LaTeX ( / ˈ l ɑː t ɛ k / LAH -tek or / ˈ l eɪ t ɛ k / LAY -tek , often stylized as L a T e X ) is a software system for typesetting documents. LaTeX markup describes the content and layout of the document, as opposed to the formatted text found in WYSIWYG word processors like Google Docs , LibreOffice Writer and Microsoft Word . The writer uses markup tagging conventions to define the general structure of a document, to stylise text throughout a document (such as bold and italics), and to add citations and cross-references . A TeX distribution such as TeX Live or MiKTeX is used to produce an output file (such as PDF or DVI ) suitable for printing or digital distribution .
33-532: CDOT may refer to: \cdot – the LaTeX input for the dot operator (⋅) Cdot, a rapper from Sumter, South Carolina Centre for Development of Telematics , India Chicago Department of Transportation Clustered Data ONTAP , an operating system from NetApp Colorado Department of Transportation Connecticut Department of Transportation British Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories Ċ –
66-486: A voiceless velar fricative as in Modern Greek, similar to the ch in loch ). Lamport remarks that "TeX is usually pronounced tech , making lah -tech, lah- tech , and lay -tech the logical choices; but language is not always logical, so lay-tecks is also possible." The name is printed in running text with a typographical logo : L a T e X . In media where the logo cannot be precisely reproduced in running text,
99-473: A TeX Users Group (TUG) meeting at Stanford, Lamport agreed to turn over maintenance and development of LaTeX to Frank Mittelbach . Frank Mittelbach, along with Chris Rowley and Rainer Schöpf, formed the LaTeX3 team; in 1994, they released LaTeX2e, the current standard version. LaTeX3 has since been cancelled with features intended for that version being back-ported to LaTeX2e since 2018. LaTeX attempts to follow
132-571: A book. In September 1984, Lamport released version 2.06a of the LaTeX macros, and in August 1985, LaTeX 2.09 — the last version of Lamport's LaTeX — would be released as well. Meanwhile, Addison-Wesley released Lamport's first LaTeX user manual, LaTeX: A Document Preparation System , in 1986, which purportedly sold "more than a few hundred thousands" copies, and on August 21, 1989, at a TeX User Group meeting at Stanford , Lamport would agree to turn over
165-527: A computer scientist at Massachusetts Computer Associates from 1970 to 1977, Stanford Research Institute ( SRI International ) from 1977 to 1985, and Digital Equipment Corporation and Compaq from 1985 to 2001. In 2001 he joined Microsoft Research in California . Lamport's research contributions have laid the foundations of the theory of distributed systems. Among his most notable papers are These papers relate to such concepts as logical clocks (and
198-603: A document in LaTeX, a user first creates a file, such as document.tex , typically using a text editor . The user then gives their document.tex file as input to the TeX program (with the LaTeX macros loaded), which prompts TeX to write out a file suitable for onscreen viewing or printing. This write-format-preview cycle is one of the chief ways in which working with LaTeX differs from the What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get (WYSIWYG) style of document editing. It
231-527: A document, it follows (from the user's point of view) the following processing sequence: Macros → TeX → Driver → Output. Different implementations of each of these steps are typically available in TeX distributions. Traditional TeX will output a DVI file, which is usually converted to a PostScript file. In 2000, Hàn Thế Thành and others wrote an implementation of TeX called pdfTeX , which also outputs to PDF and takes advantage of features available in that format. The XeTeX engine developed by Jonathan Kew, on
264-513: A letter of the Latin alphabet Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title CDOT . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CDOT&oldid=1089248309 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
297-410: A little extra effort, he could make a general package usable by others. Peter Gordon, an editor at Addison-Wesley , convinced him to write a LaTeX user's manual for publication (Lamport was initially skeptical that anyone would pay money for it); it came out in 1986 and sold hundreds of thousands of copies. Meanwhile, Lamport released versions of his LaTeX macros in 1984 and 1985. On 21 August 1989, at
330-493: A result, it encourages the separation of the layout from the content — while still allowing manual typesetting adjustments whenever needed. This concept is similar to the mechanism by which many word processors allow styles to be defined globally for an entire document, or the use of Cascading Style Sheets in styling HyperText Markup Language ( HTML ) documents. The LaTeX system is a markup language that handles typesetting and rendering, and can be arbitrarily extended by using
363-429: A writing tool for mathematicians and computer scientists, but even from early in its development, it has also been taken up by scholars who needed to write documents that include complex math expressions or non-Latin scripts, such as Arabic , Devanagari and Chinese . LaTeX is intended to provide a high-level, descriptive markup language to utilize TeX more easily. TeX handles the document layout, while LaTeX handles
SECTION 10
#1732791198000396-460: Is Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG) compliant as of version 1.3. As free software , LaTeX is available on most operating systems, which include Unix ( Solaris , HP-UX , AIX ), BSD ( FreeBSD , macOS , NetBSD , OpenBSD ), Linux ( Red Hat , Debian , Arch , Gentoo ), Windows , DOS , RISC OS , AmigaOS , and Plan 9 . LaTeX2e is the current version of LaTeX, since it replaced LaTeX 2.09 in 1994. As of 2020 , LaTeX3, which started in
429-560: Is LaTeX2e, first released in 1994 but incrementally updated starting in 2015. This update policy replaced earlier plans for a separate release of LaTeX3, which had been in development since 1989. LaTeX is free software and is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL) . LaTeX was created in the early 1980s by Leslie Lamport when he was working at Stanford Research Institute (SRI). He needed to write TeX macros for his own use and thought that with
462-593: Is an American computer scientist and mathematician . Lamport is best known for his seminal work in distributed systems , and as the initial developer of the document preparation system LaTeX and the author of its first manual. Lamport was the winner of the 2013 Turing Award for imposing clear, well-defined coherence on the seemingly chaotic behavior of distributed computing systems, in which several autonomous computers communicate with each other by passing messages. He devised important algorithms and developed formal modeling and verification protocols that improve
495-498: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages LaTeX LaTeX is widely used in academia for the communication and publication of scientific documents and technical note-taking in many fields, owing partially to its support for complex mathematical notation. It also has a prominent role in the preparation and publication of books and articles that contain complex multilingual materials , such as Arabic and Greek . LaTeX uses
528-404: Is similar to the code-compile-execute cycle known to computer programmers. Today, many LaTeX-aware editing programs make this cycle a simple matter through the pressing of a single key, while showing the output preview on the screen beside the input window. Some online LaTeX editors even automatically refresh the preview, while other online tools provide incremental editing in-place, mixed in with
561-577: Is typically distributed along with plain TeX under a free software license : the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL). The LPPL is not compatible with the GNU General Public License , as it requires that modified files must be clearly differentiable from their originals (usually by changing the filename); this was done to ensure that files that depend on other files will produce the expected behavior and avoid dependency hell . The LPPL
594-693: The happened-before relationship) and Byzantine failures . They are among the most cited papers in the field of computer science, and describe algorithms to solve many fundamental problems in distributed systems, including: When Donald Knuth began issuing the early releases of TeX in the early 1980s, Lamport — due to his personal need of writing a book — also began working on a set of macros based on it, hoping that it would later become its standard macro package. This set of macros would later become known as LaTeX , for which Lamport would subsequently be approached in 1983 by Peter Gordon, an Addison-Wesley editor, who proposed that Lamport turn its user manual into
627-609: The Austro-Hungarian Empire , now southeastern Poland. A graduate of Bronx High School of Science , Lamport received a B.S. in mathematics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1960, followed by M.A. (1963) and Ph.D. (1972) degrees in mathematics from Brandeis University . His dissertation, The analytic Cauchy problem with singular data , is about singularities in analytic partial differential equations . Lamport worked as
660-584: The LaTeX file to other formats such as OpenDocument , XML , or class ( *.cls ) files. LaTeX can also (and commonly is) rendered to PDF files using the LaTeX extension pdfLaTeX. LaTeX files containing Unicode text can be processed into PDFs with the inputenc package, or by the TeX extensions XeLaTeX and LuaLaTeX. LaTeX has become the de facto standard to typeset mathematical expression in scientific documents. Hence, there are several conversion tools focusing on mathematical LaTeX expressions, such as converters to MathML or Computer Algebra System . LaTeX
693-688: The TeX typesetting program for formatting its output, and is itself written in the TeX macro language. LaTeX can be used as a standalone document preparation system, or as an intermediate format. In the latter role, for example, it is sometimes used as part of a pipeline for translating DocBook and other XML -based formats for PDF . The typesetting system offers programmable desktop publishing features and extensive facilities for automating most aspects of typesetting and desktop publishing, including numbering and cross-referencing of tables and figures, chapter and section headings, graphics, page layout, indexing and bibliographies . Like TeX, LaTeX started as
SECTION 20
#1732791198000726-494: The book Specifying Systems: The TLA Language and Tools for Hardware and Software Engineers. He defines TLA+ as a " quixotic attempt to overcome engineers' antipathy towards mathematics". Lamport received the 2013 Turing Award for "fundamental contributions to the theory and practice of distributed and concurrent systems, notably the invention of concepts such as causality and logical clocks, safety and liveness, replicated state machines, and sequential consistency" in 2014. He
759-461: The content side for document processing. LaTeX comprises a collection of TeX macros and a program to process LaTeX documents, and because the plain TeX formatting commands are elementary, it provides authors with ready-made commands for formatting and layout requirements such as chapter headings, footnotes, cross-references and bibliographies. LaTeX was originally written in the early 1980s by Leslie Lamport at SRI International . The current version
792-433: The design philosophy of separating presentation from content , so that authors can focus on the content of what they are writing without attending simultaneously to its visual appearance. In preparing a LaTeX document, the author specifies the logical structure using simple, familiar concepts such as chapter , section , table , figure , etc., and lets the LaTeX system handle the formatting and layout of these structures. As
825-491: The early 1990s, is under a long-term development project. Planned features include improved syntax (separation of content from styling), hyperlink support, a new user interface, access to arbitrary fonts and a new documentation. Some LaTeX3 features are available in LaTeX2e using packages, and by 2020 many features have been enabled in LaTeX2e by default for a gradual transition. There are many commercial implementations of
858-577: The entire TeX system. System vendors may add extra features like added typefaces and telephone support . LyX is a free software , WYSIWYM visual document processor that uses LaTeX for a back-end. TeXmacs is a free, WYSIWYG editor with similar functionalities as LaTeX, but with a different typesetting engine. Other WYSIWYG editors that produce LaTeX include Scientific Word on Windows, and BaKoMa TeX on Windows, Mac and Linux. Many community-supported TeX distributions are available. Leslie Lamport Leslie B. Lamport (born February 7, 1941)
891-478: The maintenance and development of LaTeX to Frank Mittelbach, who, along with Chris Rowley and Rainer Schöpf, would form the LaTeX3 team, subsequently releasing LaTeX 2e, the current version of LaTeX, in 1994. Lamport is also known for his work on temporal logic , where he introduced the temporal logic of actions (TLA). Among his more recent contributions is TLA , a language for specifying and reasoning about concurrent and reactive systems, which he describes in
924-538: The other hand, merges modern font technologies and Unicode with TeX. LuaTeX is an extended version of pdfTeX using Lua as an embedded scripting language. There are also many editors for LaTeX, some of which are offline, source-code-based while others are online, partial-WYSIWYG-based. For more, see Comparison of TeX editors . LaTeX documents ( *.tex ) can be opened with any text editor. They consist of plain text and contain no hidden formatting codes or binary information. TeX documents can also be shared by rendering
957-581: The preview in a streamlined single window. The example below shows the input to LaTeX and the corresponding output from the system: The characters 'T', 'E', and 'X' in the name come from the Greek capital letters tau , epsilon , and chi , as the name of TeX derives from the Ancient Greek : τέχνη ('skill', 'art', 'technique'); for this reason, TeX's creator Donald Knuth promotes its pronunciation as / t ɛ x / ( tekh ) (that is, with
990-524: The quality of real distributed systems. These contributions have resulted in improved correctness, performance, and reliability of computer systems. Lamport was born into a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Benjamin and Hannah Lamport (née Lasser). His father was an immigrant from Volkovisk in the Russian Empire (now Vawkavysk , Belarus ) and his mother was an immigrant from
1023-416: The underlying macro language to develop custom macros such as new environments and commands. Such macros are often collected into packages, which could then be made available to address some specific typesetting needs such as the formatting of complex mathematical expressions or graphics (e.g., the use of the align environment provided by the amsmath package to produce aligned equations). To create
CDOT - Misplaced Pages Continue
1056-466: The word is typically given the unique capitalization LaTeX. Alternatively, the TeX, LaTeX and XeTeX logos can also be rendered via pure CSS and XHTML for use in graphical web browsers — by following the specifications of the internal \LaTeX macro. As a macro package, LaTeX provides a set of macros for TeX to interpret. There are many other macro packages for TeX, including Plain TeX, GNU Texinfo , AMSTeX , and ConTeXt . When TeX "compiles"
1089-691: Was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1991 for contributions to the theoretical foundations of concurrent and fault-tolerant computing. He was elected to Fellow of Association for Computing Machinery for fundamental contributions to the theory and practice of distributed and concurrent systems in 2014. He also received five honorary doctorates from European universities: University of Rennes and Christian Albrechts University of Kiel in 2003, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in 2004, University of Lugano in 2006, and Nancy-Université in 2007. In 2004, he received
#0