99-412: CX is a noise reduction system for recorded analog audio. It was developed by CBS Laboratories (a division of CBS ) in the late 1970s as a low-cost competitor to other noise reduction (NR) systems such as dbx disc and High-Com II , and was officially introduced in 1981. The name CX was derived from " C ompatible e X pansion", a feature of the technique. CX was originally designed by CBS as
198-578: A 1978 concert tour of Japan to protest the slaughter of dolphins caught in tuna fishing nets. She subsequently rescheduled the tour when the Japanese government assured her that the practice was being curbed. In honor of dolphins, in 1981 she also composed and recorded the song "The Promise (the Dolphin Song)" on the Physical album. She was a performer on the 1979 Music for UNICEF Concert for
297-449: A River". Neither track became a chart success; the project failed and the group disbanded. In 1971, Newton-John released her first solo album, If Not for You (US No. 158 Pop). In the UK, the album was released as Olivia Newton-John . The title track , written by Bob Dylan , was her first international hit (US No. 25 Pop, No. 1 Adult Contemporary /"AC"). Her follow-up single, " Banks of
396-663: A de-emphasis process applied at playback. Systems include the professional systems Dolby A and Dolby SR by Dolby Laboratories , dbx Professional and dbx Type I by dbx , Donald Aldous' EMT NoiseBX, Burwen Noise Eliminator [ it ] , Telefunken 's telcom c4 [ de ] and MXR Innovations' MXR as well as the consumer systems Dolby NR , Dolby B , Dolby C and Dolby S , dbx Type II , Telefunken's High Com and Nakamichi 's High-Com II , Toshiba 's (Aurex AD-4) adres [ ja ] , JVC 's ANRS [ ja ] and Super ANRS , Fisher / Sanyo 's Super D , SNRS , and
495-400: A de-emphasis process applied during playback. Modern digital sound recordings no longer need to worry about tape hiss so analog-style noise reduction systems are not necessary. However, an interesting twist is that dither systems actually add noise to a signal to improve its quality. Dual-ended compander noise reduction systems have a pre-emphasis process applied during recording and then
594-738: A debate among purists, who took issue with a foreigner singing country-flavoured pop music being classed with native Nashville artists. In addition to her Grammy for "Let Me Be There", in 1974 Newton-John was also named the Country Music Association Female Vocalist of the Year, a designation which made her the first British singer to have won the award; and the title also meant she defeated more established Nashville-based nominees Loretta Lynn , Dolly Parton and Tanya Tucker , as well as Canadian artist Anne Murray . This protest by country music participants led to
693-521: A decoder. The Telefunken High Com integrated circuit U401BR could be utilized to work as a mostly Dolby B –compatible compander as well. In various late-generation High Com tape decks the Dolby-B emulating D NR Expander functionality worked not only for playback, but, as an undocumented feature, also during recording. dbx was a competing analog noise reduction system developed by David E. Blackmer , founder of Dbx, Inc. It used
792-418: A device's mechanism or signal processing algorithms . In electronic systems , a major type of noise is hiss created by random electron motion due to thermal agitation. These agitated electrons rapidly add and subtract from the output signal and thus create detectable noise . In the case of photographic film and magnetic tape , noise (both visible and audible) is introduced due to the grain structure of
891-410: A duet with Andy Gibb from his After Dark album, and by starring in her third television special, Hollywood Nights . Later that year, she appeared in her first film since Grease when she starred with Gene Kelly and Michael Beck in the musical fantasy Xanadu . Although the film was a critical failure, its soundtrack (No. 4 Pop) was certified double platinum and scored five top 20 singles on
990-529: A greater or lesser degree. The local signal-and-noise orthogonalization algorithm can be used to avoid changes to the signals. Noise reduction techniques in Digital Signal Processing (DSP) are essential for improving the quality of signals in various applications, including audio processing, telecommunications, and biomedical engineering. Noise, which is unwanted random variation in signals, can degrade signal clarity and accuracy. DSP offers
1089-461: A noise-reduction technology for vinyl LP records , similar to the earlier dbx disc (based on dbx II ) and High-Com II systems, but, like the later UC system, it aimed at the lower-cost consumer mass market rather than high-end audiophile niche markets only. CX-encoded records required a special CX expander connected to a stereo system, in order to fully reproduce the CX encoded sound on
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#17327719156661188-500: A range of algorithms to reduce noise while preserving the integrity of the original signal. Spectral subtraction is one of the simplest and most widely used noise reduction techniques, especially in speech processing. It works by estimating the power spectrum of the noise during silent periods and subtracting this noise spectrum from the noisy signal. This technique assumes that noise is additive and relatively stationary. While effective, spectral subtraction can introduce "musical noise,"
1287-456: A root-mean-squared (RMS) encode/decode algorithm with the noise-prone high frequencies boosted, and the entire signal fed through a 2:1 compander. dbx operated across the entire audible bandwidth and unlike Dolby B was unusable without a decoder. However, it could achieve up to 30 dB of noise reduction. Since analog video recordings use frequency modulation for the luminance part (composite video signal in direct color systems), which keeps
1386-439: A short-lived, all-girl group called Sol Four which often performed at a coffee shop owned by her brother-in-law. Newton-John originally wanted to become a veterinarian but then chose to focus on performance after doubting her ability to pass science exams. In 1964, Newton-John's acting talent was first recognised portraying Lady Mary Lasenby in her University High School's production of The Admirable Crichton as she became
1485-641: A slight blow. Her Making a Good Thing Better album (No. 34 Pop, No. 13 Country) was not certified gold, and its only single, the title track (No. 87 Pop, No. 20 AC), did not reach the AC top 10 or the Country chart. Later that year, Olivia Newton-John's Greatest Hits (No. 13 Pop, No. 7 Country) became her first platinum album . Newton-John was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in
1584-499: A standard feature. Pioneer also released a stand-alone CX adapter R-1000 for use with their VP-1000, Magnavox's VH-8000/8005 and the industrial players that were all released before CX was adopted. The first CX encoded LaserDisc was Olivia Newton-John 's Olivia Physical , released by MCA Videodisc . CX decoders made for LPs could not be used with LDs because the CX companding specifications for LaserDisc were changed, from 20 dB of noise reduction to 14 dB, along with moving
1683-533: A talent contest on the television program Sing, Sing, Sing , hosted by 1960s Australian icon Johnny O'Keefe . She performed the songs " Anyone Who Had a Heart " and " Everything's Coming Up Roses ". She was initially reluctant to use her prize, a trip to Great Britain, but travelled there nearly a year later after her mother encouraged her to broaden her horizons. While in Britain, Newton-John missed her then-boyfriend, Ian Turpie , with whom she had co-starred in
1782-419: A type of artificial noise, if the noise spectrum estimate is inaccurate. Applications: Primarily used in audio signal processing, including mobile telephony and hearing aids. Advantages: Simple to implement and computationally efficient. Limitations: Tends to perform poorly in the presence of non-stationary noise, and can introduce artifacts. Adaptive filters are highly effective in situations where noise
1881-474: A variety of sources. Further use of these images will often require that the noise be reduced either for aesthetic purposes, or for practical purposes such as computer vision . Olivia Newton-John Dame Olivia Newton-John AC DBE (26 September 1948 – 8 August 2022) was a British and Australian singer and actress. She was a four-time Grammy Award winner whose music career included fifteen top-ten singles, including five number-one singles on
1980-497: Is a statistical approach to noise reduction that minimizes the mean square error between the desired signal and the actual output. This technique relies on knowledge of both the signal and noise power spectra, and it can provide optimal noise reduction if these spectra are accurately estimated. Applications: Frequently applied in image processing, audio restoration, and radar. Advantages: Provides optimal noise reduction for stationary noise. Limitations: Requires accurate estimates of
2079-575: Is an advanced noise reduction technique that uses redundancy in the signal by averaging similar patches across the signal or image. While computationally more demanding, NLM is highly effective in removing noise from images and audio signals without blurring. Applications: Applied primarily in image denoising, especially in medical imaging and photography. Advantages: Preserves details and edges in images. Limitations: Computationally intensive, often requiring hardware acceleration or approximations for real-time applications. Boosting signals in seismic data
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#17327719156662178-530: Is concentrated about it. Yet another approach is the automatic noise limiter and noise blanker commonly found on HAM radio transceivers, CB radio transceivers, etc. Both of the aforementioned filters can be used separately, or in conjunction with each other at the same time, depending on the transceiver itself. Most digital audio workstations (DAWs) and audio editing software have one or more noise reduction functions. Images taken with digital cameras or conventional film cameras will pick up noise from
2277-506: Is described in U.S. patent 4,376,916 . The project was led by CBS Records group vice president Bob Jamieson and carried out by a team led by Daniel W. Gravereaux and Louis A. Abbagnaro. The label predicted that CX encoding would become standard on all new LP releases, but this did not happen. CBS struggled to gain support for the system from other record companies. The process was controversial among CBS executives and unpopular with some artists. Classical guitarist Liona Boyd demanded that
2376-400: Is especially crucial for seismic imaging , inversion, and interpretation, thereby greatly improving the success rate in oil & gas exploration. The useful signal that is smeared in the ambient random noise is often neglected and thus may cause fake discontinuity of seismic events and artifacts in the final migrated image. Enhancing the useful signal while preserving edge properties of
2475-592: Is frequently confused with the far more common Dolby noise-reduction system . Unlike Dolby and dbx Type I and Type II noise reduction systems, DNL and DNR are playback-only signal processing systems that do not require the source material to first be encoded. They can be used to remove background noise from any audio signal, including magnetic tape recordings and FM radio broadcasts, reducing noise by as much as 10 dB. They can also be used in conjunction with other noise reduction systems, provided that they are used prior to applying DNR to prevent DNR from causing
2574-467: Is one of the best-selling soundtracks of all time. In June 2006, Newton-John's company ON-J Productions Ltd filed a lawsuit against Universal Music Group (UMG) for $ 1 million in unpaid royalties from the Grease soundtrack. In 2007, it was announced that she and UMG had reached a "conditional settlement". Newton-John's performance earned her a People's Choice Award for Favourite Film Actress. She
2673-424: Is to define a dynamic threshold for filtering noise, that is derived from the local signal, again with respect to a local time-frequency region. Everything below the threshold will be filtered, everything above the threshold, like partials of a voice or wanted noise , will be untouched. The region is typically defined by the location of the signal's instantaneous frequency, as most of the signal energy to be preserved
2772-653: Is unpredictable or non-stationary. In adaptive filtering, the filter's parameters are continuously adjusted to minimize the difference between the desired signal and the actual output. The Least Mean Squares (LMS) and Recursive Least Squares (RLS) algorithms are commonly used for adaptive noise cancellation. Applications: Used in active noise-canceling headphones, biomedical devices (e.g., EEG and ECG processing), and communications. Advantages: Can adapt to changing noise environments in real-time. Limitations: Higher computational requirements, which may be challenging for real-time applications on low-power devices. Wiener filtering
2871-606: The Billboard Hot 100 and two number-one albums on the Billboard 200 : If You Love Me, Let Me Know (1974) and Have You Never Been Mellow (1975). Eleven of her singles (including two Platinum ) and fourteen of her albums (including two Platinum and four 2× Platinum) have been certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In 1978, Newton-John starred in
2970-540: The 1979 New Year Honours and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2020 New Year Honours for services to charity, cancer research, and entertainment. In 1978, Newton-John's career soared after she starred as Sandy in the film adaptation of the Broadway musical Grease. She was offered the role after meeting producer Allan Carr at a dinner party at Helen Reddy 's home. Disillusioned by her Toomorrow experience and concerned that she
3069-630: The Billboard Hot 100. Newton-John charted with " Magic " (No. 1 Pop, No. 1 AC), " Suddenly " with Cliff Richard (No. 20 Pop, No. 4 AC) and the title song " Xanadu " with the Electric Light Orchestra (No. 8 Pop, No. 2 AC). [ELO also charted with "I'm Alive" (No. 16 Pop, No. 48 AC) and "All Over the World" (No. 13 Pop, No. 46 AC).] "Magic" was Newton-John's biggest pop hit to that point (four weeks at No. 1) and still ranks as
CX (noise reduction) - Misplaced Pages Continue
3168-667: The EMI Records label. The Long Live Love album was released in the US and Canada as If You Love Me, Let Me Know . All the Eurovision entries were dropped for different and more country-flavoured tunes intended to capitalise on the success of "Let Me Be There"; the North American offering used selections from Long Live Love , Olivia and Music Makes My Day , and only the title cut was new. The album reached No. 1 on both
3267-604: The Electric Light Orchestra ). With over 100 million records sold, Newton-John is one of the best-selling music artists of all time as well as the highest-selling female Australian recording artist of all-time. Newton-John, who had breast cancer three times, was an advocate and sponsor for breast cancer research . In 2012, the Olivia Newton-John Cancer & Wellness Centre at the Austin Hospital opened in her home town of Melbourne; in 2015,
3366-571: The Enigma project at Bletchley Park who took Rudolf Hess into custody during World War II . After the war, he became the headmaster of the Cambridgeshire High School for Boys and was in this post when Newton-John was born. Newton-John was the youngest of three children, following her brother Hugh (1939–2019), a medical doctor, and her sister Rona (1941–2013), an actress who was married to restaurateur Brian Goldsmith and
3465-537: The John Farrar -penned title track (No. 1 Pop, No. 3 Country, No. 1 AC) and " Please Mr. Please " (No. 3 Pop, No. 5 Country, No. 1 AC). Her pop career cooled with the release of her next album, Clearly Love . Her streak of five consecutive gold top 10 singles on the Billboard Hot 100 ended when the album's first single, " Something Better to Do ", stopped at No. 13 (also No. 19 Country and No. 1 AC). Her albums still achieved gold status, and she returned to
3564-732: The University of Melbourne . Her family attended church while her father served as the head of the Presbyterian college. Newton-John attended Christ Church Grammar School in the Melbourne suburb of South Yarra and then the University High School in Parkville . Newton-John went to primary school with Daryl Braithwaite , who also followed a singing career. At age 14, with three classmates, Newton-John formed
3663-686: The musical film Grease , which was the highest-grossing musical film at the time and whose soundtrack remains one of the world's best-selling albums . It features two major hit duets with co-star John Travolta : " You're the One That I Want "—which is one of the best-selling singles of all time —and " Summer Nights ". Her signature solo recordings include the Record of the Year Grammy winner " I Honestly Love You " (1974) and " Physical " (1981)— Billboard ' s highest-ranking Hot 100 single of
3762-404: The "Physical" title track prompted two Utah radio stations to ban the single from their playlists. (In 2010, Billboard magazine ranked this as the most popular single ever about sex.) To counter its overtly suggestive tone, Newton-John filmed an exercise-themed video that turned the song into an aerobics anthem and made headbands a fashion accessory outside the gym. She helped pioneer
3861-487: The 'threshold' where compression/expansion changes from 2:1 to 1:1 from −40 dB to −28 dB - other minor changes to the decoding time constants were made as well. In addition, some of the LaserDisc's FM audio encoding specifications were modified too, allowing more headroom and better high frequency response at high levels. These changes were made because, at the time of CX's adoption on LaserDisc (1981),
3960-602: The 1965 Australian telefilm Funny Things Happen Down Under . She repeatedly booked trips back to Australia that her mother cancelled. In 1966, Newton-John recorded her first single, "Till You Say You'll Be Mine", in Britain for Decca Records . Newton-John's outlook changed when Pat Carroll moved to the UK. The two formed a duo called Pat and Olivia and toured nightclubs in Europe. (In one incident, they were booked at Paul Raymond's Revue in Soho , London, and were unaware that it
4059-461: The 1980s. Other defining hit singles include " If Not for You " and " Banks of the Ohio " (both 1971), " Let Me Be There " (1973), " If You Love Me (Let Me Know) " (1974), " Have You Never Been Mellow " (1975), " Sam " (1977), " Hopelessly Devoted to You " (1978; also from Grease ), " A Little More Love " (1978), " Twist of Fate " (1983) and, from the 1980 film Xanadu , " Magic " and " Xanadu " (with
CX (noise reduction) - Misplaced Pages Continue
4158-549: The AC chart. (" Fly Away " returned to No. 1 after the two-week reign of " Let It Shine ".) In December, 1975, she appeared on the ABC special John Denver - A Rocky Mountain Christmas , where she performed the duet of “ Fly Away ” with John, as well as “ Let It Shine ". Newton-John also continued to reach the Country top 10 where she tallied seven top 10 singles through 1976's " Come on Over " (No. 23 Pop, No. 5 Country, No. 1 AC) (from
4257-692: The British public out of six possible entries (Newton-John later admitted that she disliked the song). Newton-John finished fourth at the contest, held in Brighton , behind the Swedish winning entry, " Waterloo " by ABBA . All six Eurovision contest song candidates—"Have Love, Will Travel", "Lovin' You Ain't Easy", "Long Live Love", "Someday", "Angel Eyes" and "Hands Across the Sea"—were recorded by Newton-John and included on her Long Live Love album, her first for
4356-612: The CX encoded version of one of her albums be withdrawn because of perceived shortcomings, even though Jamieson claimed that CBS had the technical means to overcome such objections. Based on an UREI reference design published by CBS, many third-party builders of CX decoders used a dual operational transconductance amplifier 13700D made by JRC (today NJR ), coupled with a pair of quadruple JFET operational amplifier chips TL084 in their designs. Among them were Telefunken with their RN 100 CX, RS 120 CX and RS 220 CX. The documented playback time constants of
4455-408: The CX system to better match LD's FM audio shortcomings, undecoded playback sound quality was maintained and vastly improved decoded sound was achieved at the same time. The possibility of audible pumping or breathing artifacts during CX decoded playback were reduced as well. While CX greatly improved the audio quality of LaserDisc's FM audio tracks, its primary reason for adoption was to decrease
4554-589: The Hot 100. The single was certified platinum, and it ultimately ranked as the biggest song of the decade. (In 2008, Billboard ranked the song No. 6 among all songs that charted in the 50-year history of the Hot 100.) "Physical" earned Newton-John her only placement ever on the R&;B Singles (No. 28) and Albums (No. 32) charts. The Physical album spawned two more singles, " Make a Move on Me " (No. 5 Pop, No. 6 AC) and "Landslide" (No. 52 Pop). The provocative lyrics of
4653-561: The Hungarian/East-German Ex-Ko system. In some compander systems, the compression is applied during professional media production and only the expansion is applied by the listener; for example, systems like dbx disc , High-Com II , CX 20 and UC used for vinyl recordings and Dolby FM , High Com FM and FMX used in FM radio broadcasting. The first widely used audio noise reduction technique
4752-551: The LP system due to the CED system's much higher noise levels than the LaserDisc format. Although RCA improved the plastic/carbon formulation used to make discs, which lowered disc noise levels by 3 dB, and modified the mastering system, the CED format still required the full 20 dB of noise reduction that was achieved with the unmodified LP system. The names given by CBS to the two different versions of CX were CX-20 and CX-14 . CX
4851-472: The LP. However, in contrast to dbx disc and High-Com II, CX-encoded records, like UC-encoded records, could also be played without a decoder with a resulting (claimed acceptable) amount of dynamic range compression . CX being a 2:1:2 compander system, a noise reduction of 20 dB(A) was achieved for a resulting maximum dynamic range of typically 80 to 85 dB(A) (other sources claiming up to 95 dB(A) or even 107 dB). The theory of operation
4950-692: The Night " (No. 11 Pop, No. 87 Country, No. 4 AC), and the title track (No. 52 Pop)—all demonstrated a more aggressive and uptempo sound for Newton-John. Although the album de-emphasised the country sound, the LP still reached No. 4 on the Country Albums chart. Newton-John released the B-side, "Dancin' 'Round and 'Round", of the "Totally Hot" single to Country radio. The entry peaked at No. 29 (as well as No. 82 Pop and No. 25 AC), and it became her last charted solo Country airplay single. Newton-John cancelled
5049-478: The Ohio ", was a top 10 hit in the UK and Australia, but only peaked at number 94 in the United States. She was voted Best British Female Vocalist two years in a row by the magazine Record Mirror . She made frequent appearances on Cliff Richard 's weekly show It's Cliff Richard and starred with him in the telefilm The Case . Newton-John's 1972 single " What Is Life " (No. 34 AC) made minimal impact in
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#17327719156665148-659: The Pop (one week) and Country (six weeks) albums charts with her next album, Have You Never Been Mellow . For 45 years, Olivia held the Guinness World Record for the shortest gap (154 days) by a female between new Number 1 albums ( If You Love Me, Let Me Know > Have You Never Been Mellow ) on the US Billboard 200 album charts until Taylor Swift in 2020 (140 days with folklore > evermore ). The Have You Never Been Mellow album generated two singles –
5247-554: The UN's International Year of the Child televised worldwide. During the concert, artists performed songs for which they donated their royalties, some in perpetuity, to benefit the cause. In April 1975, Newton-John and MCA entered into an initial two-year, four-album deal in which she was expected to deliver two LPs a year for the record company. MCA also had the option of extending the contract for six more records and three more years; and if
5346-589: The United States. As a result, her second studio album Olivia was never formally issued in the United States. The subsequent single " Take Me Home, Country Roads " similarly saw little success. Her fortune changed with the release of " Let Me Be There " in 1973. The song reached the American top 10 on the Pop (No. 6), Country (No. 7), and AC (No. 3) charts and earned her a Grammy for Best Country Female and an Academy of Country Music award for Most Promising Female Vocalist. Her third studio album Let Me Be There
5445-470: The United States. Gasparo also released a number of CX encoded records. In Europe, many CX discs were manufactured in the Netherlands with the catalog number prefix "CBSCX". The albums in this series also came in standard, non-CX encoded versions. A total of about 150 CX encoded titles exist. The implementation of a software decoder for CX is under consideration. While the implementation of CX with LPs
5544-479: The Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance – Female. In her 2018 autobiography, Don't Stop Believin', Newton-John describes "I Honestly Love You" as a song which is "so simple, with a meaning that was deeper than the ocean". In 1974, she received the (BCMA) British Country Music Association Award for "Female Vocalist of the Year" in London, England. In the United States, Newton-John's success in country music sparked
5643-499: The Young Sun's Drama Award best schoolgirl actress runner-up. She then became a regular on local Australian television shows, including Time for Terry and HSV-7 's The Happy Show , where she performed as "Lovely Livvy". She also appeared on The Go!! Show , where she met her future duet partner, singer Pat Carroll , and her future music producer, John Farrar . (Carroll and Farrar later married.) In 1965, she entered and won
5742-408: The amount of interference between the right channel's FM audio carrier and the video carrier's first chroma sideband. Without CX, strict filtering during mastering and playback as well as keeping color saturation below 75% on the master were required to keep any interference below −35 dB, which ensured that no beats or other artifacts were visible in the demodulated image. Although CX improved
5841-447: The artist did not deliver on time, MCA was allegedly allowed to lengthen the term of the contract. Per her new agreement with MCA, Newton-John's first three albums, beginning with Clearly Love , came out on schedule. Her fourth, Making a Good Thing Better , was late. This delay occurred around the same time she was working on Grease for RSO Records , and the postponement arguably gave MCA—which seemed to want to keep its hold on
5940-495: The biggest AC hit of her career (five weeks at No. 1). The film Xanadu has since become a cult classic and the basis for a Broadway show that ran for more than 500 performances beginning in 2007 and was nominated for four Tony Awards including Best Musical. In 1981, Newton-John released her most successful studio album, the double platinum Physical , which strongly reinforced her image change by showcasing risqué, rock-oriented material. Newton-John explained: "I just wasn't in
6039-606: The decoders were slightly changed by CBS in 1981/1982. In 1982, the CX integrated circuit U2141B was developed by AEG -Telefunken, Germany, by Ernst F. Schröder , Dietrich Höppner and Kurt Hintzmann, the same team who previously designed the High ;Com noise reduction system, a broadband compander with up to 20 dB of noise reduction. Hitachi also offered dedicated CX chips named HA12043 (for CX 14 ) and HA12044 (for CX 20 ) in 1983. Approximately 70 CX encoded LP titles were released by CBS up to 1983 in
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#17327719156666138-597: The facility was rechristened the Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness & Research Centre. She was also an activist for environmental and animal rights causes. Olivia Newton-John was born on 26 September 1948 in Cambridge to Brinley "Bryn" Newton-John (1914–1992) and Irene Helene (née Born; 1914–2003). Her father was born and raised in Wales to a middle-class family. Her mother
6237-480: The formation of the short-lived Association of Country Entertainers (ACE). Newton-John was eventually supported by the country music community. Stella Parton , Dolly's sister, recorded " Ode to Olivia " and Newton-John recorded her 1976 album, Don't Stop Believin' , in Nashville, Tennessee . Encouraged by expatriate Australian singer Helen Reddy , Newton-John left the UK and moved to the US. Newton-John topped
6336-507: The late 1980s. A look at Pioneer's catalogs as late as 1987 shows that the majority of titles did not have CX encoded analog sound - most were not digital either. For the CED VideoDisc, since stereo was not added to the format until its second year on the market, RCA made CX a mandatory part of CED's stereo system - a disc could not be released in stereo without CX encoding - and the companding specifications were unchanged from those of
6435-468: The medium. In photographic film, the size of the grains in the film determines the film's sensitivity, more sensitive film having larger-sized grains. In magnetic tape, the larger the grains of the magnetic particles (usually ferric oxide or magnetite ), the more prone the medium is to noise. To compensate for this, larger areas of film or magnetic tape may be used to lower the noise to an acceptable level. Noise reduction algorithms tend to alter signals to
6534-454: The mood for tender ballads. I wanted peppy stuff because that's how I'm feeling." Of the title cut, Newton-John said: " Roger Davies was my manager at the time; he played it for me and I knew it was a very catchy song." The title track , written by Steve Kipner and Terry Shaddick, spent ten weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100. This matched the record at that time held by Debby Boone 's " You Light Up My Life " for most weeks spent at No. 1 on
6633-419: The music video industry by recording a video album for Physical , featuring videos of all the album's tracks and three of her older hits. The video album earned her a fourth Grammy and was aired as an ABC prime-time special, Let's Get Physical , becoming a top-10 Nielsen hit. Newton-John asserted: "Like everyone, I've got different sides of my personality. I've my dominant self, my need-to-be-dominated self,
6732-645: The other noise reduction system to mistrack. One of DNR's first widespread applications was in the GM Delco car stereo systems in US GM cars introduced in 1984. It was also used in factory car stereos in Jeep vehicles in the 1980s, such as the Cherokee XJ . Today, DNR, DNL, and similar systems are most commonly encountered as a noise reduction system in microphone systems. A second class of algorithms work in
6831-558: The performer—the right to exercise its option, extend its contract, and stop her from signing with another enterprise. She also did not deliver a "newly optioned" album. On 31 May 1978, Newton-John and MCA each filed breach-of-contract actions against the other. Newton-John sued for $ 10 million and claimed that MCA's failure to adequately promote and advertise her product freed her from their agreement. MCA's countersuit requested $ 1 million in damages and an injunction against Newton-John working with another music firm. Ultimately, Newton-John
6930-489: The picture quality, it was not normally used on discs with mono audio. Pioneer Video , the main manufacturer of LDs at the time, required the studios to request CX and, since most did not know that CX improved the video quality of the finished discs or the audio of mono titles, CX was rarely requested. Due to this lack of knowledge about CX at the studios, there were many stereo titles released without CX encoding and, in fact, CX didn't become standard on all LaserDisc titles until
7029-507: The platinum " You're the One That I Want " (No. 1 Pop, No. 23 AC) with John Travolta, the gold " Hopelessly Devoted to You " (No. 3 Pop, No. 20 Country, No. 7 AC) and the gold " Summer Nights " (No. 5 Pop, No. 21 AC) with John Travolta and the film's cast. Newton-John became the second woman (after Linda Ronstadt in 1977) to have two singles—"Hopelessly Devoted to You" and "Summer Nights"—in the Billboard top 5 simultaneously. The soundtrack
7128-523: The playback of phonograph records to address scratches, pops, and surface non-linearities. Single-ended dynamic range expanders like the Phase Linear Autocorrelator Noise Reduction and Dynamic Range Recovery System (Models 1000 and 4000) can reduce various noise from old recordings. Dual-ended systems (such as Dolby noise-reduction system or dbx ) have a pre-emphasis process applied during recording and then
7227-568: The pop (one week) and country (eight weeks) albums charts. If You Love Me, Let Me Know 's title track was its first single and reached No. 5 Pop, No. 2 Country (her highest-peaking song on the chart) and No. 2 AC. The next single, " I Honestly Love You ", became Newton-John's signature song. Written and composed by Jeff Barry and Peter Allen , the ballad became her first Pop number-one (staying there for two weeks), second AC number-one (for three weeks) and third top 10 Country (No. 6) hit and earned Newton-John two more Grammys for Record of
7326-399: The recording medium at the time of recording. Single-ended hiss reduction systems (such as DNL or DNR ) work to reduce noise as it occurs, including both before and after the recording process as well as for live broadcast applications. Single-ended surface noise reduction (such as CEDAR and the earlier SAE 5000A, Burwen TNE 7000, and Packburn 101/323/323A/323AA and 325 ) is applied to
7425-651: The same-titled album) and six consecutive (of a career nine total) top 10 albums through 1976's Don't Stop Believin' (No. 30 Pop, No. 7 Country). She headlined her first US television special, A Special Olivia Newton-John , in November 1976. In 1977, the single " Sam ", a mid-tempo waltz from Don't Stop Believin' , returned her to the No. 1 spot on the AC (No. 40 Country) and also reached No. 20 Pop, her highest chart placement since "Something Better to Do". By mid-1977, Newton-John's pop, AC, and country success all suffered
7524-642: The seismic profiles by attenuating random noise can help reduce interpretation difficulties and misleading risks for oil and gas detection. Tape hiss is a performance-limiting issue in analog tape recording . This is related to the particle size and texture used in the magnetic emulsion that is sprayed on the recording media, and also to the relative tape velocity across the tape heads . Four types of noise reduction exist: single-ended pre-recording, single-ended hiss reduction, single-ended surface noise reduction, and codec or dual-ended systems. Single-ended pre-recording systems (such as Dolby HX Pro ), work to affect
7623-438: The signal and noise statistics, which may not always be feasible in real-world applications. Kalman filtering is a recursive algorithm that estimates the state of a dynamic system from a series of noisy measurements. While typically used for tracking and prediction, it is also applicable to noise reduction, especially for signals that can be modeled as time-varying. Kalman filtering is particularly effective in applications where
7722-666: The signal into different frequency components using a wavelet transform and then removes the noise by thresholding the wavelet coefficients. This method is effective for signals with sharp transients, like biomedical signals, because wavelet transforms can provide both time and frequency information. Applications: Commonly used in image processing, ECG and EEG signal denoising, and audio processing. Advantages: Preserves sharp signal features and offers flexibility in handling non-stationary noise. Limitations: The choice of wavelet basis and thresholding parameters significantly impacts performance, requiring careful tuning. Non-local means (NLM)
7821-427: The signal is dynamic and the noise characteristics vary over time. Applications: Used in speech enhancement, radar, and control systems. Advantages: Provides excellent performance for time-varying signals with non-stationary noise. Limitations: Requires a mathematical model of the system dynamics, which may be complex to design for certain applications. Wavelet -based denoising (or wavelet thresholding) decomposes
7920-416: The signal to some degree. Noise rejection is the ability of a circuit to isolate an undesired signal component from the desired signal component, as with common-mode rejection ratio . All signal processing devices, both analog and digital , have traits that make them susceptible to noise. Noise can be random with an even frequency distribution ( white noise ), or frequency-dependent noise introduced by
8019-455: The signal-to-noise ratio on tape up to 10 dB depending on the initial signal volume. When it was played back, the decoder reversed the process, in effect reducing the noise level by up to 10 dB. The Dolby B system (developed in conjunction with Henry Kloss ) was a single-band system designed for consumer products. The Dolby B system, while not as effective as Dolby A, had the advantage of remaining listenable on playback systems without
8118-438: The tape at saturation level, audio-style noise reduction is unnecessary. Dynamic noise limiter ( DNL ) is an audio noise reduction system originally introduced by Philips in 1971 for use on cassette decks . Its circuitry is also based on a single chip . It was further developed into dynamic noise reduction ( DNR ) by National Semiconductor to reduce noise levels on long-distance telephony . First sold in 1981, DNR
8217-415: The time-frequency domain using some linear or nonlinear filters that have local characteristics and are often called time-frequency filters . Noise can therefore be also removed by use of spectral editing tools, which work in this time-frequency domain, allowing local modifications without affecting nearby signal energy. This can be done manually much like in a paint program drawing pictures. Another way
8316-399: The top ten of the Hot 100 and Billboard 200 charts again in 1978. Newton-John's singles continued to top the AC chart, where she amassed ten No. 1 singles, including a record seven consecutively: She provided a prominent, but uncredited, vocal on John Denver 's " Fly Away " single, which was succeeded by her own single, " Let It Shine "/" He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother ", at No. 1 on
8415-413: The vast majority of program sources used for mastering, such as 35 mm optical and magnetic film soundtracks, as well as the 2-inch IVC-9000 and the 1-inch C-Type videotape formats used for LaserDisc mastering, had signal-to-noise ratios low enough that undecoded playback would accentuate their noise to unacceptable levels. By reducing the total amount of noise reduction and modifying other aspects of
8514-480: The weekend and that a portion of the proceeds would go to breast cancer research. In November 1978, she released her next studio album, Totally Hot , which became her first solo top 10 (No. 7) album since Have You Never Been Mellow . Dressed on the cover all in leather, Newton-John capitalised on her character's look that was introduced at the end of Grease; moreover, Totally Hot 's singles—" A Little More Love " (No. 3 Pop, No. 94 Country, No. 4 AC), " Deeper Than
8613-480: Was a strip club until they began to perform onstage dressed primly in frilly high-collared dresses.) During this period, she and Carroll contributed backup vocals to recordings by a number of other artists, notably the song "Come In, You'll Get Pneumonia" by the Easybeats . After Carroll's visa expired, Carroll was forced to return to Australia but Newton-John remained in Britain to pursue solo work. Newton-John
8712-474: Was a descendant of Protestant theologian Martin Luther . She was also descended from an unspecified Spanish monarch. Helene Agatha's own father, Newton-John's great-great-grandfather, was jurist Rudolf von Jhering . Newton-John's uncle was pharmacologist Gustav Victor Rudolf Born . Through her Ehrenberg line, Newton-John was a third cousin of comedian Ben Elton . Newton-John's father was an MI5 officer on
8811-444: Was accused in 1989 of actually degrading reception rather than improving it, support dried up and the system was abandoned. These devices are known to support CX: The following vinyl records are known to have been produced in CX encoded editions: Noise reduction Noise reduction is the process of removing noise from a signal . Noise reduction techniques exist for audio and images. Noise reduction algorithms may distort
8910-509: Was born and raised in Germany to a German Jewish academic family who came to the UK in 1933 to escape the Nazi regime . Newton-John's maternal grandfather was German Jewish Nobel Prize –winning physicist Max Born . Her maternal grandmother Hedwig was the daughter of German Jewish jurist Victor Ehrenberg and his Lutheran wife, Helene Agatha von Jhering. Through Helene Agatha, Newton-John
9009-410: Was developed by Ray Dolby in 1966. Intended for professional use, Dolby Type A was an encode/decode system in which the amplitude of frequencies in four bands was increased during recording (encoding), then decreased proportionately during playback (decoding). In particular, when recording quiet parts of an audio signal, the frequencies above 1 kHz would be boosted. This had the effect of increasing
9108-500: Was forbidden from offering her recording services to another label until the five-year pact had run its course. The original covenant was not automatically extended, though she had not duly supplied the total sum of vinyls indicated in the contract. As a result of the lawsuit, record companies changed their contracts to be based on the number of albums recorded by a musician and not a specific number of years. Newton-John began 1980 by releasing " I Can't Help It " (No. 12 Pop, No. 8 AC),
9207-492: Was later married to Newton-John's Grease co-star Jeff Conaway (from 1980 until their divorce in 1985). She also had a half-brother, Toby, and a half-sister, Sarah, both of whom were born of her father's second marriage. In early 1954, when Newton-John was five, her family emigrated to Melbourne , Victoria , on the SS Strathaird . Her father worked as a professor of German and as the master of Ormond College at
9306-563: Was nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actress in a Musical and performed the Oscar-nominated "Hopelessly Devoted to You" at the 1979 Academy Awards . The film's popularity has endured. It was re-released for its 20th anniversary in 1998 and ranked as the second highest-grossing film behind Titanic in its opening weekend. Following her death in August 2022, AMC announced that the picture would reappear in some of its cinemas over
9405-557: Was quite unsuccessful and short-lived, CX would later see success as the noise reduction used for the stereo analog audio tracks on the LaserDisc (LD) format. It was also used for the audio tracks on discs of the RCA SelectaVision CED Videodisc system. All LaserDisc (and stereophonic CED) players manufactured since 1981, when the CX equipped LD-1100 was introduced, had CX noise reduction capability as
9504-417: Was recruited for the group Toomorrow, formed by American producer Don Kirshner . In 1970, the group starred in the science fiction musical Toomorrow and recorded an accompanying soundtrack album on RCA Records ; both the LP and the movie were named after the group. That same year, the group made two single recordings: "You're My Baby Now"/"Goin' Back" and "I Could Never Live Without Your Love"/"Roll Like
9603-564: Was released in November 1973, retitled Music Makes My Day in Britain. The US and Canadian versions featured an alternate track list that mixed new cuts with selections from Olivia and also recycled six songs from If Not for You , which was going out of print. In 1974, Newton-John represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest with the song " Long Live Love ". The song was chosen for Newton-John by
9702-496: Was too old to play a high school senior (she was 28 during the filming of Grease ), Newton-John insisted on a screen test with the film's co-lead, John Travolta . Newton-John previewed some of the film's soundtrack during her second American network television special, Olivia , featuring guests ABBA and Andy Gibb . Grease became the biggest box-office hit of 1978. The soundtrack album spent 12 non-consecutive weeks at No. 1 and yielded three Top 5 singles for Newton-John:
9801-559: Was used in FMX , a commercially unsuccessful noise reduction system developed in the 1980s for FM broadcasting in the United States. FMX was intended to improve fringe area reception of FM stereo by adding a CX-encoded version of the L−;R (left-minus-right, or difference) signal modulated in quadrature with the conventional stereo subcarrier. About 50 stations utilized the system, but few FMX-equipped receivers were manufactured, and after FMX
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