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46-578: The 2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference was an international meeting of political leaders and activists to discuss environmental issues . It was held in Marrakech, Morocco, on 7–18 November 2016. The conference incorporated the twenty-second Conference of the Parties ( COP22 ), the twelfth meeting of the parties to the Kyoto Protocol ( CMP12 ), and the first meeting of the parties to

92-584: A social and environmental movement that addresses environmental issues through advocacy, legislation education, and activism. Environment destruction caused by humans is a global, ongoing problem. Water pollution also cause problems to marine life. Most scholars think that the project peak global world population of between 9-10 billion people, could live sustainably within the earth's ecosystems if human society worked to live sustainably within planetary boundaries . The bulk of environmental impacts are caused by excessive consumption of industrial goods by

138-700: A high media profile. Issues Specific issues Annex I As of June 2013, there are 192 parties to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change , which aims to combat global warming . This total includes 191 states (189 United Nations member states as well as the Cook Islands and Niue ) and one supranational union (the European Union ). Canada renounced

184-499: A regional, national or international level by government organizations. The largest international agency, set up in 1972, is the United Nations Environment Programme . The International Union for Conservation of Nature brings together 83 states, 108 government agencies, 766 Non-governmental organizations and 81 international organizations and about 10,000 experts, scientists from countries around

230-543: A state is legally bound by the provisions of the treaty. For Annex I parties (e.g. a developed state or one with an 'economy in transition') this means that it has agreed to cap emissions in accordance with the Protocol. Iceland was the 55th state to ratify, fulfilling the first condition for coming-into-force. With Russia's ratification the "55 percent of 1990 carbon dioxide emissions of the Parties included in Annex I" clause

276-414: A temperature increase of under 2 °C. The convention's attendees can be sorted into one of three categories: parties, observers, or members of the press/media. There are three distinct groups that a nation can be placed in if they are considered a "party". These are Annex I , Annex II , and Non-Annex I . The organization of parties decides the level of participation of each country. It determines if

322-407: Is a tool of environmental management forming a part of project approval and decision-making. Environmental assessments may be governed by rules of administrative procedure regarding public participation and documentation of decision making, and may be subject to judicial review. The environmental movement (sometimes referred to as the ecology movement) is a social movement that aims to protect

368-561: Is also meant to assist countries in adapting to the conditions of climate change. Additionally, the UN Climate Change Secretariat receives reports from Parties, verifies transactions, and holds Parties accountable. The UNFCC considers the Kyoto Protocol a "first step" to climate change resistance. The Paris Agreement aims to prevent the rise of global temperatures. This is regulated by reports sent in by

414-457: Is currently available. This financial disparity raises questions about the global commitment to equitable climate action and underscores the need for a substantial increase in support and resources. The IPCC's analysis suggests that with adequate financial investment and international cooperation, it is possible to embark on a pathway towards resilience and sustainability that benefits all sections of society. Environmental impact assessment (EIA)

460-647: Is defined as any change or disturbance to the environment perceived to be deleterious or undesirable. The environmental degradation process amplifies the impact of environmental issues which leave lasting impacts on the environment. Environmental degradation is one of the ten threats officially cautioned by the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change of the United Nations . The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction defines environmental degradation as "the reduction of

506-563: Is inequitably distributed. The movement began in the United States in the 1980s. It was heavily influenced by the American civil rights movement and focused on environmental racism within rich countries. The movement was later expanded to consider gender, international environmental injustice, and inequalities within marginalized groups. As the movement achieved some success in rich countries, environmental burdens were shifted to

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552-445: Is the assessment of the environmental consequences of a plan, policy, program, or actual projects prior to the decision to move forward with the proposed action. In this context, the term "environmental impact assessment" is usually used when applied to actual projects by individuals or companies and the term " strategic environmental assessment " (SEA) applies to policies, plans and programmes most often proposed by organs of state. It

598-927: The Global South (as for example through extractivism or the global waste trade ). The movement for environmental justice has thus become more global, with some of its aims now being articulated by the United Nations . The movement overlaps with movements for Indigenous land rights and for the human right to a healthy environment . The goal of the environmental justice movement is to achieve agency for marginalized communities in making environmental decisions that affect their lives. The global environmental justice movement arises from local environmental conflicts in which environmental defenders frequently confront multi-national corporations in resource extraction or other industries. Local outcomes of these conflicts are increasingly influenced by trans-national environmental justice networks. The 2023 IPCC report highlighted

644-420: The Kyoto Protocol . The Kyoto Protocol was written in 1997 at COP3, but was not officially adopted until 16 February 2005. It was in effect from 2008 to 2012. It implemented strict regulations to ensure global emission reduction. There are three main mechanisms that a country can utilize to help reduce emissions: international emissions trading, clean development mechanisms, and joint implementation. The Protocol

690-731: The Paris Agreement ( CMA1 ). The purpose of the conference was to discuss and implement plans about combatting climate change and to "[demonstrate] to the world that the implementation of the Paris Agreement is underway". Participants work together to come up with global solutions to climate change . The conference was presided over by Salaheddine Mezouar , the Moroccan Minister for Foreign Affairs and Cooperation . Approximately 20,000 participants were expected to attend. On 2 May 2016, events firm GL Events signed

736-625: The rights of indigenous people , the rights of peasants , or threats to communities whose livelihoods are dependent on the ocean. Outcomes of local conflicts are increasingly influenced by trans-national environmental justice networks that comprise the global environmental justice movement. Environmental justice is a social movement that addresses injustice that occurs when poor or marginalized communities are harmed by hazardous waste , resource extraction , and other land uses from which they do not benefit. The movement has generated hundreds of studies showing that exposure to environmental harm

782-574: The " triple planetary crises ": climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss. 1800s: Martineau · Tocqueville  ·  Marx ·  Spencer · Le Bon · Ward · Pareto ·  Tönnies · Veblen ·  Simmel · Durkheim ·  Addams ·  Mead · Weber ·  Du Bois ·  Mannheim · Elias Human impact on the environment (or anthropogenic environmental impact) refers to changes to biophysical environments and to ecosystems , biodiversity , and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans . Modifying

828-630: The 2016 UNFCCC’s Momentum for Change Award; Jeannettee Gurung, Phd, Lee A. West. The inclusion of fossil fuel lobby groups with observer status, including the World Coal Association , the Business Council of Australia , Business Europe , and the Business Roundtable , has been met with criticism. Analysts suggested the election of Donald Trump in the 2016 United States Presidential race impeded efforts at

874-507: The COP to send representatives to any meeting or presentation related to the UNFCCC. NGOs can be businesses, labor unions, research or academic institutes, native populations, gender-affiliated groups, youth groups, environmental activists, farmers, and agriculturists. Around 2,000 NGOs and 100 IGOs were admitted to the 2016 conference. Once an organization is admitted, they do not have to reapply for

920-568: The Climate Summit for Local and Regional Leaders. GIB participated in a dialogue on "financing the sustainable transition of territories" to contribute to the Marrakech Roadmap for Action definition. Detailed issues relating to water transportation , infrastructure in the context of water storage, sustainable distribution , innovation for conservation, and accelerating efforts for new technologies. There were four moderators of

966-598: The Durban Conference was to start negotiations from scratch in order to prepare the path for future negotiations. The Ah Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action was created to "close the ambition gap" that existed between greenhouse-gas emission commitments made by nations and the aim to keep climate change below an increase of 2 °C. The priority of the Lima Conference

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1012-509: The Parties, meant to increase transparency of actions taken by both developing nations and advanced ones. It also has measures to increase countries' ability to adapt to conditions of climate change. The means of change that a country can take are called "nationally determined contributions". NDC 's are essentially the efforts that each country will take to reduce their emissions. The period of effect for this agreement began on 4 November 2016. So far, it has been ratified by 132 out of 197 Parties at

1058-1130: The UNFCCC can aid local businesses in the transition to green energy. The moderators include Janos Pasztor, Hungarian; H.E. Nestor Batio Bassiere, Burkina Faso; Diego Pavia; Mafalda Duarte , United States; Elham Ibrahim, Africa. This forum developed ideas on how to create business models that left a minimal carbon footprint on earth. The moderators include Philippe Joubert, Nigeria; Peter Wheeler, UK; Pertti Korhonen, Finland; Paul Simpson, UK; April Crow, US. This forum discussed how new technologies and innovations must showcase environmentally friendly and sustainable attributes. Additionally, they should help create green jobs and also be able to be incorporated into already existing markets. Moderators include Sue Reid, Indonesia; Paul Isaac Musasizi, Uganda; Eric Olson, US; Yoshioka Tatsuya, Japan. 17 November Women Organizing for Change in Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (WOCAN) What Gets Measured Gets Valued: Incentivizing and Measuring Gender Impacts for Sustainable Landscape and Livelihoods The W+ Standard Wins

1104-483: The UNFCCC in Marrakech. The ways in which the Paris Agreement will be applied, as well as the agenda for negotiations, were on the agenda for COP22. Nik Gowing , known as a British journalist, chaired the event. On the margins of COP22, a summit involving "around 30 African heads of state" took place on 16 November 2016 in Marrakesh. This summit focused primarily on climate negotiations, in the backdrop of Africa being

1150-1210: The United Arab Emirates; Lord Gregory Baker of the United Kingdom; Andreas Regnell of Sweden, and Jan Rabe from Siemens AG. Mobility, especially public transportation, was the main focus of this forum. Members discussed possibilities for sustainable public transportation options that were attractive to the user. The main goal was to innovate ways public transportation could become zero emission. The moderators included Nik Gowing , United Kingdom; Andreas Klugescheid, United States; Lan Marie Nguyen Berg, Norway; Glen R. Murray , Canada; Matt Rodriquez, United States. This panel discussed promoting new green products in relation to finance, while also incorporating climate considerations throughout economic systems. The panel members include Eric Usher, Canada; Jochen Flasbarth, Germany; Christian Grossman, Germany; Frederic Samama, France; Mustapha Bakkoury, Morocco; Monica Scatasta, Luxembourg. Parties discussed how low emission technology can be integrated within existing infrastructure, how policymakers can implement technology safely, and how

1196-892: The capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological objectives, and needs". Environmental conflicts, socio-environmental conflict or ecological distribution conflicts (EDCs) are social conflicts caused by environmental degradation or by unequal distribution of environmental resources . The Environmental Justice Atlas documented 3,100 environmental conflicts worldwide as of April 2020 and emphasised that many more conflicts remained undocumented. Parties involved in these conflicts include locally affected communities, states, companies and investors, and social or environmental movements; typically environmental defenders are protecting their homelands from resource extraction or hazardous waste disposal. Resource extraction and hazardous waste activities often create resource scarcities (such as by overfishing or deforestation ), pollute

1242-601: The climate system". It is closely related to both the UN Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention to Combat Desertification ; all three are considered 'Rio Conventions' adopted at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. There are seven steps that the UNFCCC lists as a "summary of the convention". The Marrakech Conference is a continuation of regular global summits organised by United Nations following

1288-576: The congress due to his regressive views on climate change. His stance on climate change was not known. Other criticisms came from environmental campaigners who argued that the Conference was "heavy on rhetoric and light on real progress." The Conference in Paris the year prior was seen as one that provided a foundation for future progress, with the succeeding event in Marrakesh supposed to be turning those promises into action. Additional criticisms depicted

1334-479: The convention. The Copenhagen Conference was intended to follow on from Kyoto, and culminated in the Copenhagen Accord, a 3-page text laying out common international intentions regarding climate change (reducing greenhouse-gas emissions, limiting global warming to 2 °C and providing 30 billion dollars for 2010–2012). Despite these goals, the conference was generally considered a failure. The aim of

1380-867: The country is required to give financial aid to others, how often they must send reports, and the strictness of regulations in their country. The Annex I title refers to industrialized countries involved in either the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) in 1992 or countries in economic transition ( EIT ). Annex II refers to countries in OECD but not EIT. These parties are required to help less advanced countries financially. They are also expected to take extra measures to transition to climate friendly technologies in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Non-Annex countries are developing and particularly vulnerable to climate change due to location, economic situations, or other issues institutionalized into

1426-536: The country. Another title is "least developed countries". This indicates that the nation is limited in their ability to respond to climate change issues. This label indicates to other parties the extra level of support necessary. Observer organizations include the United Nations Systems and its specialized agencies, inter-governmental organizations ( IGOs ), and non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ). Observer organizations must apply and be accepted by

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1472-404: The disproportionate effects of climate change on vulnerable populations. The report's findings make it clear that every increment of global warming exacerbates challenges such as extreme heatwaves, heavy rainfall, and other weather extremes, which in turn amplify risks for human health and ecosystems. With nearly half of the world's population residing in regions highly susceptible to climate change,

1518-578: The environment to fit the needs of society (as in the built environment ) is causing severe effects including global warming , environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification ), mass extinction and biodiversity loss , ecological crisis , and ecological collapse . Some human activities that cause damage (either directly or indirectly) to the environment on a global scale include population growth , neoliberal economic policies and rapid economic growth , overconsumption , overexploitation , pollution , and deforestation . Some of

1564-506: The environment, and degrade the living space for humans and nature, resulting in conflict. A particular case of environmental conflicts are forestry conflicts, or forest conflicts which "are broadly viewed as struggles of varying intensity between interest groups, over values and issues related to forest policy and the use of forest resources". In the last decades, a growing number of these have been identified globally. Frequently environmental conflicts focus on environmental justice issues,

1610-952: The event: Raymond van Ermen , a Belgian member of the European Water Partnership; Masagos Zulkifli , Minister for the Environment and Water Resources of Singapore; Edgar Gutiérrez Espeleta , Minister of Environment and Energy in Costa Rica and president, UNEA; Susan Mboya , the President of the Coca-Cola Africa Foundation. This panel addressed issues about the utilization of renewable resources, how policy can be used to promote renewable energy markets, and how infrastructure can be improved to accommodate these changes. The moderators include Nik Gowing , British journalist; H.E. Fatima Al Foora of

1656-481: The following conference. Observers may submit responses, on behalf of their entire organization, relating to topics or mandates within the conference. Each COP is meant to cooperatively decide on how to deal with climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, each year a different theme is chosen and focused on. The twenty-second session's main subjects were about water management and decarbonizing energy supplies. COP22 took place on 14 and 15 November during

1702-401: The less developed countries as not receiving enough money in order to help them adapt to "changes that are already happening because of global warming." Environmental issues Environmental protection is the practice of protecting the natural environment on the individual, organizational or governmental levels, for the benefit of both the environment and humans. Environmentalism is

1748-477: The natural world from harmful environmental practices in order to create sustainable living . Environmentalists advocate the just and sustainable management of resources and stewardship of the environment through changes in public policy and individual behavior. In its recognition of humanity as a participant in (not an enemy of) ecosystems , the movement is centered on ecology , health , as well as human rights . Environmental issues are addressed at

1794-560: The part of the world that is the most threatened by global warming. On a more local note, the city of Marrakesh also took the opportunity to create for itself a greener image; for example, it has provided 300 bicycles for public use as part of a municipal bicycle-sharing scheme. On 14 November, the Swiss Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation (GIB) presented the newly launched SuRe – The Standard for Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure at

1840-416: The problems, including global warming and biodiversity loss, have been proposed as representing catastrophic risks to the survival of the human species. Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as quality of air , water and soil ; the destruction of ecosystems ; habitat destruction ; the extinction of wildlife ; and pollution . It

1886-481: The protocol effective 15 December 2012 and ceased to be a member from that date. With the Protocol's 2008-2012 commitment period expiring, the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol was agreed to, which establishes new commitments for the period 2013–2020. As of October 2020, 147 states have accepted this amendment. Signing is optional, indicating an intention to ratify the Protocol. Ratification means that

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1932-558: The service contract. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations also lent its support to the preparation for COP 22. The W+ Standard Wins the 2016 UNFCCC’s Momentum for Change Award. The participants in the conference are members of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ). The aim of this convention is to prevent "dangerous human interference with

1978-548: The urgency for global actions that are both rapid and sustained is underscored. The importance of integrating diverse knowledge systems, including scientific, Indigenous, and local knowledge, into climate action is highlighted as a means to foster inclusive solutions that address the complexities of climate impacts across different communities. In addition, the report points out the critical gap in adaptation finance, noting that developing countries require significantly more resources to effectively adapt to climate challenges than what

2024-820: The world's wealthiest populations. The UN Environmental Program, in its "Making Peace With Nature" Report in 2021, found addressing key planetary crises, like pollution, climate change and biodiversity loss, was achievable if parties work to address the Sustainable Development Goals . Major current environmental issues may include climate change , pollution , environmental degradation , and resource depletion . The conservation movement lobbies for protection of endangered species and protection of any ecologically valuable natural areas, genetically modified foods and global warming . The UN system has adopted international frameworks for environmental issues in three key issues, which has been encoded as

2070-531: The world. International non-governmental organizations include Greenpeace , Friends of the Earth and World Wide Fund for Nature . Governments enact environmental policy and enforce environmental law and this is done to differing degrees around the world. There are an increasing number of films being produced on environmental issues, especially on climate change and global warming . Al Gore's 2006 film An Inconvenient Truth gained commercial success and

2116-405: Was to redouble efforts to keep to the aim of keeping climate change under an increase of 2 °C between the present day and 2100. The conference opened with a preparatory document on a future COP21 agreement in Paris and by adopting a 37-page text. The 195 countries participating in the conference adopted the first worldwide climate agreement, a binding treaty that aims to limit climate change to

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