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26-549: Ovid was founded in 1984 by Mark Nelson, who had developed an interface to MEDLINE , the world's largest and oldest medical database, produced by the US National Library of Medicine . The company at that time was known as Online Research Systems, a name Nelson chose to disguise the fact that he was the only employee of the company, operating out of an apartment in Spanish Harlem, New York City. The interface

52-424: A Boolean expression combining MeSH terms, words in the abstract and title of the article, author names, date of publication, etc. Entrez and PubMed can also find articles similar to a given one based on a mathematical scoring system that takes into account the similarity of word content of the abstracts and titles of two articles. MEDLINE added a "publication type" term for "randomized controlled trial" in 1991 and

78-481: A MESH subset "systematic review" in 2001. MEDLINE functions as an important resource for biomedical researchers and journal clubs from all over the world. Along with the Cochrane Library and a number of other databases, MEDLINE facilitates evidence-based medicine . Most systematic review articles published presently build on extensive searches of MEDLINE to identify articles that might be useful in

104-412: A company's needs. Similar requests include a request for quotation (RFQ) and a request for information (RFI), where a customer needs more information from vendors before submitting an RFP. An RFI is typically followed by an RFP or RFQ. When an RFP is made after negotiations with prospective contractors, the submitted tender is known as a BAFO (best and final offer). A request for proposal requires

130-551: A final selection decision is based. Federal government requests for final proposal revisions must advise offerors that the final proposal revisions shall be in writing and that the Government intends to make award without obtaining further revisions. The term "request for proposals" is sometimes used in relation to government procurement in the United Kingdom , for example a request for proposals to raise and manage

156-471: A high level of search precision without the need to master Medline's intricate taxonomy . The company's first Microsoft Windows interface to MEDLINE was named Ovid and released in 1992. Nelson, who had majored in English Literature and minored in classical languages, chose the name Ovid as a homage to the ancient Roman poet's most famous work, Metamorphoses. Several years later, Nelson started

182-561: A journal. The Journals Database (one of the Entrez databases) contains information, such as its name abbreviation and publisher, about all journals included in Entrez, including PubMed. Journals that no longer meet the criteria are removed. Being indexed in MEDLINE gives a non-predatory identity to a journal. PubMed usage has been on the rise since 2008. In 2011, PubMed/MEDLINE was searched 1.8 billion times, up from 1.6 billion searches in

208-824: A new database search interface called OvidSP in 2007. This has replaced the Ovid Gateway interface, which was retired in February 2008, and the SilverPlatter interface, which was retired in January 2009. MEDLINE MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, or MEDLARS Online) is a bibliographic database of life sciences and biomedical information. It includes bibliographic information for articles from academic journals covering medicine , nursing , pharmacy , dentistry , veterinary medicine , and health care . MEDLINE also covers much of

234-548: A search that returns thousands of articles is not guaranteed to be comprehensive. Unlike using a typical Internet search engine, PubMed searching MEDLINE requires a little investment of time. Using the MeSH database to define the subject of interest is one of the most useful ways to improve the quality of a search. Using MeSH terms in conjunction with limits (such as publication date or publication type), qualifiers (such as adverse effects or prevention and control), and text-word searching

260-457: A way to do online searching of MEDLARS from remote medical libraries. This early system covered 239 journals and boasted that it could support as many as 25 simultaneous online users (remotely logged in from distant medical libraries) at one time. However, this system remained primarily in the hands of libraries, with researchers able to submit pre-programmed search tasks to librarians and obtain results on printouts, but rarely able to interact with

286-460: Is a form of reverse auction that solicits a business proposal by an organisation interested in the procurement of a service or product from potential suppliers. It is usually part of a complex sales process, and made through a bidding process. Unlike invitations to tender , which award contracts based upon the price and quality of the tender, RFPs allow suppliers more flexibility in proposing an original service or product in alignment with

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312-662: Is another. Finding one article on the subject and clicking on the "Related Articles" link to get a collection of similarly classified articles can expand a search that otherwise yields few results. For lay users who are trying to learn about health and medicine topics, the NIH offers MedlinePlus ; thus, although such users are still free to search and read the medical literature themselves (via PubMed ), they also have some help with curating it into something comprehensible and practically applicable for patients and family members. Request for proposal A request for proposal ( RFP )

338-525: The Alpheios Project , non-profit software to facilitate the reading of ancient Greek and Latin. The company's primary competitor continued to be BRS Online . CD-Plus gained significant market share from its competitor, and in 1994 acquired the company. Shortly after, CD-Plus went public at $ 6/share, and listed on NASDAQ . It then changed to its present name in 1995, reflecting the importance of its Ovid product. In 1998, Nelson, who still retained

364-643: The NLM computer output in real-time. This situation continued through the beginning of the 1990s and the rise of the World Wide Web . In 1996, soon after most home computers began automatically bundling efficient web browsers , a free public version of MEDLINE was deployed. This system, called PubMed , was offered to the general online user in June 1997, when MEDLINE searches via the Web were demonstrated. In May 2022,

390-557: The U.S., about 88% are published in English (overall about 84% ), and about 76% have English abstracts written by authors of the articles. Being an aggregated source, the PubMed database suffers from multi-source problems such as inconsistent representations from the upstream data providers. MEDLINE uses Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) for information retrieval. Engines designed to search MEDLINE (such as Entrez and PubMed) generally use

416-854: The bidder to produce an original business proposal based on the buyer's needs. Depending on the RFP document's specification, a bidder may be required to decide upon project expectations, timetable, product design, and vendors. Other requested information may include basic corporate information and history, technical capability, product information. In United States government procurement , Federal Acquisition Regulation 15.203 covers requests for proposals, stating Requests for proposals (RFPs) are used in negotiated acquisitions to communicate Government requirements to prospective contractors and to solicit proposals. The FAR allows for evaluation of proposals, further discussions with bidders and invitation for submission of written final proposal revisions (FPRs), upon which

442-449: The company. In order to fund operations, Nelson began building computers in his apartment, selling them along with the software. When the first product was released in 1988, the company changed its name to CD Plus. The product quickly became successful, fueled by innovations in search engine technology. Most importantly, Nelson had devised algorithms that encapsulated much of the complexity of Medline's lexicon, enabling end-users to achieve

468-579: The database contained more than 34 million records from 5,639 selected publications covering biomedicine and health from 1781 to the present. Originally, the database covered articles starting from 1965, but this has been enhanced, and records as far back as 1781 are now available within the main index. The database is freely accessible on the Internet via the PubMed interface, and new citations are added Tuesday through Saturday. For citations added during 1995-2003, about 48% are for cited articles published in

494-581: The literature in biology and biochemistry , as well as fields such as molecular evolution . Compiled by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), MEDLINE is freely available on the Internet and searchable via PubMed and NLM's National Center for Biotechnology Information's Entrez system. MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System) is a computerised biomedical bibliographic retrieval system. It

520-470: The majority of Ovid shares, was wary of the market bubble that had been building for several years. He engaged Goldman Sachs to sell the company. Wolters Kluwer acquired the company in October, 1998, for $ 24.59/share. Ovid continued to make inroads against its competitors. In 2001, Wolters Kluwer purchased the rival SilverPlatter company and merged it into Ovid during 2001 and early 2002. Ovid introduced

546-591: The mechanization of the Index Medicus , prompted by a desire for a better way to manipulate all this information, not only for Index Medicus but also to produce subsidiary products. By 1960 a detailed specification was prepared, and by the spring of 1961, request for proposals were sent out to 72 companies to develop the system. As a result, a contract was awarded to the General Electric Company . A Minneapolis-Honeywell 800 computer, which

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572-416: The previous year. A service such as MEDLINE strives to balance usability with power and comprehensiveness. In keeping with the fact that MEDLINE's primary user community is professionals ( medical scientists , health care providers ), searching MEDLINE effectively is a learned skill; untrained users are sometimes frustrated with the large numbers of articles returned by simple searches. Counterintuitively,

598-522: The review. MEDLINE influences researchers in their choice of journals in which to publish. More than 5,200 biomedical journals are indexed in MEDLINE. New journals are not included automatically or immediately. Several criteria for selection are applied. Selection is based on the recommendations of a panel, the Literature Selection Technical Review Committee, based on the scientific scope and quality of

624-421: Was designed to connect over the phone lines to mainframe computers of vendors, primarily BRS Online , which were running in-house search engines designed for Medline. However, fearing potential competition, these vendors shut off access for the interface. Nelson then decided to write his own Medline search engine, one of the first that was based on PCs. Nelson had attempted, unsuccessfully, to obtain funding for

650-554: Was launched by the National Library of Medicine in 1964 and was the first large-scale, computer-based, retrospective search service available to the general public. Since 1879, the National Library of Medicine has published Index Medicus , a monthly guide to medical articles in thousands of journals. The huge volume of bibliographic citations was manually compiled. In 1957 the staff of the NLM started to plan

676-795: Was to run MEDLARS, was delivered to the NLM in March 1963, and Frank Bradway Rogers (Director of the NLM 1949 to 1963) said at the time, "..If all goes well, the January 1964 issue of Index Medicus will be ready to emerge from the system at the end of this year. It may be that this will mark the beginning of a new era in medical bibliography." MEDLARS cost $ 3 million to develop, and at the time of its completion in 1964, no other publicly available, fully operational electronic storage and retrieval system of its magnitude existed. The original computer configuration operated from 1964 until its replacement by MEDLARS II in January 1975. In late 1971, an online version called MEDLINE ("MEDLARS Online") became available as

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