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74-627: CAMI uses the CAMI Production System (CPS), a set of operating philosophies that guide team members in manufacturing vehicles. The basis of the system is working in teams performing standardized work. This is based on the Japanese production system, which is built on a team concept. Ownership of CAMI was originally split 50-50% between Suzuki and General Motors Canada; GM took full ownership in December 2009. In 2022 production at

148-655: A coordination problem , a situation in which all parties can realize mutual gains, but only by making mutually consistent decisions. Divergent national standards impose costs on consumers and can be a form of non-tariff trade barrier . Standard weights and measures were developed by the Indus Valley civilization . The centralized weight and measure system served the commercial interest of Indus merchants as smaller weight measures were used to measure luxury goods while larger weights were employed for buying bulkier items, such as food grains etc. Weights existed in multiples of

222-622: A 500-year period. The 13.7-g weight seems to be one of the units used in the Indus valley. The notation was based on the binary and decimal systems. 83% of the weights which were excavated from the above three cities were cubic, and 68% were made of chert . The implementation of standards in industry and commerce became highly important with the onset of the Industrial Revolution and the need for high-precision machine tools and interchangeable parts . Henry Maudslay developed

296-756: A 55° thread angle and a thread depth of 0.640327 p and a radius of 0.137329 p , where p is the pitch. The thread pitch increased with diameter in steps specified on a chart. An example of the use of the Whitworth thread is the Royal Navy 's Crimean War gunboats. These were the first instance of "mass-production" techniques being applied to marine engineering. With the adoption of BSW by British railway lines, many of which had previously used their own standard both for threads and for bolt head and nut profiles, and improving manufacturing techniques, it came to dominate British manufacturing. American Unified Coarse

370-441: A grand opening event attended by various dignitaries. GM also announced package delivery service [FEDEX] as its first international EV customer. 43°01′01″N 80°53′15″W  /  43.01694°N 80.88750°W  / 43.01694; -80.88750 Standardized Standardization ( American English ) or standardisation ( British English ) is the process of implementing and developing technical standards based on

444-404: A larger network and attracting more consumers to use the new technology, further enhancing network effects. Other benefits of standardization to consumers are reduced uncertainty, because consumers can be more certain that they are not choosing the wrong product, and reduced lock-in, because the standard makes it more likely that there will be competing products in the space. Consumers may also get

518-441: A measuring instrument or procedure is similar to every subjects or patients. For example, educational psychologist may adopt structured interview to systematically interview the people in concern. By delivering the same procedures, all subjects is evaluated using same criteria and minimising any confounding variable that reduce the validity . Some other example includes mental status examination and personality test . In

592-504: A merger of two predecessor organizations (Bern and Paris treaties) that had similar objectives, but in more limited territories. With the advent of radiocommunication soon after the creation, the work of the ITU quickly expanded from the standardization of Telegraph communications, to developing standards for telecommunications in general. By the mid to late 19th century, efforts were being made to standardize electrical measurement. Lord Kelvin

666-448: A metal fastening on the other side were usually fastened in non-threaded ways (such as clinching or upsetting against a washer). Maudslay standardized the screw threads used in his workshop and produced sets of taps and dies that would make nuts and bolts consistently to those standards, so that any bolt of the appropriate size would fit any nut of the same size. This was a major advance in workshop technology. Maudslay's work, as well as

740-1028: A regional level (e.g. Europa, the Americas, Africa, etc) or at subregional level (e.g. Mercosur, Andean Community, South East Asia, South East Africa, etc), several Regional Standardization Organizations exist (see also Standards Organization ). The three regional standards organizations in Europe – European Standardization Organizations (ESOs), recognised by the EU Regulation on Standardization (Regulation (EU) 1025/2012) – are CEN , CENELEC and ETSI . CEN develops standards for numerous kinds of products, materials, services and processes. Some sectors covered by CEN include transport equipment and services, chemicals, construction, consumer products, defence and security, energy, food and feed, health and safety, healthcare, digital sector, machinery or services. The European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC)

814-507: A scientific basis, the robustness and applicability of a scientific basis, whether adoption of the certifications is voluntary, and the socioeconomic context (systems of governance and the economy ), with possibly most certifications being so far mostly largely ineffective. Moreover, standardized scientific frameworks can enable evaluation of levels of environmental protection, such as of marine protected areas , and serve as, potentially evolving, guides for improving, planning and monitoring

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888-461: A similar tariff, was supplied directly from Japan. In November 2009, GM announced to invest US$ 85 million investment at the plant, raising production by 40,000 vehicles to 240,000 by adding a third shift, resulting in the recall of about 150 laid-off autoworkers in preparation of the 2010 Chevrolet Equinox and GMC Terrain. Until December 2009, ownership of CAMI was split 50-50% between Suzuki and General Motors of Canada Ltd. The former withdrew from

962-472: A standard weight and in categories. Technical standardisation enabled gauging devices to be effectively used in angular measurement and measurement for construction. Uniform units of length were used in the planning of towns such as Lothal , Surkotada , Kalibangan , Dolavira , Harappa , and Mohenjo-daro . The weights and measures of the Indus civilization also reached Persia and Central Asia , where they were further modified. Shigeo Iwata describes

1036-621: A standing person who is 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) tall without stooping. When the exterior roll-up door is up, the rear opening measures 60.0 in (1,520 mm) wide and 72.0 in (1,830 mm) high. Advanced driver-assistance systems include pedestrian detection, automatic emergency braking, and a rear-view camera. For the driver's convenience, the vehicle has parking assistance and may be locked, unlocked, or started remotely; fleets can monitor battery state of charge and track vehicle locations remotely as well. The steering wheel and seat are equipped with haptic technology to warn

1110-415: A typical battery-electric vehicle skateboard chassis with the underfloor traction motors and battery lowering the vehicle's center of gravity . The chassis uses high-strength steel in the rocker panels, door reinforcement beams, floor structure, and side pillars extending forward from the front firewall. The first vans were equipped with an all-wheel drive system using two traction motors, one each for

1184-520: A variety of benefits and drawbacks for firms and consumers participating in the market, and on technology and innovation. The primary effect of standardization on firms is that the basis of competition is shifted from integrated systems to individual components within the system. Prior to standardization a company's product must span the entire system because individual components from different competitors are incompatible, but after standardization each company can focus on providing an individual component of

1258-418: Is 3 ft (0.91 m) wide to facilitate moving bulky packages, and the dashboard on that same curb side has a depression that can accommodate two standard United States Postal Service bins. The cargo area is separated from the driver's compartment with a sliding bulkhead door, and a translucent roof is available along with standard motion-activated LED lights to illuminate the rear, which will accommodate

1332-560: Is a battery electric delivery van produced by General Motors (GM). It was unveiled at the Consumer Electronics Show on 12 January 2021 under the BrightDrop brand, with production starting in December 2022. The van is available in two models, the larger BrightDrop 600 (formerly Zevo 600 , with 600+ cu ft cargo volume) and the smaller BrightDrop 400 (formerly Zevo 400 ). In August 2024, GM announced that

1406-497: Is a Canadian Crown Corporation , DGN is a governmental agency within the Mexican Ministry of Economy, and ANSI and AENOR are a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization with members from both the private and public sectors. The determinants of whether an NSB for a particular economy is a public or private sector body may include the historical and traditional roles that the private sector fills in public affairs in that economy or

1480-737: Is likely the sole member from that economy in ISO. NSBs may be either public or private sector organizations, or combinations of the two. For example, the three NSBs of Canada, Mexico and the United States are respectively the Standards Council of Canada ( SCC ), the General Bureau of Standards ( Dirección General de Normas , DGN), and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). SCC

1554-578: Is not limited to the domain of electronic devices like smartphones and phone chargers but could also be applied to e.g. the energy infrastructure. Policy-makers could develop policies "fostering standard design and interfaces, and promoting the re-use of modules and components across plants to develop more sustainable energy infrastructure ". Computers and the Internet are some of the tools that could be used to increase practicability and reduce suboptimal results, detrimental standards and bureaucracy , which

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1628-666: Is often associated with traditional processes and results of standardization. Taxes and subsidies, and funding of research and development could be used complementarily. Standardized measurement is used in monitoring, reporting and verification frameworks of environmental impacts, usually of companies, for example to prevent underreporting of greenhouse gas emissions by firms. In routine product testing and product analysis results can be reported using official or informal standards. It can be done to increase consumer protection , to ensure safety or healthiness or efficiency or performance or sustainability of products. It can be carried out by

1702-707: Is the European Standardization organization developing standards in the electrotechnical area and corresponding to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in Europe. The first modern International Organization ( Intergovernmental Organization ) the International Telegraph Union (now International Telecommunication Union ) was created in 1865 to set international standards in order to connect national telegraph networks, as

1776-543: The standard unit of electric current . R. E. B. Crompton became concerned by the large range of different standards and systems used by electrical engineering companies and scientists in the early 20th century. Many companies had entered the market in the 1890s and all chose their own settings for voltage , frequency , current and even the symbols used on circuit diagrams. Adjacent buildings would have totally incompatible electrical systems simply because they had been fitted out by different companies. Crompton could see

1850-403: The "Standard" battery; estimated capacity of the "Standard" battery is 121 kW-hr. The Zevo 600 is capable of recharging at rates of up to 120 kW (DC) or 11.5 kW (AC). A 19.2 kW (AC) charger is available as an option. The combined (city + highway) estimated driving range is 159 and 272 mi (256 and 438 km) with the standard and max batteries, respectively; at launch,

1924-647: The 2025 model year, the BrightDrop brand was dropped, and the van was renamed the Chevrolet BrightDrop. The Zevo range is based on the Ultium battery announced by GM in 2020. Because the van does not need a drive train axle, engineers were able to lower the step-in height by 2 inches (5.1 cm), improving ergonomics and reducing the physical strain on delivery drivers. The body is made of composite materials incorporating recycled content, riding on

1998-543: The BrightDrop Zevo 600 and BrightDrop Zevo 400 would be renamed to Chevrolet BrightDrop 600 and Chevrolet BrightDrop 400 respectively and will be available through select Chevrolet dealerships. Rumors began circulating in June 2020 that GM was working on an all-electric delivery van, codenamed "BV1". According to earlier reports from December 2019, an all-electric van would be built at Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly . At

2072-680: The Equinox. The strike ended on October 16, 2017. In 2021, GM announced CAMI Assembly would transition to the BrightDrop platform (starting in May 2022) to become General Motors Canada's first commercial EV manufacturing plant. Announced initial buyers include FedEx and Walmart. The plant will begin to produce the BrightDrop Zevo 600 in December 2022, and the Zevo 400 in 2023. The first BrightDrop vehicles were produced in early December 2022, with

2146-654: The National Standardizing Associations (ISA) was founded in 1926 with a broader remit to enhance international cooperation for all technical standards and specifications. The body was suspended in 1942 during World War II . After the war, ISA was approached by the recently formed United Nations Standards Coordinating Committee (UNSCC) with a proposal to form a new global standards body. In October 1946, ISA and UNSCC delegates from 25 countries met in London and agreed to join forces to create

2220-681: The Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards ( OASIS ). There are many specifications that govern the operation and interaction of devices and software on the Internet , which do not use the term "standard" in their names. The W3C , for example, publishes "Recommendations", and the IETF publishes " Requests for Comments " (RFCs). Nevertheless, these publications are often referred to as "standards", because they are

2294-644: The US in December 2022; it will deliver vans to DHL Express Canada. Orders for the Zevo 400 were opened in August 2023 for the 2024 model year. At that time, a smaller, 14-module battery was introduced as standard equipment for all Zevo models, along with interior design changes. That October, due to Ultium battery supply issues, production of all BrightDrop Zevo vans was paused for approximately six months until April 2024. On January 11, 2024, GM recalled all 2022 Model Year BRIGHTDROP EV600 per NHTSA Campaign Number 24V014000;

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2368-420: The Zevo 400 rides on an approximately 150 in (3,800 mm) long wheelbase. There are two rear axle options available; the standard, designated RPO C5F , carries a gross vehicle weight rating of 9,900 lb (4,500 kg), while RPO C7E uses an uprated rear axle to increase GVWR to 11,000 lb (5,000 kg), accommodating greater payload weight. The Zevo 600 has a sliding curbside door that

2442-519: The Zevo uses 20 Ultium modules; for comparison, the GMC Hummer EV uses 24 Ultium modules and has an usable capacity of 212.7 kW-hr, and the Zevo "Max" battery has an estimated capacity of 173 kW-hr. The 20-module "Max" battery is available only with all-wheel drive. A smaller 14-module "Standard" battery, RPO EW2 is available for both front- and all-wheel drive models; the curb weight decreases by 520–700 lb (240–320 kg) with

2516-414: The benefit of being able to mix and match components of a system to align with their specific preferences. Once these initial benefits of standardization are realized, further benefits that accrue to consumers as a result of using the standard are driven mostly by the quality of the technologies underlying that standard. BrightDrop Zevo The Chevrolet BrightDrop , formerly the BrightDrop Zevo ,

2590-409: The consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments. Standardization can help maximize compatibility , interoperability , safety , repeatability , or quality . It can also facilitate a normalization of formerly custom processes. In social sciences , including economics , the idea of standardization is close to the solution for

2664-491: The context of customer service , standardization refers to the process of developing an international standard that enables organizations to focus on customer service, while at the same time providing recognition of success through a third party organization, such as the British Standards Institution . An international standard has been developed by The International Customer Service Institute . In

2738-635: The context of supply chain management and materials management , standardization covers the process of specification and use of any item the company must buy in or make, allowable substitutions, and build or buy decisions. The process of standardization can itself be standardized. There are at least four levels of standardization: compatibility, interchangeability , commonality and reference . These standardization processes create compatibility, similarity, measurement, and symbol standards. There are typically four different techniques for standardization Types of standardization process: Standardization has

2812-683: The context of information exchange, standardization refers to the process of developing standards for specific business processes using specific formal languages . These standards are usually developed in voluntary consensus standards bodies such as the United Nations Center for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business ( UN/CEFACT ), the World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ), the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA), and

2886-550: The context of social criticism and social science , standardization often means the process of establishing standards of various kinds and improving efficiency to handle people, their interactions, cases, and so forth. Examples include formalization of judicial procedure in court, and establishing uniform criteria for diagnosing mental disease. Standardization in this sense is often discussed along with (or synonymously to) such large-scale social changes as modernization, bureaucratization, homogenization, and centralization of society. In

2960-526: The contributions of other engineers, accomplished a modest amount of industry standardization; some companies' in-house standards spread a bit within their industries. Joseph Whitworth 's screw thread measurements were adopted as the first (unofficial) national standard by companies around the country in 1841. It came to be known as the British Standard Whitworth , and was widely adopted in other countries. This new standard specified

3034-727: The country, and enabled the markets to act more rationally and efficiently, with an increased level of cooperation. After the First World War , similar national bodies were established in other countries. The Deutsches Institut für Normung was set up in Germany in 1917, followed by its counterparts, the American National Standard Institute and the French Commission Permanente de Standardisation , both in 1918. At

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3108-420: The development stage of that economy. Standards can be: The existence of a published standard does not necessarily imply that it is useful or correct. Just because an item is stamped with a standard number does not, by itself, indicate that the item is fit for any particular use. The people who use the item or service (engineers, trade unions, etc.) or specify it (building codes, government, industry, etc.) have

3182-479: The driver of potential hazards through vibration. Current displays use Android Automotive OS , but the interface may be customized in the future. Electronic systems and accessories are operated from the low-voltage (12V) battery, which is carried at the driver's feet. In April 2022, FedEx driver Stephen Marlin set the Guinness World Record for greatest distance traveled by an electric van on

3256-400: The excavated weights unearthed from the Indus civilization: A total of 558 weights were excavated from Mohenjodaro, Harappa, and Chanhu-daro , not including defective weights. They did not find statistically significant differences between weights that were excavated from five different layers, each measuring about 1.5 m in depth. This was evidence that strong control existed for at least

3330-810: The facility shifted to the BrightDrop light commercial electric vehicles platform, and BrightDrop Zevo vans are now manufactured there. CAMI was an independently incorporated joint venture of automobile manufacturing in Ingersoll, Ontario , Canada and formed the third step of General Motors ' three-pronged initiative of the mid-1980s to capture and practice the Japanese mystique of automotive management. The other two were United Australian Automobile Industries between Toyota and Holden in Australia , and NUMMI in California with Toyota and GM,

3404-717: The first batch of vehicles in Michigan so they could meet their 2021 delivery target. GM was scheduled to shift Zevo production to the CAMI Automotive factory at Ingersoll, Ontario in November 2022. Some of the robots and tools made and used by KUKA to assemble the initial batch will be transferred to CAMI; CAMI staff have been using the initial batch to refine the production processes. Zevo 600 production at CAMI began on December 5, 2022. At maximum capacity, CAMI will be able to build 50,000 Zevo vans per year. Production of

3478-535: The first industrially practical screw-cutting lathe in 1800. This allowed for the standardization of screw thread sizes for the first time and paved the way for the practical application of interchangeability (an idea that was already taking hold) to nuts and bolts . Before this, screw threads were usually made by chipping and filing (that is, with skilled freehand use of chisels and files ). Nuts were rare; metal screws, when made at all, were usually for use in wood. Metal bolts passing through wood framing to

3552-452: The front and rear axles, and the combined output is 300 hp (220 kW) and 390 lb⋅ft (530 N⋅m). A front-wheel drive variant was introduced with the 2025 model year; single-motor peak output is 240 hp (180 kW) and 300 lb⋅ft (410 N⋅m). Deleting the rear traction motor reduces curb weight by 220–240 lb (100–109 kg). The regular production option (RPO) ETJ "Max" high voltage traction battery in

3626-471: The international level . Standardization is also used to ensure safe design and operation of laboratories and similar potentially dangerous workplaces, e.g. to ensure biosafety levels . There is research into microbiology safety standards used in clinical and research laboratories. In the context of defense, standardization has been defined by NATO as The development and implementation of concepts, doctrines, procedures and designs to achieve and maintain

3700-630: The lack of efficiency in this system and began to consider proposals for an international standard for electric engineering. In 1904, Crompton represented Britain at the International Electrical Congress , held in connection with Louisiana Purchase Exposition in Saint Louis as part of a delegation by the Institute of Electrical Engineers . He presented a paper on standardisation, which was so well received that he

3774-456: The latter a wholly owned alternative to apply its learnings into practice. CAMI was the least successful of the trio for decades, but is now the sole survivor. Production began in late 1989 after several delays. To circumvent the American 25 percent " Chicken tax ", the entire Canadian production of Geo Trackers was initially shipped to the United States. The Canadian market, not afflicted by

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3848-521: The layoff. CAMI also supplied unfinished bodies of Chevrolet Equinox to GM's Oshawa Car Assembly for painting and final assembly. The arrangement ended after the production of the second generation Chevrolet Equinox ceased in 2017. In response to the Terrain's shifting and due to the production of the Equinox in two plants in Mexico, workers went on a strike, demanding CAMI become the main assembly point of

3922-415: The life of the traction battery. The Zevo 600 has an advertised 600 cubic feet (17 m ) of cargo volume and a GVWR of under 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg), providing an estimated payload rating of 2,200 lb (1,000 kg). The smaller Zevo 400 has 410 cu ft (12 m ) of cargo volume, with a body approximately 20 ft (6.1 m) long, designed to fit in a standard parking space;

3996-645: The manufacturer, an independent laboratory, a government agency, a magazine or others on a voluntary or commissioned/mandated basis. Estimating the environmental impacts of food products in a standardized way – as has been done with a dataset of >57,000 food products in supermarkets – could e.g. be used to inform consumers or in policy . For example, such may be useful for approaches using personal carbon allowances (or similar quota) or for targeted alteration of (ultimate overall) costs . Public information symbols (e.g. hazard symbols ), especially when related to safety, are often standardized, sometimes on

4070-484: The new International Organization for Standardization (ISO); the new organization officially began operations in February ;1947. In general, each country or economy has a single recognized National Standards Body (NSB). Examples include ABNT , AENOR (now called UNE, Spanish Association for Standardization ) , AFNOR , ANSI , BSI , DGN , DIN , IRAM , JISC , KATS , SABS , SAC , SCC , SIS . An NSB

4144-437: The next generation Chevrolet Equinox. The amount included C$ 190 million at the plant and C$ 370 million in vendor tooling with suppliers. In January 2017, GM announced it would cut 625 workers as a result of shifting production of the second generation GMC Terrain to Mexico and phasing out the second generation Chevrolet Equinox earlier than planned. CAMI Automotive has 2,800 hourly and 300 salaried employees in early 2017 before

4218-497: The products of regular standardization processes. Standardized product certifications such as of organic food , buildings or possibly sustainable seafood as well as standardized product safety evaluation and dis/approval procedures (e.g. regulation of chemicals , cosmetics and food safety ) can protect the environment. This effect may depend on associated modified consumer choices , strategic product support/obstruction, requirements and bans as well as their accordance with

4292-457: The protection-quality, -scopes and -extents. Moreover, technical standards could decrease electronic waste and reduce resource-needs such as by thereby requiring (or enabling) products to be interoperable , compatible (with other products, infrastructures, environments, etc), durable , energy-efficient , modular , upgradeable / repairable and recyclable and conform to versatile, optimal standards and protocols. Such standardization

4366-468: The range was estimated at 250 mi (400 km), which allows the vans to charge overnight for a full day of deliveries. Typical delivery routes average between 100 and 150 mi (160 and 240 km) per day, and the range was designed initially to ensure that delivery drivers could complete an entire route with confidence regardless of weather or traffic conditions. In addition, more gentle or partial charging cycles can be applied, which would prolong

4440-627: The required levels of compatibility , interchangeability or commonality in the operational, procedural, material, technical and administrative fields to attain interoperability. In some cases, standards are being used in the design and operation of workplaces and products that can impact consumers' health. Some of such standards seek to ensure occupational safety and health and ergonomics . For example, chairs (see e.g. active sitting and steps of research ) could be potentially be designed and chosen using standards that may or may not be based on adequate scientific data. Standards could reduce

4514-591: The responsibility to consider the available standards, specify the correct one, enforce compliance, and use the item correctly: validation and verification . To avoid the proliferation of industry standards, also referred to as private standards , regulators in the United States are instructed by their government offices to adopt "voluntary consensus standards" before relying upon "industry standards" or developing "government standards". Regulatory authorities can reference voluntary consensus standards to translate internationally accepted criteria into public policy . In

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4588-424: The second generation Chevrolet Equinox for fleet sales continued even as production of the third generation model started on 8 January 2017. In 2013 GM announced a US$ 200 million (C$ 250 million) investment for a new body shop and flexible manufacturing equipment and tooling to support future production. In early 2015, GM announced to invest US$ 450 million (C$ 560 million) in the plant in preparation for production of

4662-607: The size and weight of a girder to employ for given work." The Engineering Standards Committee was established in London in 1901 as the world's first national standards body. It subsequently extended its standardization work and became the British Engineering Standards Association in 1918, adopting the name British Standards Institution in 1931 after receiving its Royal Charter in 1929. The national standards were adopted universally throughout

4736-817: The smaller Zevo 400 is scheduled to start in late 2023. In addition to FedEx and Verizon, the fleet management company Merchants Fleet placed the largest single order of 18,000 EV600 and EV410 vans by November 2021. FedEx received the first 5 EV600 vans from a 500-vehicle fleet order in December 2021, which they will operate out of their Inglewood, California facility; the delivery company increased its order by 2,000 additional units and Walmart reserved 5,000 units in January 2022. Consumer sales are scheduled to commence in 2022. In September 2022, Hertz announced it would order up to 175,000 electric vehicles from GM, including an unspecified number of BrightDrop Zevo 600 vans. BrightDrop announced its first order from outside

4810-465: The system. When the shift toward competition based on individual components takes place, firms selling tightly integrated systems must quickly shift to a modular approach, supplying other companies with subsystems or components. Standardization has a variety of benefits for consumers, but one of the greatest benefits is enhanced network effects. Standards increase compatibility and interoperability between products, allowing information to be shared within

4884-542: The time, the two contracts for 100,000 Rivian EDV electric delivery vans ordered by Amazon and 10,000 Arrival Vans ordered by UPS were collectively valued at US$ 4 billion. The BrightDrop EV600 was unveiled as the marque's first vehicle at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas , Nevada on 12 January 2021 along with the EP1 electric pallet cart; GM announced that FedEx had ordered 500 EV600s. The smaller EV410

4958-485: The total number of vehicles affected is 66, of which GM estimates 5% are affected with a front-drive unit that may leak oil and cause fire. The recall was not due to the high-voltage traction battery. It is anticipated the replacements for the Chevrolet Express / GMC Savana , scheduled for the 2026 model year, will also use Ultium battery technology and may use a smaller version of the Zevo platform. For

5032-411: The variety of products and lead to convergence on fewer broad designs – which can often be efficiently mass-produced via common shared automated procedures and instruments – or formulations deemed to be the most healthy, most efficient or best compromise between healthiness and other factors. Standardization is sometimes or could also be used to ensure or increase or enable consumer health protection beyond

5106-482: The venture after it stopped production of its XL7 models at CAMI in June 2009 due to poor sales. In December 2010, contrary to conditions set out by Canadian federal and Ontario provincial governments, GM laid off approximately 90 salaried staff as a result of its takeover of the CAMI Assembly plant. From 2013 the plant has produced vehicles based on GM's Theta platform for crossover SUVs ; production of

5180-420: The workplace and ergonomics such as standards in food, food production, hygiene products, tab water, cosmetics, drugs/medicine, drink and dietary supplements, especially in cases where there is robust scientific data that suggests detrimental impacts on health (e.g. of ingredients) despite being substitutable and not necessarily of consumer interest. In the context of assessment, standardization may define how

5254-464: Was an important figure in this process, introducing accurate methods and apparatus for measuring electricity. In 1857, he introduced a series of effective instruments, including the quadrant electrometer, which cover the entire field of electrostatic measurement. He invented the current balance , also known as the Kelvin balance or Ampere balance ( SiC ), for the precise specification of the ampere ,

5328-545: Was asked to look into the formation of a commission to oversee the process. By 1906 his work was complete and he drew up a permanent constitution for the International Electrotechnical Commission . The body held its first meeting that year in London, with representatives from 14 countries. In honour of his contribution to electrical standardisation, Lord Kelvin was elected as the body's first President. The International Federation of

5402-517: Was first shown that September; telecommunications company Verizon was the first customer for the smaller van, with deliveries scheduled for 2023. In April 2022, BrightDrop announced it had renamed its products; the EV600 and EV410 became the Zevo 600 and Zevo 400, respectively. In addition, the EP1 was renamed to the Trace (e-cart spelled backward). GM partnered with KUKA , a close supplier, to build

5476-938: Was originally based on almost the same imperial fractions. The Unified thread angle is 60° and has flattened crests (Whitworth crests are rounded). Thread pitch is the same in both systems except that the thread pitch for the 1 ⁄ 2  in. (inch) bolt is 12 threads per inch (tpi) in BSW versus 13 tpi in the UNC. By the end of the 19th century, differences in standards between companies were making trade increasingly difficult and strained. For instance, an iron and steel dealer recorded his displeasure in The Times : "Architects and engineers generally specify such unnecessarily diverse types of sectional material or given work that anything like economical and continuous manufacture becomes impossible. In this country no two professional men are agreed upon

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