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46-527: CADPAT was the first digital camouflage pattern to be used operationally, having been issued in 1997 with the Canadian Armed Forces. The pattern became fully standardized within the Canadian Armed Forces by 2002, having completely replaced the olive-drab operational uniforms formerly used by Regular Force units. The multi-terrain CADPAT variant began development in 2019, and is planned to replace

92-783: A Regular Force unit or person is part of the full-time military, as opposed to being part of the Primary Reserve which has more flexibility. There are many bases and wings across Canada, and factors like trade, career progression, and environment will affect where the person ends up. They receive more pay and benefits than members of the Primary Reserve and can be ordered into overseas deployments. Regular Force personnel are employed full-time, and have usually signed long-term contracts ranging anywhere from three to nine years, not including subsidized training or education. There are approximately 68,000 Regular Force personnel in

138-405: A 3-power optical sight. The arid regions pattern (AR) is designed for use in desert, near desert, and savannah conditions, incorporating three shades of brown. The AR pattern also features two additional arm pockets and Velcro on the arms compared to the older TW uniform. The AR pattern was developed concurrently with the trials of TW pattern. After Canadian Forces were deployed to Afghanistan,

184-504: A mismatch between the seasonal coat coloration of arctic animals such as snowshoe hares with the increasingly snow-free landscape. The principle of varying coloration with the changing seasons has military applications. In the First World War , firing and observation positions were hand-painted in disruptive patterns by artists known as camoufleurs , and they sometimes varied their patterns seasonally. Uniforms were largely of

230-559: A permanent armed force of approximately 51,000 personnel was authorized, of which approximately 25,000 at all levels were assigned to the Army's active duty units and the remainder to the Navy and Air Force. This "active-duty army" is no longer just a trainer for the militia, but can be deployed to respond to international events that Canada may have to deal with. While the militia will remain the larger force in numbers, its training will no longer be

276-493: A priority for the regular army. Between 1953 and 1971, the regular Canadian infantry consisted of seven regiments, each of two battalions. Approximately two-thirds of the Regular Force is composed of anglophone units, while one third is francophone. Members of the Regular Force can join through job applications, recruitment, or paid education programs. When applying to join the Canadian Armed Forces, applicants complete

322-590: A quarter to a third of the vehicle's summer camouflage uncovered, or by repainting the whole vehicle in white with dark gray or gray-brown spots. Units were advised not to paint all their vehicles identically, but to have some tanks all white, some in white with green stripes, and some in white and gray or gray-brown. Winter camouflage was not limited to paint: tracks left in the snow were to be obliterated, vehicles parked in cover, headlights covered with white fabric, shelters constructed, or else vehicles covered with white fabric, or dark fabric scattered with snow. Later in

368-651: A single colour, such as the British khaki ; but snow camouflage clothes came into use in some armies as the war progressed. For example, Austro-Hungarian troops on the Italian front used skis and wore snow camouflage smocks and overtrousers over their uniforms , and improvised white cloths over their uniform caps. Also French mountain infantry and other, specialized units in Imperial Russian , Turkish and German armies adopted these. Several armies in

414-501: Is a third plumage, a white winter morph. The genetic basis for this is not in the melanin pigment system, and is probably due to regulatory changes. The behaviour of moulting females in springtime depends on their plumage state: they tend to sit on snow while they are mainly white, but choose the border between bare ground and snow when they have more dark feathers. They seem to be choosing the best compromise between camouflage and food quality. The effects of climate change can lead to

460-512: Is expected to be fully adopted by 2027. The Canadian Armed Forces has developed four operational variations of CADPAT: temperate woodland (TW), arid regions (AR), winter operations (WO), and multi-terrain (MT). The temperate woodland pattern became the standard issue for Land Force Command in 2002, with the Air Command following suit in 2004. In 2021, the Canadian Armed Forces selected a new CADPAT variant, multi-terrain pattern, to replace

506-566: Is for both civilians without CAF service and non-commissioned members of the Regular Force or Reserve Force. Non-commissioned members are any military personnel other than officers, who are enrolled in the CAF. The Regular Officer Training Plan (ROTP) provides paid education for undergraduate university degrees in Engineering, Science, or Arts, with graduates entering the officer rank upon completion of their degree. Applicants can attend either of

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552-975: Is found in birds such as the rock ptarmigan , lagomorphs such as the Arctic hare , mustelids such as the stoat , and one canid , the Arctic fox . Since these have evolved separately, the similar appearance is due to convergent evolution . This was used as early evidence for natural selection . Some high Arctic species like the snowy owl and polar bear however remain white all year round. In military usage, soldiers often either exchange their disruptively-patterned summer uniforms for thicker snow camouflage uniforms printed with mainly-white versions of camouflage patterns in winter, or they wear white overalls over their uniforms. Some armies have made use of reversible uniforms, printed in different seasonal patterns on their two sides. Vehicles and guns are often simply repainted in white. Occasionally, aircraft too are repainted in snow camouflage patterns. Charles Darwin mentioned

598-616: Is known as the Canadian urban environment pattern (CUEPAT). While at least one company – HyperStealth Biotechnology Corporation  – responded to the requirement, as of 2024 there have been no further announcements regarding CUEPAT. In 2016, the Canadian Forces considered replacing the red-coloured uniforms worn by the Canadian Rangers with a new red-coloured CADPAT-derived design. During

644-523: Is medium-brown dominant, accented by black, dark green, and light tan; overall it is less vibrant than the TW pattern, but darker than the AR pattern. In 2021, the new CADPAT pattern, called "multi-terrain pattern" or simply “MT,” was announced as the replacement the TW and AR patterns. The MT pattern is designed to blend into the wide range of environments, and is planned to serve as the day-to-day working uniform of

690-437: Is the use of a coloration or pattern for effective camouflage in winter, often combined with a different summer camouflage. Summer patterns are typically disruptively patterned combinations of shades of browns and greys, up to black, while winter patterns are dominated by white to match snowy landscapes. Among animals, variable snow camouflage is a type of seasonal polyphenism with a distinct winter plumage or pelage . It

736-539: Is very short, remain white year-round. Since these animals in widely separated groups have evolved separately, the similarity of coloration is due to convergent evolution , on the presumption that natural selection favours a particular coloration in a particular environment. The seasonal polyphenism in willow grouse differs between Scottish and Scandinavian populations. In Scotland, grouse have two plumages (breeding and non-breeding), while in Scandinavia there

782-594: The Canadian Forces . Close to the current authorized strength of 71,500 Regular Force members. On the other hand, the Reserve Forces have an authorized force size of 30,000 members. The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) protects Canadian sovereignty and interests at sea, at home and abroad. Whether during times of conflict or peace, the RCN promotes global stability, enforces international law and helps protect both

828-603: The Second World War in Northern European countries preferred separate winter uniforms rather than oversuits. The Waffen-SS went a step further, developing reversible uniforms with separate schemes for summer and autumn, as well as white winter oversuits. Other German units fighting in Eastern Europe were at first poorly equipped for winter, having to make do with ordinary summer uniforms, but in

874-523: The AR pattern was expedited with the intent that it would be issued to soldiers in summer 2002. The AR pattern also incorporates infrared technology for night operation. Beginning in 2019, as part of the Soldier Operational Clothing and Equipment Modernization (SOCEM) programme, a 'transitional' pattern began to be tested by the Canadian Armed Forces. The pattern was accepted after some mild alterations to its coloration. The pattern

920-468: The Arctic such as musk ox , moose , reindeer , wolverine and raven never become white "even in the coldest parts of their range". Cott noted that both animals that hunt, like polar bear and stoat, and prey animals like ptarmigan and mountain hare, require camouflage to hide from prey or from predators respectively. There is little experimental evidence for the adaptiveness of white as camouflage, though

966-475: The British Army, with an official system of "alliances" or affiliations established to perpetuate a sense of shared history. During the inter-war years between the two world wars, Canada scraped by with a small standing army of 3,000 to 4,000 men. Its mission is nothing but the training of the militia, both for direct defense and for the task of providing expeditionary forces if necessary. However, in 1946,

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1012-455: The British fashion), as well as a headquarters / signals squadron , and several minor organizations. A tactical helicopter squadron, a field ambulance, and a service battalion ( logistics ) are co-located with each brigade but not part of the brigade's command structure. The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) is a part of National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces. It defends and protects Canadian and North American airspace in partnership with

1058-652: The CAF full-time. The Canadian Armed Forces Indigenous Entry Program (CAFIEP) is a three-week training program at either the Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, or at the Canadian Forces Base Halifax, Nova Scotia. At the end of the three weeks, recruits return home until the next available Basic Training course. Snow camouflage Snow camouflage

1104-470: The Canadian Armed Forces. In 2024, the Canadian Forces announced that issuance of MT-patterned uniforms would begin in February 2024 for high-readiness units first; They also claimed that the transition to the new pattern would be complete by 2026. The winter operations (WO) pattern was created for snow-covered or mixed woodland and snowy terrain. The snow camouflage pattern was introduced as an upgrade to

1150-697: The Canadian Forces Aptitude Test (CFAT) and select up to three preferred positions. Members of the Reserves Force can apply to initiate a Component Transfer (CT) online through the Defense Wide Area Network (DWAN) to transition to the Regular Force. Paid education programs will pay for the complete cost of school fees, including tuition, books, and academic equipment, as well as an annual salary of $ 27,600 per year with health and dental benefits. Graduates of

1196-527: The Canadian and world economies. The RCN is made up of approximately 8,400 Regular Force personnel, 4,100 Reservists and 3,800 civilian employees. The Regular Force component of the Royal Canadian Navy consists of the two fleets, MARLANT and MARPAC and all ships crews except for the majority of those serving on board the Kingston -class coastal defence vessels which are crewed largely by

1242-684: The Primary Reserve. The Canadian Army produces soldiers who are well-trained, well-equipped, well-led and ready for operations at home and abroad. 22,500 members serve as full-time soldiers in the Regular Force 21,500 are part-time, volunteer soldiers in the Reserve Force. The Regular Force component of the Canadian Army consists of three field-ready brigades, with elements of a fourth at CFB Gagetown : Each brigade contains one regiment each of artillery , armour , and combat engineers and three battalions of infantry (all scaled in

1288-463: The Soldier Operational Clothing and Equipment Modernization (SOCEM) project, DND sought feedback and advice from users for the trial camouflage known as Prototype J before it made its decision. In 2021, the new multi-terrain CADPAT was selected as the replacement. In 2021, the first orders for the MT pattern were made, with 390,000 metres of cloth, followed by 560,000 metres of cloth. The new camouflage pattern

1334-470: The TW and AR patterns, with both being phased out over the coming years, and the MT-patterned uniform becoming the "daily wear" uniform. The temperate woodland pattern (TW) is designed for use in forest and grassland environments, with its mix of light green, dark green, brown, and black. The pattern was first introduced in 1996 on the helmet cover for the new CG634 helmet then coming into service. At

1380-613: The United States. The RCAF also contributes to international peace and security. The Regular Force component of the Royal Canadian Air Force consists of all wings with their sub-unit squadrons at bases across the country. The heritage of the Canadian Infantry and Armoured Regiments is deeply rooted in the heritage and history of the British Army. Many regiments are modeled after the regiments of

1426-665: The camo. This nearly made things complicated for the Department of National Defence (DND), since it had said that no Canadian commandos were officially in Afghanistan. In 2019, tests were conducted for plans to eventually replace the temperate and arid regions patterns. The 3rd Battalion of the Royal Canadian Regiment (3RCR) in Garrison Petawawa were issued the pattern for field tests. Under

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1472-428: The monochrome winter whites to further enhance the Canadian soldier's camouflage capability by day and night. It also includes near-infrared technology. In 2011, Defence Research and Development Canada , based at CFB Suffield , set forth a requirement to develop a new urban pattern for the Canadian Forces based on the three major metropolitan areas of Canada: Toronto , Vancouver , and Montreal . The prototype pattern

1518-539: The naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace , in his 1889 book Darwinism ; he listed the polar bear , the American polar hare, the snowy owl and the gyr falcon as remaining white all year, while the arctic fox, arctic hare, ermine and ptarmigan change their colour, and observed "the obvious explanation", that it was for concealment , at a time when Darwinism was at a low ebb . Later zoologists such as Hugh B. Cott have echoed his observations, adding that other animals of

1564-545: The opportunity to enroll for one academic year at the Royal Military College in Kingston, Ontario as an officer cadet. This program includes individual learning plans designed to provide students with smaller learning groups for both non-credit and first-year university-level courses. Upon completion of the one-year program, students can apply to complete a degree program at the Royal Military College or join

1610-465: The ornithologist W. L. N. Tickell, reviewing proposed explanations of white plumage in birds, writes that in the ptarmigan "it is difficult to escape the conclusion that cryptic brown summer plumage becomes a liability in snow, and white plumage is therefore another cryptic adaptation." All the same, he notes, "in spite of winter plumage, many Ptarmigan in NE Iceland are killed by Gyrfalcons throughout

1656-474: The paid education program are guaranteed a job with the CAF in their field. Military commitment with the paid education program requires two months of service for every month of paid education. Programs eligible for the paid education program include skilled trades, undergraduate degrees, and graduate specialty programs. The Non-Commissioned Member Subsidized Training and Education Plan (NCMSTEP) provides paid education for authorized courses of study. This program

1702-649: The requirements. Ongoing operations in the mid-1990s led to the creation of the Clothe the Soldier (CTS) Project, which directly addressed the NATO soldier system capability areas of survivability and sustainability. The Canadian Disruptive Pattern was a part of ongoing research and implemented during the CTS Project. Once CADPAT temperate woodland was finalized, field tests began in 1995. After satisfactory results, CADPAT

1748-400: The same time, the pattern was also introduced on a new soldier's individual camouflage net. The TW pattern provides protection from observation by the naked eye and night vision devices, with the pattern incorporating near-infrared technology at the ink level to help conceal the wearer against near-infrared optical devices. The pattern is optimized for a gate rate of 30 to 350 metres against

1794-403: The temperate woodland and arid regions CADPAT variations. Canada's desire for a new soldier system dated back to November 1988 and closely followed efforts in many NATO countries. The first research effort, called Integrated Protective Clothing and Equipment (IPCE) Technology Demonstration, was initiated in 1995 but then was cancelled, due to high systems cost and failure to meet the majority of

1840-464: The trials that eventually led to the Multi-Terrain pattern, a number of patterns emerged as contenders, most prominent of which was known as the 'Prototype J' pattern. It underwent testing in 2019 and the pattern was slightly more green-dominant than the ultimately adopted MT pattern. CADPAT was the first digital camouflage pattern to be issued operationally. Many debates speculate the pattern

1886-562: The two Canadian Military Colleges or at another Canadian university. If applicants choose to attend one of the military colleges, they will also receive second language training. While enrolled in school, students are enlisted as an officer or naval cadets. Graduate programs, such as medical or dental training, are also available as part of the paid education program. There are also recruitment programs for Indigenous peoples, both paid education and designated recruitment. The Aboriginal Leadership Opportunity Year (ALOY) offers Indigenous students

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1932-421: The white winter coloration of the ptarmigan in his 1859 Origin of Species : When we see ... the alpine ptarmigan white in winter, the red-grouse the colour of heather , and the black-grouse that of peaty earth, we must believe that these tints are of service to these birds ... in preserving them from danger. The white protective coloration of arctic animals was noted by an early student of camouflage,

1978-779: The winter of 1942 to 1943 new white two-piece hooded oversuits with long mitten gauntlets started to arrive. American troops in Europe in the winter of 1944 to 1945 improvised snow capes and helmet covers from white cloth such as bed linen. The Red Army issued a report, "Tactical and Technical trends, No. 17" in January 1943 on the camouflage of tanks in winter. It advised either all-white using zinc white or titanium white paint for level, open country, or disruptive two-colour winter camouflage for areas with more variety including "forests, underbrush, small settlements, thawed patches of earth". The two colours could be achieved either by leaving around

2024-406: The winter." Some animals of the far north, like the snowshoe and Arctic hares , Arctic fox , stoat , and rock ptarmigan change their coat colour (by moulting and growing new fur or feathers) from brown or grey summer camouflage to white in the winter; the Arctic fox is the only species in the dog family to do so. However, Arctic hares which live in the far north of Canada , where summer

2070-718: Was adopted by the Canadian Army in 1997; however, testing was not concluded until 2001 once the pattern was trademarked. The first operational use of the temperate woodland pattern was reported in September 2001 with Canadian soldiers serving in Bosnia and Herzegovina for Palladium Rotation 09. The first operational use of the CADPAT arid regions variant overseas was reported during the War in Afghanistan , when Taliban prisoners of war were seen escorted by armed Canadian commandos in

2116-692: Was the direct inspiration for the United States Marine Corps ' pursuit and adoption of their own camouflage pattern MARPAT when replacing their Battle Dress Uniform and Desert Camouflage Uniform in late 2001 to early 2002. The MARPAT pattern issued in 2001 used the same print screens as the CADPAT TW pattern and the trial pattern for the CADPAT AR pattern. Regular Force In the Canadian Armed Forces ,

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