in Latin America from 1973 to 1984", to be held before the Foreign Affairs Commission of the National Assembly and presided over by Edouard Balladur . Apart from Le Monde , newspapers remained silent about this request. Deputy Roland Blum , who was in charge of
1904-407: A semifinal game, and the third-place final. Now, the stadium is additionally used for concerts and Puma matches. Jorge Luis Hirschi Stadium , the home ground of Estudiantes, is located on 1st Avenue in La Plata. Estadio Juan Carmelo Zerillo , the home ground of Gimnasia La Plata, is located in a park known as El Bosque. During 2009, following a series of agreements between the city municipality,
2023-699: A seven-year military government, Perón returned to Argentina in 1973 after 18 years in exile in Francoist Spain , amid escalating political unrest, divisions in the Peronist movement, and frequent outbreaks of political violence. His return was marked by the 20 June 1973 Ezeiza massacre , after which the right wing of the Peronist movement became dominant. Perón was democratically elected president in 1973, but died in July 1974. His vice president and third wife, Isabel Perón , succeeded him, but she proved to be
2142-493: A tight monetary policy , and ordered salaries frozen (amid 130% inflation). The Central Bank Circular 1050, which tied mortgage rates to the value of the U.S. dollar locally, was maintained, leading to further deepening of the crisis ; GDP fell by 5%, and business investment by 20% over the weakened levels of 1981. Bignone chose Domingo Cavallo to head the Argentine Central Bank . Cavallo inherited
2261-406: A weak, ineffectual ruler. A number of revolutionary organizations—chief among them Montoneros , a group of far-left Peronists—escalated their wave of political violence (including kidnappings and bombings ) against the campaign of harsh repressive and retaliatory measures enforced by the military and the police. In addition, right-wing paramilitary groups entered the cycle of violence, such as
2380-491: Is Ministro Pistarini International Airport in Buenos Aires. The greater metropolitan area, according to the National Census of Population and Housing 2010, has a population of 787,294 inhabitants. Furthermore, the La Plata urban area's population since 1960 was developed as follows: The Spanish community's contributions include the renowned Spanish Hospital. Spain has also acknowledged the community by installing
2499-514: Is also home of four other universities: Students come to these four universities from every part of Argentina and other countries, giving the city a rich young multicultural lifestyle. Proceso de Reorganizacion Nacional The National Reorganization Process (Spanish: Proceso de Reorganización Nacional , often simply el Proceso , "the Process") was the military dictatorship that ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983. In Argentina it
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#17327805364892618-766: Is based at Naval Airbase Almirante Zar , near Trelew to perform sea control and Search and rescue duties along the Argentine coast from the Uruguayan border to the Antarctic Peninsula . List excludes non-operational aircraft (notably P-3B Orion and Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard) in storage or refurbishment In addition to the Naval aviation, a small air fleet is maintained by the Argentine Coast Guard . For aircraft previously operated by
2737-401: Is copied in a self-similar manner in small blocks of six by six blocks in length. For every six blocks, there is a small park or square. Other than the diagonal streets, all streets are on a rectangular grid and are numbered consecutively. Thus, La Plata is nicknamed "la ciudad de las diagonales" (city of diagonals). It is also called "la ciudad de los tilos" (city of linden trees ), because of
2856-541: Is located 9 kilometers (6 miles) inland from the southern shore of the Río de la Plata estuary. La Plata was planned and developed to serve as the provincial capital after the city of Buenos Aires was federalized in 1880. It was officially founded by Governor Dardo Rocha on 19 November 1882. Its construction is fully documented in photographs by Tomás Bradley Sutton. La Plata was briefly known as Ciudad Eva Perón ( Eva Perón City) between 1952 and 1955. After La Plata
2975-525: Is located on the central park, Plaza Moreno, and is the 58th tallest church in the world. The Teatro Argentino de La Plata is one of the most important opera houses in Argentina, second to the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires. The construction was funded by the first inhabitants of La Plata, but as maintenance was very expensive it was later donated to the Province of Buenos Aires. On 18 October 1977,
3094-458: Is often known simply as the última junta militar ("last military junta "), última dictadura militar ("last military dictatorship ") or última dictadura cívico-militar ("last civil–military dictatorship"), because there have been several in the country's history and no others since it ended. The Argentine Armed Forces seized political power during the March 1976 coup against
3213-462: Is on the corner of 48th and 5th Streets. It was the first chapel in La Plata and Pedro Benoit himself drew up the plans for the church. It was inaugurated on 19 November 1883, the first anniversary of the foundation of the city. Its neo-Gothic style has been well kept, and the inner paintings are now being restored. Then-governor Rocha was the one to name it "San Ponciano". This was both in memory of his son Ponciano and in honor of Pope Pontian . Inside
3332-483: Is significant in adopting the theory, originating from genocide scholar Daniel Feierstein, that the targeted victims are significant to the national group, as their destruction fundamentally altered the social fabric of the nation. A major trial, nicknamed "the ESMA mega-trial", of 63 people accused of crimes against humanity ( lesa humanidad ) during the 1976–1983 dictatorship, including those involved in death flights,
3451-690: Is well known for its observatory and natural history museum . Ernesto Sabato graduated in Physics at this university; he went on to teach at the Sorbonne and the MIT before becoming a famed novelist. Doctor René Favaloro was another famous alumnus. During its early years, the university attracted a number of renowned intellectuals from the Spanish-speaking world, such as Dominican Pedro Henríquez Ureña . San Ponciano church [ es ]
3570-834: The Triple A death squad , founded by José López Rega , Perón's Minister of Social Welfare and a member of the P2 masonic lodge . The situation escalated until Mrs. Perón was overthrown. She was replaced on 24 March 1976 by a military junta led by Lieutenant General Jorge Rafael Videla . Official investigations undertaken after the end of the Dirty War by the National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons documented 8,961 desaparecidos (victims of forced disappearance ) and other human rights violations, noting that
3689-508: The 1963 Argentine Navy Revolt in which Navy F9F Panthers and F4U Corsairs bombed Argentine Army tanks in defense of the Navy base of Punta Indio. A great change came into effect when the Navy received its first aircraft carrier, ARA Independencia , in 1959. At the time, her aircraft inventory included the F4U Corsair , SNJ-5Cs Texan and Grumman S2F-1 (S-2A) Trackers . The Navy also had F9F Panther and F9F Cougar jets but
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3808-512: The DINA in Pinochet's Chile and other South American intelligence agencies. Eight South American nations supported endeavours to eradicate left-leaning groups on the continent, known as Operation Condor , a United States-backed campaign of anti-democratic and political repression and state terror. It is estimated to have caused the deaths of more than 60,000 people. SIDE also trained—for example in
3927-710: The Dirty War , a campaign of state terrorism against opponents involving torture , extrajudicial murder and systematic forced disappearances . Public opposition due to civil rights abuses and inability to solve the worsening economic crisis in Argentina caused the junta to invade the Falkland Islands in April 1982. After starting and then losing the Falklands War against the United Kingdom in June,
4046-646: The FMLN from Cuba and Nicaragua. In addition to agreeing to coordinate arms interdiction operations, the Argentine General Directorate of Military Industries (DGFM) supplied El Salvador with light and heavy weapons, ammunition and military spare parts worth U.S.$ 20 million in February 1982. The military junta in Argentina was a prominent source of both material aid and inspiration to
4165-545: The Manchester United in 1968. It is the origin of several symbols of Argentine football such as Osvaldo Zubeldía , Carlos Bilardo , Alejandro Sabella , Juan Ramón and Juan Sebastián Verón . Estudiantes has had a great influence on the Argentine National Team , mainly through Bilardo in the 1986 World Cup . Its successes and its style of play, normally called bilardismo , have placed it in
4284-585: The Montoneros , a leftist guerilla group, responded violently to the junta and its actions as they enlisted other Argentines to join their campaign against the regime. Those enlisted included young, left-wing, politically active students from the organization named the Unión de Estudiantes Secundarios (Union of High School Students) of La Plata. The UES was committed to achieving school reforms and other political reforms through demonstrations and protests that irked
4403-463: The River Plate , in the infamous Death flights . In 1978, tension with Chile reached the highest point when the Argentine junta initiated Operation Soberanía . The war was avoided at the last minute by the intervention of pope John Paul II . By 1982, in order to maintain power by diverting public attention from the nation's poor economic performance and exploiting the long-standing feelings of
4522-676: The Royal Navy 's HMS Sheffield and the support ship Atlantic Conveyor . The older A-4Qs also had a role, destroying HMS Ardent . On the eve of war the Argentine carrier ARA Veinticinco de Mayo attempted to launch a wave of A-4Q Skyhawk jets against the Royal Navy Task Force after her S-2 Trackers detected the British fleet. However, what might have been the first battle between aircraft carriers since World War II did not occur, as poor winds prevented
4641-728: The School of the Americas , was commander of a branch of the Honduran security forces known as the Fuerza de Seguridad Publica (FUSEP). Álvarez Martínez was a proponent of the "Argentine Method", viewing it as an effective tool against subversion in the hemisphere, and sought increased Argentine military influence in Honduras. Argentina's military program in Honduras expanded after 1981 when General Gustavo Álvarez Martínez, offered his country to
4760-415: The foreign debt increased fourfold, and disparities between the upper and lower classes became much more pronounced. The period ended in a tenfold devaluation and one of the worst financial crises in Argentine history. Viola appointed Lorenzo Sigaut as Finance Minister, and it became clear that Sigaut was looking for ways to reverse some of Martínez de Hoz's policies. Notably, Sigaut abandoned
4879-650: The province of Buenos Aires , La Plata is surrounded by Ensenada and Berisso to the northeast, Berazategui and Florencio Varela to the northwest, San Vicente and Coronel Brandsen to the southwest and south, and Magdalena , to the southeast, occupying an area of 893 km . The metropolitan area of La Plata includes the neighborhoods of Tolosa, Ringuelet, Manuel B. Gonnet, City Bell, Villa Elisa, Melchor Romero, Abasto, Gorina, José Hernández, Ángel Etcheverry, Arturo Seguí, Los Hornos, Lisandro Olmos, Villa Elvira and Altos de San Lorenzo, all of which have community centers that operate as local delegations. La Plata has
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4998-621: The Argentine Navy, see List of aircraft of Argentine Naval Aviation . Portions based on a translation from Spanish Misplaced Pages. La Plata La Plata ( Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈplata] ) is the capital city of Buenos Aires Province , Argentina . According to the 2022 census , the Partido has a population of 772,618 and its metropolitan area , the Greater La Plata , has 938,287 inhabitants. It
5117-435: The Argentine court sentenced him to life in prison. On March 25, 2013, Federal Criminal Oral Court No. 1 of La Plata rendered decision on a public trial for crimes committed during the civilian-military dictatorship in Argentina (1976–1983) in the network of clandestine detention, torture and extermination centers ("clandestine centers") known as the "Camps Circuit". By conventional view, genocide requires intention to destroy
5236-479: The Argentine military; the two purportedly agreed that Argentina would oversee the contras and the United States would provide money and weapons. In late-1981, President Reagan authorized the U.S. to support the contras by giving them money, arms, and equipment. This aid was transported and distributed to the Contras by way of Argentina. With new weapons and logistical support, the scale of Contra attacks increased and
5355-635: The Argentines towards the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) the Junta ordered an invasion and triggered the ten-week-long Falklands War (Spanish: Guerra de las Malvinas ). The naval aviation, suffering an arms embargo since 1978 by US President Jimmy Carter for human rights abuses, was in the middle of the process of replacing their A-4Q Skyhawks with French-built Dassault-Breguet Super Étendards . The planes used AM39 Exocet anti-shipping missiles, also purchased from France, to sink
5474-643: The Atlantic Ocean during the junta years. He was convicted in Spain in 2005 of crimes against humanity and sentenced to 640 years in prison. The sentence was later raised to 1084 years. Christian von Wernich , a Catholic priest and former chaplain of the Buenos Aires Province Police , was arrested in 2003 on accusations of torture of political prisoners in illegal detention centers. He was convicted at trial, and on 9 October 2007,
5593-660: The CIA and the Argentine military as a base for conducting operations opposing the Sandinista government in Nicaragua. By the end of 1981, 150 Argentine military advisors were active in Honduras training members of the Honduran security forces and providing training to the Nicaraguan Contras based in Honduras. According to the NGO Equipo Nizkor , though the Argentine mission in Honduras was downgraded after
5712-540: The Central Bank, although he stopped short of reinstating the hated "1050." Six years of intermittent wage freezes had left real wages close to 40% lower than during Perón's tenure, leading to growing labor unrest. Bignone's decision to restore limited rights of speech and right to assembly , including the right to strike , led to increased strike activity. Saúl Ubaldini , leader of the General Confederation of Labour , Argentina's largest labor union,
5831-689: The Civil Service, 2% are for semi sideshows or removable; 1% are for worship, political parties and unions, and the remaining 2% was in the process of classification. La Plata has a stock market, the Bolsa de Comercio, which was founded in 1960 and is a member of the Argentine stock market system. In the city there are branches of major banks operating in the country, including Banco Nación , Banco Provincia, Banco Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Banco Hipotecario , HSBC , Citigroup , Banco Itaú , Francés, Macro, Standard Bank , etc. Trenes Argentinos operate
5950-463: The Falklands War, Argentine officers remained active in Honduras until 1984, some of them until 1986, well after the 1983 election of Raúl Alfonsín . Battalion 316 's name indicated the unit's service to three military units and sixteen battalions of the Honduran army. This unit was charged with the task of carrying out political assassinations and torture of suspected political opponents of
6069-755: The Guatemalan government and the Argentine military junta formalized secret accords which augmented Argentine participation in government counterinsurgency operations. As part of the agreement, two-hundred Guatemalan officers were dispatched to Buenos Aires to undergo advanced military intelligence training, which included instruction in interrogation. In 2003, French journalist Marie-Monique Robin documented that Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 's government secretly collaborated with Videla's junta in Argentina and with Augusto Pinochet 's regime in Chile . Green deputies Noël Mamère , Martine Billard and Yves Cochet passed
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#17327805364896188-439: The Guatemalan military during the Guatemalan Civil War , especially during the final two years of the Lucas government. Argentina's involvement had initially began in 1980, when the Videla regime dispatched army and naval officers to Guatemala, under contract from President Fernando Romeo Lucas García , to assist the security forces in counterinsurgency operations. Argentine involvement in Guatemala expanded when, in October 1981,
6307-438: The Honduran Lepaterique base—the Nicaraguan Contras who were fighting the Sandinista government there. The regime shut down the legislature and restricted both freedom of the press and freedom of speech , adopting severe media censorship. The 1978 World Cup , which Argentina hosted and won, was used as propaganda to rally its people under a nationalist pretense. Corruption, a failing economy, growing public awareness of
6426-501: The Jewish cemetery of the city, the Beit Chabad La Plata, part of Chabad Lubavitch Argentina . La Plata hosts one of the most renowned universities in Argentina, the National University of La Plata (Spanish: Universidad Nacional de La Plata, UNLP). It has over 75,000 regular students, 8,000 teaching staff, 16 faculties and 106 available degrees. UNLP students and professors include: Four high school institutes are under UNLP control and three of them are located in La Plata: La Plata
6545-428: The National Guard, in addition to similar services being provided by the United States. According to an Argentine advisor with the Nicaraguan National Guard, the intelligence techniques used by the Somoza regime consisted of essentially the same "unconventional" methods which had been used in Argentina's Dirty War (torture, forced disappearance, extrajudicial killings). Argentina's aid programs increased proportionate to
6664-529: The Navy received her second carrier, ARA 25 de Mayo , from the Netherlands. On her voyage home, the British company Hawker Siddeley demonstrated its Harrier GR1 but the Argentines opted for the A-4Q Skyhawk instead. More helicopters were incorporated into the new carrier, the Alouette III and the SH-3 Sea King , and also the more advanced S-2E variant of the Tracker. Cargo planes Fokker F-28 and L-188 Electra modified for maritime patrol were also added. The 1970s surface fleet modernization plan included
6783-530: The Navy was also interested in the potential acquisition of additional surplus helicopters from Canada, though it remained to be seen whether such a purchase would be realized. COAN has 5 main airbases ( Spanish: Base Aeronaval (BAN) ): The Fuerza Aeronaval 1 (FAE1) is based at Punta Indio Naval Air Base , near La Plata , Buenos Aires. The Fuerza Aeronaval 2 (FAE2) is based at navy airbase Comandante Espora , near Bahía Blanca and consists of all embarked aircraft. The Fuerza Aeronaval Numero 3 (FAE3)
6902-401: The Nicaraguan Contras , particularly at Lepaterique base alongside some members of the Honduran security forces. In August 1981, a CIA official met with Honduran military staff, Argentine military and intelligence advisors, and the Contra leadership and expressed his support for the contra operations. On November 1, 1981, the Director of the CIA William Casey met with the Chief of Staff of
7021-451: The US Naval Air Station Pensacola from which they were subsequently deployed to Europe to participate in World War I. COAN was officially established on 17 October 1919 as the Naval Air Service. Over the following years, the COAN operated a variety of aircraft, mainly advanced trainer types imported from the USA including the North American AT-6 , the Beechcraft AT-11 and the Consolidated PBY Catalina . Sikorsky S-51 helicopters joined
7140-429: The United Kingdom in the Falkland Wars . The re-establishment of diplomatic ties allowed for CIA collaboration with the Argentine intelligence service in arming and training the Nicaraguan Contras against the Sandinista government. Argentina also provided security advisors, intelligence training and some material support to forces in Guatemala , El Salvador and Honduras to suppress local rebel groups as part of
7259-400: The United States had established itself as the principal supplier of weapons to the Salvadoran security forces. According to secret documents from the Argentine military, the purpose of this aid was to strengthen inter-military relations between Argentina and El Salvador and "contribute to hardening [El Salvador's] position in the widening struggle against subversion, alongside other countries in
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#17327805364897378-475: The addition of a roof structure. Estudiantes played in the new stadium from 2006 to 2019 while their own stadium was being modernized; Estudiantes returned to its traditional home ground of Jorge Luis Hirschi Stadium in 2019. Gimnasia La Plata has only played occasional home games in the Estadio Único. In 2011, the Estadio Ciudad de La Plata was one of the host sites for the 2011 Copa America including an opening-round match between Argentina and Bolivia ,
7497-495: The administration, and the mothers were generally killed. Thousands of detainees were drugged, loaded into aircraft, stripped naked and then thrown into the Rio de la Plata or the Atlantic Ocean to drown in what became known as " death flights ". The film The Official Story (1984), which won the Oscar for the Best Foreign Language Film category in 1985, addresses this situation. The Argentine secret service SIDE (Secretaría de Inteligencia del Estado) also cooperated with
7616-461: The aging aircraft. However, the Argentine Navy subsequently issued denials and stated that the process of bringing the aircraft into service had not been abandoned. In early 2024, it was reported that the Navy was still working to restore at least two of the aircraft to flying condition. Argentina was working on a procurement of four P-3C Orion aircraft from US Navy surplus stocks. Argentina's current fleet of P-3B's are non operational. The package deal
7735-755: The block surrounded by streets 51, 53, 11 and 12, in the city center. It is one of the important buildings that surround Plaza Moreno, and is opposite the cathedral. The city government is divided into different areas. These are: Private Secretary, Secretary General, Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Public Management, Social Development Secretariat, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Modernization and Economic Development, Ministry of Justice, Secretary of Health and Social Medicine, Chief of Staff, Regional Market La Plata, Management Consortium Puerto La Plata, Executive Unit Revenue Agency, Environment Agency Implementation Unit, Human Rights Department, Ministry of Government, Policy Planning Council, Regional Production and Employment, and
7854-433: The building was almost completely destroyed by a fire. This has been noted as one of the largest losses to La Plata's historical heritage. It was later replaced by a new building, which houses the theatre's orchestra, choir and ballet, boasting several halls. The Curutchet House is one of the two buildings by Le Corbusier built in the Americas. The University of La Plata was founded in 1897 and nationalized in 1905. It
7973-503: The carrier was not suitable for operating them, although they were embarked on the carrier during their delivery voyage from the United States to Argentina. The Cougar was the first jet to break the sound barrier in Argentina. These jets would be involved in the general mobilization during the 1965 border dispute between Argentina and Chile but no combat occurred. The naval training force received T-28 Trojans , T-34 Mentors and Aermacchi MB-326 jets which would be later reinforced with
8092-443: The church is the "Virgen de Luján" niche, which was moved here in 1904. Under Alvear 's administration (1922–1928), Enrique Mosconi , the president of the state oil company Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales , created the La Plata distillery , at the time the tenth largest in the world. On 10 December 1945, in the Parish church of St. Francis of Assisi in this city, Juan Domingo Perón and Eva Duarte were married. In 1952,
8211-435: The city council. As it is the capital of the Province of Buenos Aires, La Plata is also home to the three provincial powers: the provincial executive (led at the moment by the Governor ) along with its ministries, the judiciary, and the provincial Legislature . According to the National Economic Survey 2004–2005, out of a total of 23,844 local listings 90% are dedicated to the production of goods and services, 4% belonged to
8330-507: The city was renamed Ciudad Eva Perón ; its original name was restored in 1955. In March 1976, the Argentine military seized power following a coup d'état , which involved the disappearance of a number of students from La Plata. The military junta had implemented what was called the National Reorganization Process which was a set of policies used by the regime to destroy left-wing guerrilla forces and oppress resistance to its rule. The process included kidnappings, torture and murder. Meanwhile,
8449-447: The city with only 5 major snowfall events: July 1912, 1928, 22 June 1981, 9 July 2007 during the July 2007 Argentine winter storm , and on 6 June 2012. The region lies on the Punta del Este fault, and its latest event occurred on 30 November 2018 at 10:27 UTC−3 with a magnitude of 3.8 on the Richter scale. This earthquake was extremely unusual in La Plata, a city where the last earthquake had been on 5 June 1888 (128 years before) with
8568-455: The commission, refused to let Marie-Monique Robin testify. In December 2003, his staff published a 12-page document that said no agreement had been signed between France and Argentina about military forces. But, Marie-Monique Robin had sent them a copy of the document she found showing such an agreement. When Minister of Foreign Affairs Dominique de Villepin traveled to Chile in February 2004, he claimed that no cooperation between France and
8687-424: The correct number must be higher. Many cases were never reported, when whole families disappeared, and the military destroyed many of its records months before the return of democracy. Among the "disappeared" were pregnant women, who were kept alive until giving birth under often primitive circumstances in the secret prisons. The infants were generally illegally adopted by military or political families affiliated with
8806-556: The deal went ahead it would still take time to bring the ex-US Navy P-3Cs back into flying condition in the United States. As a result, work on the P-3B upgrade continued even though, in December 2022, it was reported that the refurbishment of the P-3B was proceeding slower than anticipated and while a revised delivery date of the first upgraded P-3B had been projected for September 2023, that schedule might now face delays. In February 2023 it
8925-554: The delivery of key spare parts. In 2021 it was reported that the return of these aircraft to an operational configuration was also encountering problems based on the fact that the ejector seats of the aircraft were the MK6, manufactured by Martin Baker in the UK. In early 2022, it was reported that the spare parts problem remained unresolved and the aircraft remained in storage. As of the end of 2022,
9044-400: The drier months and summer the wetter months. On average, La Plata receives 2,285 hours of sunshine a year, or 51% of possible sunshine, ranging from a low of 41% in June and July to 62% in February. The highest temperature recorded was 41 °C (106 °F) on 14 January 2022 while the lowest temperature recorded was −5.7 °C (22 °F) on 14 June 1967. Snowfall is extremely rare in
9163-530: The early 2000s. Almost all of the surviving junta members are currently serving sentences for crimes against humanity and genocide . Scholars generally characterize the regime as characteristic of neo-fascism . The military of Argentina has always been highly influential in Argentine politics , and Argentine history is laced with frequent and prolonged intervals of military rule. The popular Argentine leader Juan Perón , three-time President of Argentina,
9282-513: The election of U.S. President Ronald Reagan , the Argentine government sought arrangements for the Argentine military to organize and train the contras in Honduras in collaboration with the Honduran government and the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . Shortly thereafter, Argentina oversaw the relocation of Contra bases from Guatemala to Honduras. There, some Argentine Special force units, such as Batallón de Inteligencia 601 , began to train
9401-470: The first aircraft to engage the British landing force during the Battle of San Carlos . During the war the last two SP-2H Neptunes were retired due to airframe attrition and replaced with two leased Brazilian EMB 111 Bandeirantes . Four naval aviators died in the war. Fourteen aircraft were lost, to various causes. In 1983, democracy was restored in Argentina and despite stricter military budgets, COAN
9520-666: The government, effectively implementing the "Argentine Method" in Honduras. At least 184 suspected government opponents including teachers, politicians, and union bosses were assassinated by Battalion 316 during the 1980s. Argentina played a role in supporting the Salvadoran government during the El Salvador Civil War . As early as 1979, the National Reorganization Process supported the Salvadoran government militarily with intelligence training, weapons and counterinsurgency advisors. This support continued until well after
9639-635: The governor of the province and the nation's presidency, progress was made in the final transfer of the land of the Paseo del Bosque to Estudiantes and Gimnasia La Plata clubs. On 24 June 2009, the Deliberative Council adopted the convention and the ordinance for which Gimnasia and Estudiantes clubs received "grants" for the lands on which their home grounds are currently located within El Bosque (The Forest). On 28 October 2007, Pablo Bruera
9758-453: The growth of the popular movement against the Somoza regime and the degree of isolation of the Somoza regime. Following the suspension of U.S. military aid and training in 1979, Argentina became one of the Somoza regime's principal sources of arms alongside Israel, Brazil and South Africa. In addition to providing arms and training to Somoza's National Guard, the Argentine junta also executed
9877-474: The harsh repressive measures taken by the regime, and the military defeat in the Falklands War eroded the regime's image. The last de facto president, Reynaldo Bignone , was forced to call for elections by the lack of support within the Army and the steadily growing pressure of public opinion. On 30 October 1983, elections were held, and democracy was formally restored on 10 December, when President Raúl Alfonsín
9996-402: The heavily loaded jets from taking off. After the British nuclear-powered submarine HMS Conqueror sank the cruiser ARA General Belgrano , the carrier returned to port for safety and her Skyhawks began their attacks from mainland Argentina instead. Navy's T-34s and MB-339s , along with Air Force's Pucarás , were the only combat aircraft based on the islands and an MB-339 was
10115-401: The human rights violations. American-Argentine relations improved dramatically with Ronald Reagan , which asserted that the previous Carter Administration had weakened U.S. diplomatic relationships with Cold War allies in Argentina, and reversed the previous administration's official condemnation of the junta's human rights practices. However, relations soured after the U.S. supported
10234-455: The inauguration of Alberto Fernández as president in December 2019, the deal was cancelled with the Navy instead being compelled to refurbish its older P-3B fleet. In 2021, it was reported that the final Grumman Tracker aircraft flew for the last time leaving Argentine fixed-wing naval aviation without an anti-submarine capability, unless and until another option is found. However, other reports suggested that at as of 2022 and 2023 at least one S-2T
10353-525: The junta began to collapse and finally relinquished power in 1983 with the election of President Raúl Alfonsín . Members of the National Reorganization Process were prosecuted in the Trial of the Juntas in 1985, receiving sentences ranging from life imprisonment to courts-martial for mishandling the Falklands War. They were pardoned by President Carlos Menem in 1989 but were re-arrested on new charges in
10472-479: The lack of an aircraft carrier, pilot qualification tests took place on the Brazilian Navy carrier São Paulo and/or touch-and-go landings on US Navy carriers when they are in transit within Argentine coastal waters for Gringo-Gaucho manoeuvres. On 2008 the United States transferred four Sea King helicopters to replace the two lost in the fire of the icebreaker ARA Almirante Irizar . As of 2012
10591-466: The large number of linden trees lining the many streets and squares. The linden tree is one of a number of deciduous Northern Hemisphere tree species which dominate La Plata's parks and streets; ash , horsechestnut , plane , sweetgum and tulip tree are among the other examples. Palms and subtropical broadleaf evergreen trees thrive but are comparatively infrequent. The city design and its buildings are noted to possess strong Freemason symbolism as
10710-611: The last deployments of ARA 25 de Mayo : the Dassault-Breguet Super Étendards and the Israeli upgraded S-2T Turbo Trackers performed qualifications on her until the ship's final retirement. Argentina was the only South American country to send warships, including embarked Alouette IIIs and cargo planes to the 1991 Gulf War under UN mandate. In 1998, Argentina was granted Major Non-NATO ally status by United States President Bill Clinton . Since 2001, due to
10829-497: The latest Super Étendard Modernisé (SEM) standard using equipment from aircraft retired by France. This came into doubt due to their retirement from French service and because relations with France cooled after the UK intervened to block the sale of Spanish Mirage F1s to the Argentine Air Force. Five refurbished Super Etendard aircraft were finally delivered to the Navy from France in 2019. However, these aircraft awaited
10948-596: The military regimes had occurred. Despite the officially anti-Communist leanings of Videla's junta in the context of the Cold War, the regime maintained extensive trade and diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union. Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón unsuccessfully attempted to question former United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger as a witness in his investigations into the Argentine disappearances during one of Kissinger's visits to Britain, and Peter Tatchell
11067-641: The most powerful variant MB-339 . More aircraft entered service during the 1960s, including the C-47 Dakota (which were extensively used in Antarctica including the first national landing on the South Pole made in 1962 by Captain Hermes Quijada who departed from Ellsworth Station ), Sikorsky S-55 helicopters and shore based aircraft P-2 Neptunes for maritime patrol duties. In 1969
11186-670: The objective of capturing exiled squadrons from the ERP and the Montoneros . Following the overthrow of Anastasio Somoza Debayle by the Sandinista Front , Argentina played a central role in the formation of the Contras . Shortly after the Sandinista victory in July 1979, agents from Argentine intelligence began to organize exiled members of Somoza's National Guard residing in Guatemala into an anti-Sandinista insurgency. Following
11305-488: The opinion of other specialists, has caused severe damage to the original design and contextual aesthetics. The city is home to two important first division football teams: Estudiantes de La Plata and Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata . Estudiantes de La Plata is the most successful club in the city, having won seven national tournaments, four Copa Libertadores and the Intercontinental Cup against
11424-522: The personal friendship of David Rockefeller , who facilitated Chase Manhattan Bank and International Monetary Fund loans of nearly US$ 1 billion after of his arrival. He eliminated all price controls and the exchange controls regime. The black market and shortages disappeared. He freed exports (removed existing prohibitions and quotas and export taxes were repealed) and imports (removed existing prohibitions, quotas, and licenses and gradually reduced import tariffs). During his tenure,
11543-459: The position of exponent of a football style deeply rooted in the country. For its part, Gimnasia de La Plata, founded in 1887 , has not obtained titles in the professional era, but it is a traditional First Division club. The Estadio Ciudad de La Plata , also known as the "Estadio Único", opened on 7 June 2003, as one of the most modern football stadiums in Latin America. Various other construction and renovation projects have continued, including
11662-454: The presidency of Isabel Perón , the successor and widow of former President Juan Perón , at a time of growing economic and political instability. Congress was suspended, political parties were banned, civil rights were limited, and free market and deregulation policies were introduced. The President of Argentina and his ministers were appointed from military personnel while Peronists and leftists were persecuted. The junta launched
11781-422: The public for 10 years. It had originally been opened in 1929 by Spanish immigrant Basilio Rodrigo. On 25 October 2015, Julio Garro was elected mayor with 41,35% of the votes, replacing Pablo Bruera , who had been mayor since 2007. Garro was reelected for a second term in 2019. In the 2023 local elections , former mayor Alak defeated Garro in an historically close election. Located in the north-eastern area of
11900-492: The purchase of British destroyers with their complement of Westland Sea Lynx helicopters but their use would be affected by the upcoming events. In 1972 aircraft changed the word Naval to Armada painted on them. In 1976, a Military Junta took power in Argentina and initiated a state-sponsored campaign of violence known as the Dirty War . Naval aviators were used to toss political prisoners (the "disappeared") into
12019-543: The ranks of the Contras swelled as recruitment became more feasible. By the end of 1982, the Contras were conducting attacks deeper inside Nicaragua than before. In the immediate aftermath of the Nicaraguan Revolution in 1979, the National Reorganization Process dispatched a large Argentine military mission to Honduras. At the time, General Gustavo Álvarez Martínez , a former student of Argentina's Colegio Militar de la Nación (class of 1961) and graduate of
12138-409: The region." In fall of 1981, the administration of U.S. President Ronald Reagan requested that the high command of the Argentine military increase its assistance to El Salvador. The Argentine government ratified an agreement by which U.S. intelligence would provide the Argentine government with intelligence and logistics support for an arms interdiction program to stem the flow of military supplies to
12257-421: The ruling regime. Many of these students were kidnapped and killed (many remain as ' desaparecidos ') as part of the state's terrorism during the dictatorship . In October 1998, UNESCO approved the city's bid to gain recognition as a World Heritage site. The approval is still pending due to various objections to the criterion of maintaining architectural and landscape features during recent decades, which in
12376-544: The service shortly after the war in 1949. The COAN received a baptism by fire on 16 June 1955 when naval airplanes took part in the bombing of Plaza de Mayo . Three aircraft were shot down: one by an Argentine Air Force Gloster Meteor in air-to-air combat and two others by anti-aircraft guns. A Grumman J2F was shot down over the town of Saavedra on 18 September that year. Navy pilots would see combat again during 1962–63 internal military fighting between factions known as Azules y colorados (blue and reds), culminating in
12495-549: The sliding exchange rate mechanism and devalued the peso , after boasting that "they who gamble on the dollar will lose". Argentines braced for a recession after the excesses of the "sweet money" years, which destabilized Viola's position. He appointed conservative economist and publisher Roberto Alemann as Economy Minister . Alemann inherited an economy in deep recession in the aftermath of Martínez de Hoz's policies. Alemann slashed spending , began selling off government-owned industries (with only minor success), enacted
12614-502: Was a colonel in the army who first came to political power in the aftermath of a 1943 military coup . He advocated a new policy dubbed Justicialism , a nationalist policy that he claimed was a " Third Position ", an alternative to both capitalism and communism. After being reelected president by popular vote, Perón was deposed and exiled by the Revolución Libertadora in 1955. After a series of weak governments and
12733-532: Was able to modernize with the lifting of arms embargoes. P-3 Orions and modified Beechcraft Super King Air were incorporated and Eurocopter Fennecs were bought as the new surface fleet embarked helicopter. New-built Agusta SH-3 Sea Kings for Antarctica arrived and UH-1H helicopters were assigned to the naval aviation to support the Argentine Marines . The navy also received Brazilian MB-326 Xavantes to replace their lost MB-339s. The 1980s saw
12852-450: Was approved in September 2019. The US State Department has cleared the transaction of $ 78.03m to be carried out as part of a foreign military sale. It includes the delivery of related equipment and services. Argentina was to receive four turboprop engines for the aircraft and an additional four turboprop engines. It was also to receive communications and radar equipment, Infrared/Electro-optic equipment, and aviation life support systems. The US
12971-404: Was designated the provincial capital, Rocha was placed in charge of creating the city. He hired urban planner Pedro Benoit , who designed a city layout based on a rationalist conception of urban centers . The city has the shape of a square with a central park and two main diagonal avenues, north to south and east to west. In addition, there are numerous other shorter diagonal streets. This design
13090-525: Was elected mayor with 26% of the votes, replacing Julio Alak , who had been mayor since 1991. On 25 February 2009, La Plata debuted a parking system that uses text messaging (SMS), thus becoming the first city in Argentina to control parking using technology applications. The Pasaje Rodrigo, a traditional "galería" (the older version of shopping malls in Argentina), reopened its doors in April 2009 as Pasaje Rodrigo shopping mall, after having been closed to
13209-525: Was highly controversial. He said the pardons were part of healing the country. The Argentine Supreme Court declared amnesty laws unconstitutional in 2005. As a result, the government resumed trials against military officers who had been indicted for actions during the Dirty War. Adolfo Scilingo , an Argentine naval officer during the junta, was tried for his role in jettisoning drugged and naked political dissidents from military aircraft to their deaths in
13328-463: Was particularly active. The new Economy Minister, Jorge Wehbe , a banking executive with previous experience in the post, reluctantly granted two large, mandatory wage increases in late 1982. The United States provided military assistance to the junta and, at the start of the Dirty War , Secretary of State Henry Kissinger gave them a "green light" to engage in political repression of real or perceived opponents. The U.S. Congress approved
13447-469: Was reaching its close in July 2015. 830 witnesses and 789 victims were heard. There had been two previous trials after the Supreme Court struck down an amnesty the military dictatorship had granted its members; in the first the one accused committed suicide before a verdict was reached; in a 2009 trial twelve defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment. In December 2018, two former executives of
13566-489: Was reported that Argentina was negotiating with Norway to purchase three or four of its surplus P-3Cs. In September 2023, Argentina agreed to buy 3x P-3C ASW/ASuW and 1x P-3N search and rescue aircraft from Norway, the first were to arrive at Trelew Almirante Zar Naval Air Base in October 2023. However, by years end the aircraft had not been delivered due to an Argentine failure to make the required payment. In March 2024, it
13685-411: Was reported that the initial payments had been made. Delivery of the first aircraft took place in September 2024, with the remaining aircraft to follow in 2025. In 2022, the Navy took additional measures to try to retain a viable helicopter fleet by acquiring two additional Sea King helicopters in order to increase overall numbers of operational aircraft of this type. Early in 2023, it was reported that
13804-474: Was still flying in the maritime surveillance role and efforts were underway to recover the flying condition of two of these aircraft given the overall lack of maritime surveillance capabilities. In June 2022 it was reported that Argentina was seeking to potentially revive the project to purchase the P-3C from the United States since none of the former P-3Bs were operational. However, it was also reported that even if
13923-466: Was sworn in. As Argentina's new de facto president, Videla faced a collapsing economy wracked by soaring inflation . He largely left economic policies in the hands of Minister José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz , who adopted a free trade and deregulatory economic policy. Martínez de Hoz took measures to restore economic growth , reversing Peronism in favour of a free market economy . His economic measures were moderately successful. He enjoyed
14042-399: Was to provide spares plus repairs, aircraft depot maintenance, and logistical support. Contractors for the deal include Logistic Services International, Lockheed Martin, Rockwell Collins and Eagle Systems. These newer Orions were to be up to the latest Orion standard, and provide Argentina with a much needed boost in anti-submarine and maritime surveillance missions. However, in the aftermath of
14161-542: Was unable to have Kissinger arrested during the same visit for alleged war crimes under the Geneva Conventions Act . Following a decree of President Alfonsín mandating prosecution of the leaders of the Proceso for acts committed during their tenure, they were tried and convicted in 1985 ( Juicio a las Juntas ). In 1989, President Carlos Menem pardoned them during his first year in office, which
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