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61-744: CCMA may refer to: Central Committee of Anti-Fascist Militias , during the Lluís Companys's government of Catalonia, in the Spanish Revolution Canadian Country Music Association , the association of the Canadian country music industry Catholic Campus Ministry Association Closure & Container Manufacturers Association , a trade association of manufacturers who produce closures and containers Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals ,

122-757: A nationality and autonomous community in Spain and the inhabitants of the Roussillon historical region in southern France, today the Pyrénées Orientales department, also called Northern Catalonia and Pays Catalan in French. Some authors also extend the word "Catalans" to include all people from areas in which Catalan is spoken , namely those from Andorra , Valencia , the Balearic Islands , eastern Aragon , Roussillon , and

183-403: A 30-hour battle in which they had not yet slept or washed, he told them: First of all, I have to tell you that the C.N.T. and the F.A.I. they have never been treated as they deserved for their true importance. You have always been harshly persecuted; and though I was with you before, I, with much pain, but forced by the political realities of the time to confront and persecute you. Today you are

244-540: A Catalan identity was increasingly suppressed in favor of a Spanish national identity. The Catalans regained autonomy during the Spanish Second Republic from 1932 until Francisco Franco 's nationalist forces occupied Catalonia by 1939. It was not until 1975 and the death of Franco that the Catalans as well as other Spaniards began to regain their right to cultural expression, which was restarted by

305-547: A World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Because of their intertwining history, many of the traditional symbols of Catalonia coincide with Aragon, Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The oldest known Catalan symbol is the coat of arms of the King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona, or bars of Aragon , one of Europe's oldest heraldic emblems; in modern times, Catalan nationalists have made it the main symbol of Catalan identity and it

366-576: A book. Historical memory is the second axis of celebrations in Catalonia, where the Catalan people reunite with their date of birth as a people. Among the religious celebrations, there are St. George's Day and the celebrations of Saint Vincent Martyr and Saint Anthony Abbot . The maximum expressions of this element are the Easter processions and performances of Passion Plays . Some festivals have

427-731: A complicated relationship with religion, such as Carnival and the Dances of Death , or specific aspects of Christmas such as the Tió de Nadal or the caganer in Nativity scenes . Other key elements of a Catalan celebration are: food, central to every party and especially to the pig slaughter and harvest festivals; contests such as the castells (human towers), choice of major and festive floats; music, songs and bands; processions; dances; and animals, especially bulls and representations of mythological creatures. The Patum of Berga has been declared

488-434: A local term seny meaning "common sense" or a pragmatic attitude toward life. The counterpart of Catalan "seny" is "rauxa" or madness, epitomized by "crazy", eccentric and creative Catalan artists like Antoni Gaudí , Salvador Dalí , Joan Miró or Antoni Tàpies . The masia or mas is a defining characteristic of the Catalan countryside and includes a large house, land, cattle, and an extended family, but this tradition

549-523: A number of linguistic varieties that are considered dialects of Catalan , among them, the dialect group with the most speakers, Central Catalan . The total number of Catalan speakers is over 9.8 million (2011), with 5.9 million residing in Catalonia. More than half of them speak Catalan as a second language, with native speakers being about 4.4 million of those (more than 2.8 in Catalonia). Very few Catalan monoglots exist; basically, virtually all of

610-597: Is among the most industrialized metropolises. A regional capital, it is a magnet for domestic and foreign migrants. Fire is the element used in most important traditional festivals, which are derived from pagan roots. These celebrations have a high acceptance of fire between the Catalans, like the Flame of Canigó to the Bonfires of Saint John . An important and well-known celebration is La Diada de Sant Jordi , held on 23 April, in which men give women roses, and women give men

671-506: Is in decline as the nuclear family has largely replaced the extended family, as in the rest of western Europe. Catalonia in Spain is officially recognised as a " nationality " and enjoy a high degree of political autonomy, which has led to reinforcement of a Catalan identity. The Catalan language is a Romance language . It is the language closest to Occitan , and it also shares many features with other Romance languages such as Spanish, French, Portuguese, Aragonese , and Italian . There are

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732-481: Is not of great sincerity. You have overcome and everything is in your power; If you do not need me or do not love me as President of Catalonia , tell me now that I will become one more soldier in the fight against fascism. If, on the contrary, you believe in this position, that only in death I would have left it to the triumphant fascists, I can, with the men of my party, my name and my prestige, be useful in this fight, which although it ends today along with my prestige in

793-462: Is part of the Mediterranean diet and includes the use of olive oil . Catalan people like to eat veal ( vedella ) and lamb ( xai ). There are three main daily meals: In Catalan gastronomy, embotits (a wide variety of Catalan sausages and cold meats) are very important; these are pork sausages such as botifarra or fuet . In the past, bread figured heavily in the Catalan diet; now it

854-549: Is sometimes called ollada . Other Catalan dishes include calçots (a type of onions that are similar in shape to leeks , often grilled and eaten with a romesco sauce ) and escalivada . Catalan music has one of the oldest documented musical traditions in Europe. The traditional religion in Catalonia is Roman Catholicism . However, in the course of recent history , Catalonia has undergone several waves of secularization. The first wave of secularization happened during

915-445: Is used mainly in the morning (second breakfast, especially among young students and some workers) and supplements the noon meal, at home and in restaurants. Bread is still popular among Catalans; some Catalan fast-food restaurants don't serve hamburgers, but offer a wide variety of sandwiches. In the past, the poor ate soup every day and rice on Thursday and Sunday. The discipline of abstinence, not eating meat during Lent , once

976-425: The barretina (a sort of woollen, long cap usually red or purple) and the faixa (a sort of wide belt) among men, and ret (a fine net bag to contain hair) among women. The traditional footwear was the espardenya or espadrille . Other items of clothing typical of Catalan female folk costume include the 'pubilla' dress; the 'catalana' also known as the 'payesa' and the 'gandalla' as headwear. The Catalan diet

1037-497: The .cat TLD, the first Internet language-based top-level domain, was approved for all web pages intending to serve the needs of the Catalan linguistic and cultural community on the Internet. This community is made up of those who use the Catalan language for their online communication or promote the different aspects of Catalan culture online. The traditional dress (now practically only used in folkloric celebrations) included

1098-636: The Government of Catalonia , named Lluís Prunés , and a military chief, named Enric Pérez i Farràs . In practice, it was the strong personality of the anarchist Juan García Oliver that dominated the committee during its two months of life. The Committee settled immediately in a large building in the Pla de Palau , in Barcelona, occupied by the Nautical School. It quickly organized and carried out

1159-605: The Iberian Peninsula , inhabited by Proto-Celtic Urnfield people who brought with them the rite of burning the dead. Much of the Pyrenees mountains was inhabited at the time by peoples related to modern Basques , and today many town names in the western Catalan Pyrenees can be linked to Basque etymologies. These groups came under the rule of various invading groups starting with the Greeks that founded Empúries and

1220-607: The Italian peninsula . An early precursor to the Catalan language began to develop from a local form of popular Latin before and during the collapse of the Roman Empire . Various Germanic tribes arrived following nearly six centuries of Roman rule, which had completely transformed the area into the Roman province of Tarraconensis . The German Visigoths established themselves in the fifth century, making their first capital in

1281-728: The Phoenicians and Carthaginians , who set up colonies along the coast, including Barcino (present-day Barcelona). Following the Punic Wars , the Romans replaced the Carthaginians as the dominant power in the Iberian eastern coast, including parts of Catalonia, by 206 BCE. Rome established Latin as the official language and imparted a distinctly Roman culture upon the local population, which merged with Roman colonists from

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1342-641: The Reconquista by Catalan forces over most of Catalonia by the year 801. As the border between Muslim and Frankish realms stabilized, Barcelona would become an important center for Christian forces in the Iberian Peninsula . In 1137, the County of Barcelona entered a dynastic union with the Kingdom of Aragon to form what modern historians call the Crown of Aragon in the so-called Reconquista . This allowed

1403-500: The Spanish Constitution of 1978 . Since this period, a balance between a sense of Catalan national identity versus the broader Spanish one has emerged as the dominant political force in Catalonia. The former tends to advocate for even greater autonomy, national recognition and, part of it, independence; the latter tends to argue for maintaining either a status quo or removal of autonomy and cultural identity, depending on

1464-455: The neighborhoods of Barcelona . Likewise, popular militias were formed with weapons seized from army arsenals and they went in groups to liberate other areas held by the rebel army (even before the first columns of militias were established). In this situation of lack of legitimacy of the republican state , a joint body was established by the different Catalan anti-fascist political parties and trade unions (which at that time dominated

1525-411: The 1980s. During the 1990s most of the population of Catalonia was non-practising Catholic. Nowadays 52.4% of Catalans declare themselves Catholic, practising or not, 30.2% of Catalans are agnostic or atheist , and there is also a considerable share of other religions, often connected to recent immigration: 7.3% Muslim , 2.5% Evangelical , 1.3% Buddhism , and 1.2% Orthodox Christians . According to

1586-648: The CCMA Investigation Committee, led by Aurelio Fernández (FAI) and Salvador González (PSUC). At the suggestion of Martí Barrera i Maresma , the Consell d'Economia de Catalunya (Economic Council of Catalonia) was created on 11 August 1936 to carry out a socialist transformation of the economic and social foundations of Catalonia. The Battle of Majorca revealed the inabilities of the CCMA, not only to organize itself, but even to learn of all

1647-409: The Catalan militias. Catalans This is an accepted version of this page Catalans ( Catalan , French and Occitan : catalans ; Spanish : catalanes ; Italian : catalani ; Sardinian : cadelanos or catalanos ) are a Romance ethnic group native to Catalonia , who speak Catalan . The current official category of "Catalans" is that of the citizens of Catalonia ,

1708-400: The Catalan speakers in Spain are bilingual speakers of Catalan and Spanish, with a sizable population of Spanish-only speakers of immigrant origin (typically born outside Catalonia or with both parents born outside Catalonia) existing in the major Catalan urban areas as well. In Roussillon , only a minority of French Catalans speak Catalan nowadays, with French being the majority language for

1769-630: The Central Committee, there existed other Territorial Power Boards around Catalonia. In the province of Tarragona , in the industrial city of Reus , a local Popular Front government had been formed that was led by anarcho-syndicalists. In the city of Lleida , the Territorial Power Board was under the control of the POUM, and within it there was no representation for other republican parties nor did it have any type of link with

1830-543: The Generalitat was negotiated to include all anti-fascist and trade union forces. The idea was to gain efficiency and avoid the duplication of powers. Finally, on 1 October 1936 the CCMA dissolved itself, among other reasons, due to a certain stabilization of the situation at the institutional level and the need to reinforce the governing role of the Generalitat. Some representatives of the Committee were integrated into

1891-713: The Generalitat. Between 21 July and mid-August 1936, the Control Patrols were established under the "Central Committee of Anti-Fascist Militias" (CCMA). Approximately half of the 700 patrol cars had a CNT card, or were from the FAI; the other half was affiliated with the other component organizations of the CCMA. Only four section delegates, out of the eleven that existed, were from the CNT: those from Poblenou , Sants , L'Harmonia and Clot ; four others were from ERC, three from PSUC and none from POUM. The Control Patrols depended on

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1952-622: The Government of Catalonia. The dissolution of the Central Committee of Militias left the Catalan Defense Ministry with the theoretical control over the militias operating in Catalonia, although they continued to enjoy great autonomy and escape the control of the authorities. In turn, after the establishment of the new Spanish Republican Army , on 28 October the Defense Ministry published a new decree proclaiming

2013-694: The Iberian peninsula Barcelona, and they later would move to Toledo. This continued until 718 when Muslim Arabs took control of the region in order to pass through the Pyrenees into French territory. With the help of the Franks, a land border was created commonly known nowadays as Old Catalonia (which would consist of the counties County of Barcelona , Ausona , County of Pallars , County of Rosselló , County of Empúries , County of Cerdanya and County of Urgell ) which faced Muslim raids but resisted any kind of settlement from them. The southern New Catalonia

2074-544: The Militia Committee was a living organ which had to face the war, precipitously creating what the war needed and which did not exist in Catalonia at the time: the organization of armed forces, creation of War Schools, Military Health, supplies, transportation, war industries, operations management, etc. The Committee and the Ministry of Defense were responsible for assembling and equipping the militia columns. With

2135-481: The Militia Committee, which extended membership to all political and union forces hoping that anarchists, essentially combative men, would join it and ignore political matters. The Committee had a clear predominance of anarchist organizations, although it included all the forces of the Popular Front ( ERC , POUM , PSUC , Republican Union , Unió de Rabassaires and UGT ). It had a delegate commissioner from

2196-469: The anarcho-syndicalist leaders the creation of a new organism, made up of representatives of all the leftist and unionist political forces, that would be in charge of facing the fascist threat. This body was to be called the Central Committee of Antifascist Militias . The first objective that Companys considered was to reorganize the armed forces through this new organism, and gave this purpose to

2257-588: The application of the non-intervention treaty on 8 August, 1936 , it became impossible to legally purchase war material from the European democracies, the committee was forced to buy weapons illegally from traffickers and pass -they across the French border. Frequently, the authority of the Central Militia Committee ended on the outskirts of Barcelona, where the power of the revolutionary committees of each locality began. Simultaneously with

2318-775: The autonomous community of Catalonia, in the northeast part of Spain. At least 100,000 Catalan speakers live in the Pays Catalan in France. An indeterminate number of Catalans emigrated to the Americas during the Spanish colonial period and to France in the years following the Spanish Civil War . Described by author Walter Starkie in The Road to Santiago as a subtle people, he sums up their national character with

2379-457: The city of Alghero in Sardinia . The Catalan government regularly surveys its population regarding its "sentiment of belonging". As of July 2019, the results point out that 46.7% of the Catalans and other people living in Catalonia would like independence from Spain, 1.3% less than the year before. In 1500 BCE the area that is now known primarily as Catalonia was, along with the rest of

2440-408: The city, we do not know when and how it will end in the rest of Spain, you can count on me and my loyalty as a man and as a politician who is convinced that today a whole embarrassing past is dying, and who sincerely wishes that Catalonia leads the way of the most advanced countries in social matters. According to some testimonies, Companys himself was the architect of the idea: Companys proposed to

2501-680: The defeat of the military uprising in Barcelona, the CNT was in a position of superiority over the rest of the Republican faction in Catalonia . However, the situation was very unclear in the rest of Spain. The news that came was quite confusing and contradictory about cities changing sides. From the first days the Generalitat of Catalonia was totally overwhelmed by the mass actions in the streets, through popular committees that organized life in

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2562-539: The eighteenth century as a result of the enlightenment influence to the bourgeoisie . The second one happened during the nineteenth century, that had a huge impact on the lower and middle class , but was interrupted by the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). The end of the Francoist regime led to a loss of power by the Catholic Church and to another wave of secularization that extends since

2623-466: The first expeditions of militiamen to the Aragon front . Three of its members, Buenaventura Durruti , Pérez i Farrás and Del Barrio, took direct command of two sectors of struggle in this first outflow of forces. Within a few days, they were able to organize a front in Aragon with a force of around 11,000 troops, between the military and militias. Before the collapse of the state authority in Catalonia,

2684-531: The imposition of absolutism and the abolition of Catalan political institutions and public law, thus ending the status of Catalonia as a separate state within a personal union. During the Napoleonic Wars , much of Catalonia was seized by French forces by 1808, as France ruled the entire country of Spain briefly until Napoleon 's surrender to Allied Armies. In France, strong assimilationist policies integrated many Catalans into French society, while in Spain

2745-570: The inhabitants after a continued process of language shift . According to a 2019 survey by the Catalan government, 31.5% of the inhabitants of Catalonia have Catalan as first language at home whereas 52.7% have Spanish, 2.8% both Catalan and Spanish and 10.8% other languages. The inhabitants of the Aran valley count Aranese –an Occitan dialect–rather than Catalan as their own language. These Catalans are also bilingual in Spanish. In September 2005,

2806-614: The late Middle Ages , the loss of hegemony within the Crown, as well as urban and feudal internal conflicts led to the Catalan Civil War in 1462. In the last quarter of the 15th century, the marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon led to the dynastic union of the Crown of Aragon with the Crown of Castille , in which each of the constitutive realm kept its own laws, policies, power structures, borders and monetary systems. Continuous unrest led to conflicts on

2867-415: The leanings of the current government. As a result, there tends to be much fluctuation depending on regional and national politics during a given election cycle. Given the stronger centralist tendencies in France, however, French Catalans display a much less dynamic sense of uniqueness, having been integrated more consistently into the unitary French national identity. The vast majority of Catalans reside in

2928-566: The militarization of the militias, which were absorbed by the regular republican army. The authority over the control patrols passed into the hands of a new government body created specifically for that issue: the Junta de Seguretat Interior de Catalunya , which was left in the hands of the CNT-FAI member Aurelio Fernández Sánchez . Regionally, the People's Army of Catalonia was set up to succeed

2989-612: The military operations that were being carried out from Catalonia. The Majorca operation was organized by the Generalitat (dominated by ERC ) in collusion with the PSUC and in which the Barcelona Transport Union of the CNT also participated, on the initiative of the commander Alberto Bayo . The CCMA (which was supposed to command all military operations) learned of the operation when the troops were already embarking from

3050-485: The most recent study sponsored by the government of Catalonia , as of 2016, 61.9% of the Catalans identify as Christians , up from 56.5% in 2014. At the same time, 16.0% of the population identify as atheists , 11.9% as agnostics , 4.8% as Muslims , 1.3% as Buddhists , and a further 2.4% as being of other religions. Catalonia is one of the richest and most developed regions in Southern Europe . Barcelona

3111-457: The owners of the city and Catalonia, because only you have defeated the fascist military, and I hope that it will not hurt you that at this moment I remind you that you have not lacked the help of the few or many loyal men of my party and the guards and mossos ... But the truth is that, harshly persecuted until the day before yesterday, today you have defeated the military and fascists. Therefore, knowing who you are, I cannot use language that

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3172-416: The port of Barcelona. The CNT's superior committees, which controlled the CCMA, decided in mid-August to abolish its operation and replace it with a stronger government in the Generalitat. The formal abolition of the CCMA was announced on 27 September, along with the dissolution of the control patrols, by Luis Companys himself. Once the suppression of the CCMA was decided, the expansion of the Government of

3233-531: The public radio and television corporation in Catalonia Canadian Cascade Magmatic Arc , a geological formation in southwestern British Columbia, Canada Check Point Certified Master Architect, a certification from Check Point Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration , a South African tribunal Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

3294-475: The reclamation of Muslim-dominated lands, eventually conquering the kingdoms of Valencia and Majorca (the Balearic Islands ). From the 13th century onwards, the territory of the County of Barcelona and the other Catalan counties progressively began to be identified as a single political entity and, from the mid-14th century, that polity began to be known as the Principality of Catalonia . The crisis of

3355-654: The rest remained under Spanish Crown. The Catalan government took sides with the Habsburg pretender against the Bourbon one during the War of the Spanish Succession that started in 1705 and ended in 1714. The Catalan failure to defend the continuation of Habsburg rule in Spain culminated in the surrender of Barcelona on 11 September 1714 which came to be commemorated as Catalonia's National Day . The surrender led to

3416-805: The states of the Crown of Aragon, such as the Revolt of the Germanies in Valencia and Majorca, and the 1640 revolt in Catalonia known as the Reapers' War . This latter conflict embroiled Spain in a larger war with France as the Catalan institutions allied themselves with Louis XIII . The war continued until 1659 and ended with the Peace of the Pyrenees , which effectively partitioned the Principality of Catalonia as its northern strip came under French rule, while

3477-459: The streets). Thus, the CCMA became a parallel government that coexisted with that of the Generalitat for two months. At no time was it a " dual power " structure as in the time of the soviets in Russia , but a duplication of powers. The two governments coexisted and did not face each other until the dissolution of the CCMA was decided on in August. When, on 21 July, Companys received the anarchist delegates, who were practically coming straight from

3538-534: The title CCMA . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CCMA&oldid=1202736987 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Central Committee of Anti-Fascist Militias The 18 July coup failed to gain control of Catalonia , due to

3599-478: The victory of republican forces on the one hand and the workers' revolt led by the CNT-FAI on the other. These events turned the distribution of power in Catalonia upside down: the anarchists , until recently relegated to the underground, emerged as the main force after defeating and taking control of strategic positions in the city, such as the artillery barracks of L'Harmonia . There they captured 30,000 rifles which they distributed among their militias. After

3660-409: Was under Arab/Muslim rule for about 4-5 centuries. The Franks on the other side of the Pyrenees held back the main Muslim raiding army which had penetrated virtually unchallenged as far as central France at the Battle of Tours in 732. Frankish suzerainty was then extended over much of present-day Catalonia. Larger wars with the Muslims began in the March of Barcelona which led to the beginnings of

3721-450: Was very strong, but today it is only practiced in the rural areas. Spicy food is rare in the Catalan diet but there are quite garlicky sauces such as allioli or romesco . One type of Catalan dish is escudella , a soup which contains chick peas, potatoes, and vegetables such as green cabbage, celery, carrots, turnips, and meats such as botifarra (a Catalan sausage), pork feet, salted ham, chicken, and veal. In Northern Catalonia, it

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