Misplaced Pages

#674325

43-550: Cesa is a town in Italy. Cesa or CESA may also refer to: Cesa Cesa borders the following municipalities: Aversa , Gricignano di Aversa , Sant'Antimo , Sant'Arpino , Succivo . The Church was rebuilt between 1868 and 1872; the imposing facade overlooks Piazza De Michele (main town Square). The interior, in Romanesque Renaissance style, is divided into three naves and resting on large columns. On

86-399: A combination of chemical processes, erosion by water, tectonic forces, microorganisms, pressure, and atmospheric influences. Isotopic dating techniques can be applied to cave sediments, to determine the timescale of the geological events which formed and shaped present-day caves. It is estimated that a cave cannot be more than 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) vertically beneath the surface due to

129-417: A contrast between active and relict: active caves have water flowing through them; relict caves do not, though water may be retained in them. Types of active caves include inflow caves ("into which a stream sinks"), outflow caves ("from which a stream emerges"), and through caves ("traversed by a stream"). Solutional caves or karst caves are the most frequently occurring caves. Such caves form in rock that

172-558: A hollow tube remains. Such caves can be found in the Canary Islands , Jeju-do , the basaltic plains of Eastern Idaho , and in other places. Kazumura Cave near Hilo , Hawaii is a remarkably long and deep lava tube; it is 65.6 km long (40.8 mi). Lava caves include but are not limited to lava tubes. Other caves formed through volcanic activity include rifts, lava molds, open vertical conduits, inflationary, blisters, among others. Sea caves are found along coasts around

215-420: A modern understanding of acoustics. Archaeologists have uncovered relationships between paintings of dots and lines, in specific areas of resonance, within the caves of Spain and France, as well as instruments depicting paleolithic motifs, indicators of musical events and rituals. Clusters of paintings were often found in areas with notable acoustics, sometimes even replicating the sounds of the animals depicted on

258-508: A pale or white coloration), a loss of eyes (or at least of optical functionality), an elongation of appendages, and an enhancement of other senses (such as the ability to sense vibrations in water). Aquatic troglobites (or stygobites), such as the endangered Alabama cave shrimp , live in bodies of water found in caves and get nutrients from detritus washed into their caves and from the feces of bats and other cave inhabitants. Other aquatic troglobites include cave fish, and cave salamanders such as

301-453: A range of early human species dating back to between three and one million years ago, including Australopithecus africanus , Australopithecus sediba and Paranthropus robustus . However, it is not generally thought that these early humans were living in the caves, but that they were brought into the caves by carnivores that had killed them. The first early hominid ever found in Africa,

344-519: A solutional cave that are below the water table or the local level of the groundwater will be flooded. Lechuguilla Cave in New Mexico and nearby Carlsbad Cavern are now believed to be examples of another type of solutional cave. They were formed by H 2 S ( hydrogen sulfide ) gas rising from below, where reservoirs of oil give off sulfurous fumes. This gas mixes with groundwater and forms H 2 SO 4 ( sulfuric acid ). The acid then dissolves

387-485: Is possible to attend the rite of the "Flight of the Angels" (two little girls, equipped with artificial wings, are pulled through a system of ropes stretched from the bell tower to the square to pay homage to the saint with poems) and a grandiose fireworks display. In the following days classical-symphonic and light music concerts are held. The arm reliquary and the silver reliquary bust of Saint Cesario are solemnly exposed on

430-482: Is soluble; most occur in limestone , but they can also form in other rocks including chalk , dolomite , marble , salt, and gypsum . Except for salt caves , solutional caves result when rock is dissolved by natural acid in groundwater that seeps through bedding planes , faults , joints, and comparable features. Over time cracks enlarge to become caves and cave systems. The largest and most abundant solutional caves are located in limestone. Limestone dissolves under

473-402: Is staged the "Tragedy of San Cesario", a sacred representation of the life and martyrdom of the saint. On Saturday and Sunday - the main day of the celebrations - the statue of the saint is carried on the shoulder in procession through all the streets of the town (decorated with artistic lights), accompanied by the musical band, the exultation of the faithful and the firing of fireworks; at the end

SECTION 10

#1732771739675

516-631: The Denisovans in southern Siberia. In southern Africa, early modern humans regularly used sea caves as shelter starting about 180,000 years ago when they learned to exploit the sea for the first time. The oldest known site is PP13B at Pinnacle Point . This may have allowed rapid expansion of humans out of Africa and colonization of areas of the world such as Australia by 60–50,000 years ago. Throughout southern Africa, Australia, and Europe, early modern humans used caves and rock shelters as sites for rock art, such as those at Giant's Castle . Caves such as

559-783: The Madagascar dry deciduous forests and parts of Brazil contain many documented caves. As the world's expanses of soluble bedrock are researched by cavers, the distribution of documented caves is likely to shift. For example, China, despite containing around half the world's exposed limestone—more than 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi)—has relatively few documented caves. Cave-inhabiting animals are often categorized as troglobites (cave-limited species), troglophiles (species that can live their entire lives in caves, but also occur in other environments), trogloxenes (species that use caves, but cannot complete their life cycle fully in caves) and accidentals (animals not in one of

602-605: The Taung Child in 1924, was also thought for many years to come from a cave, where it had been deposited after being predated on by an eagle. However, this is now debated (Hopley et al., 2013; Am. J. Phys. Anthrop.). Caves do form in the dolomite of the Ghaap Plateau, including the Early, Middle and Later Stone Age site of Wonderwerk Cave ; however, the caves that form along the escarpment's edge, like that hypothesised for

645-536: The olm and the Texas blind salamander . Cave insects such as Oligaphorura (formerly Archaphorura) schoetti are troglophiles, reaching 1.7 millimetres (0.067 in) in length. They have extensive distribution and have been studied fairly widely. Most specimens are female, but a male specimen was collected from St Cuthberts Swallet in 1969. Bats , such as the gray bat and Mexican free-tailed bat , are trogloxenes and are often found in caves; they forage outside of

688-456: The very slow flow of the ice, which tends to collapse the caves again. Glacier caves are sometimes misidentified as " ice caves ", though this latter term is properly reserved for bedrock caves that contain year-round ice formations. Fracture caves are formed when layers of more soluble minerals, such as gypsum, dissolve out from between layers of less soluble rock. These rocks fracture and collapse in blocks of stone. Talus caves are formed by

731-518: The yaodong in China were used for shelter; other caves were used for burials (such as rock-cut tombs ), or as religious sites (such as Buddhist caves ). Among the known sacred caves are China's Cave of a Thousand Buddhas and the sacred caves of Crete . Paleolithic cave paintings have been found throughout the world dating from 64,800 years old for non-figurative art and 43,900 years old for figurative art. The importance of sound in caves predates

774-530: The Dominicans, who built the little convent and lived there until the year 1808. The interior, has only one nave, with a single side chapel on the right wall, with underlying crypt where the remains of the monks are visible. The church is located next to the cemetery. Inside, on the marble high altar, there is a fresco, datable between the 14th and 15th centuries, depicting the Virgin and Child. Adjacent to

817-713: The Parish Church of Saint Cesario, the Palace rises majestic and imposing, with its two suggestive towers; it was inhabited by numerous families who in the past were the Lords of Cesa. It dates back to the beginning of the 15th century, it was subsequently renovated and enlarged. In the historic center of Cesa, there are 99 artificial cavities located in a few thousand square meters, of which about 60 are real caves. The vines are arranged in trees with heights of 10 to 12 meters, forming imposing green barriers. The patron saint of

860-780: The Taung Child, are formed within a secondary limestone deposit called tufa . There is numerous evidence for other early human species inhabiting caves from at least one million years ago in different parts of the world, including Homo erectus in China at Zhoukoudian , Homo rhodesiensis in South Africa at the Cave of Hearths ( Makapansgat ), Homo neanderthalensis and Homo heidelbergensis in Europe at Archaeological Site of Atapuerca , Homo floresiensis in Indonesia, and

903-552: The action of rainwater and groundwater charged with H 2 CO 3 ( carbonic acid ) and naturally occurring organic acids . The dissolution process produces a distinctive landform known as karst , characterized by sinkholes and underground drainage. Limestone caves are often adorned with calcium carbonate formations produced through slow precipitation . These include flowstones , stalactites , stalagmites , helictites , soda straws and columns. These secondary mineral deposits in caves are called speleothems . The portions of

SECTION 20

#1732771739675

946-603: The birthplace of their ancestors and honor their patron saint. The primary grape variety of the city is the Asprinio , from which is obtained a wine of a very clear greenish white color, with a light and herbaceous fragrance. Viticulture in Cesa is unique for its use of growing the grapevines with poplar trees , high up to 15 meters. The wine is stored in large barrels placed in large caves of tuff, able to ensure fresh, correct humidity, light and constant temperature throughout

989-586: The caves utilized for reverberation, but for the dampening qualities of their abnormal faces as well. The irregularities in the walls of the Cumberland Caverns diffuse sounds bouncing off the walls and give the space an almost recording studio-like quality. During the 20th century musicians began to explore the possibility of using caves as locations as clubs and concert halls, including the likes of Dinah Shore , Roy Acuff , and Benny Goodman . Unlike today, these early performances were typically held in

1032-565: The caves. Some species of cave crickets are classified as trogloxenes, because they roost in caves by day and forage above ground at night. Because of the fragility of cave ecosystems, and the fact that cave regions tend to be isolated from one another, caves harbor a number of endangered species, such as the Tooth cave spider , liphistius trapdoor spider , and the gray bat. Caves are visited by many surface-living animals, including humans. These are usually relatively short-lived incursions, due to

1075-573: The chapel dedicated to him. The feast of Patron Saint is celebrated the Sunday after June 19 (if this day coincides with the Solemnity of Corpus Christi (feast) the feast is moved to the following Sunday). The celebrations begin the previous Sunday, when the clergy, the St. Cesario Society, the civil and military authorities and the people go to the house of a devotee to pick up the silver reliquary bust of

1118-530: The country is St. Cesario deacon and martyr of Terracina . The cult of Saint Cesario in Cesa is very ancient, as can be seen from a document dated 1097 preserved in the Diocesan Archive of Aversa . In fact, there was already a church dedicated to him that, which became a parish in 1572, was enlarged and restored until its complete rebuilding took place, with the offerings of the people, in 1872. On June 19, 1612 Cardinal Filippo Spinelli donated to

1161-527: The flag that is carried in the procession on the day of the festival of St. Cesario. On June 16, 2019, the mayor of Cesa, lawyer Vincenzo Guida, signed the Pact of Sister Cities with Netcong. The Twinning Pact aims to reinforce the bond that exists between the two communities that share the cult of St. Cesario, so that the history and traditions continue to intertwine, the Italian traditions imported to Netcong and

1204-509: The high altar of the church only this week of the year on the occasion of the celebrations. Cesa, city of 99 caves , is often visited by descendants of Italian citizens who emigrated to America and settled in Netcong or in other cities of United States towards the end of the 1800s., who during their holidays in Italy, with a stop in Naples , Sorrento , Amalfi , Positano or Pompei , visit

1247-562: The lack of light and sustenance. Cave entrances often have typical florae. For instance, in the eastern temperate United States, cave entrances are most frequently (and often densely) populated by the bulblet fern, Cystopteris bulbifera . People have made use of caves throughout history. The earliest human fossils found in caves come from a series of caves near Krugersdorp and Mokopane in South Africa. The cave sites of Sterkfontein , Swartkrans , Kromdraai B, Drimolen , Malapa , Cooper's D, Gladysvale, Gondolin and Makapansgat have yielded

1290-413: The limestone from below, rather than from above, by acidic water percolating from the surface. Caves formed at the same time as the surrounding rock are called primary caves . Lava tubes are formed through volcanic activity and are the most common primary caves. As lava flows downhill, its surface cools and solidifies. Hot liquid lava continues to flow under that crust, and if most of it flows out,

1333-473: The name of Cesa are perpetuated by future generations in the name of common identity. Cave A cave or cavern is a natural void under the Earth 's surface . Caves often form by the weathering of rock and often extend deep underground. Exogene caves are smaller openings that extend a relatively short distance underground (such as rock shelters ). Caves which extend further underground than

Cesa (disambiguation) - Misplaced Pages Continue

1376-476: The opening is wide are called endogene caves . Speleology is the science of exploration and study of all aspects of caves and the cave environment. Visiting or exploring caves for recreation may be called caving , potholing , or spelunking . The formation and development of caves is known as speleogenesis ; it can occur over the course of millions of years. Caves can range widely in size, and are formed by various geological processes. These may involve

1419-465: The openings among large boulders that have fallen down into a random heap, often at the bases of cliffs. These unstable deposits are called talus or scree , and may be subject to frequent rockfalls and landslides . Anchialine caves are caves, usually coastal, containing a mixture of freshwater and saline water (usually sea water). They occur in many parts of the world, and often contain highly specialized and endemic fauna. Caves are found throughout

1462-561: The parish of Cesa some bone fragments taken from the humerus of the Saint Cesario (this relic was preserved in the Terracina Cathedral ). Currently these bone particles are embedded in three precious reliquaries: in the wooden reliquary bust (1612), in the silver reliquary bust (1760), and in the silver reliquary arm (18th century). In the church only the wooden statue of the saint is permanently exposed to veneration, in

1505-549: The pressure of overlying rocks. This does not, however, impose a maximum depth for a cave which is measured from its highest entrance to its lowest point, as the amount of rock above the lowest point is dependent on the topography of the landscape above it. For karst caves the maximum depth is determined on the basis of the lower limit of karst forming processes, coinciding with the base of the soluble carbonate rocks. Most caves are formed in limestone by dissolution . Caves can be classified in various other ways as well, including

1548-428: The previous categories). Some authors use separate terminology for aquatic forms (for example, stygobites , stygophiles , and stygoxenes ). Of these animals, the troglobites are perhaps the most unusual organisms. Troglobitic species often show a number of characteristics, termed troglomorphic, associated with their adaptation to subterranean life. These characteristics may include a loss of pigment (often resulting in

1591-609: The right side of the transept , there is the Chapel of Saint Cesario, where is preserved a wooden bust of the saint which contains some bone fragments of the martyr's arm. On the vault of the central nave there are two significant scenes from the life of Saint Cesario, made by Raffaele Iodice in 1943. The church, located next to the Town Hall in Piazza De Gasperi (the secondary town Square), was built in 1608 and donated to

1634-683: The saint, who is carried in procession between the shot of grenades in the parish church, where he is solemnly exposed to the veneration of the faithful on an artistic throne. During the short procession, outside the town hall, is celebrated the ceremony of the delivery of "the Keys of the City" to the patron saint by the Mayor of Cesa (symbolically the Mayor, as first citizen, the delivery and entrust city to St. Cesario). On Friday in Piazza De Michele,

1677-462: The walls. The human voice was also theorized to be used as an echolocation device to navigate darker areas of the caves where torches were less useful. Dots of red ochre are often found in spaces with the highest resonance, where the production of paintings was too difficult. Caves continue to provide usage for modern-day explorers of acoustics. Today Cumberland Caverns provides one of the best examples for modern musical usages of caves. Not only are

1720-417: The water, such as a fault or joint. A subtype of the erosional cave is the wind or aeolian cave, carved by wind-born sediments. Many caves formed initially by solutional processes often undergo a subsequent phase of erosional or vadose enlargement where active streams or rivers pass through them. Glacier caves are formed by melting ice and flowing water within and under glaciers. The cavities are influenced by

1763-667: The world, although the distribution of documented cave system is heavily skewed towards those countries where caving has been popular for many years (such as France, Italy, Australia, the UK, the United States, etc.). As a result, explored caves are found widely in Europe, Asia, North America and Oceania, but are sparse in South America, Africa, and Antarctica. This is a rough generalization, as large expanses of North America and Asia contain no documented caves, whereas areas such as

Cesa (disambiguation) - Misplaced Pages Continue

1806-791: The world. A special case is littoral caves, which are formed by wave action in zones of weakness in sea cliffs. Often these weaknesses are faults, but they may also be dykes or bedding-plane contacts. Some wave-cut caves are now above sea level because of later uplift. Elsewhere, in places such as Thailand 's Phang Nga Bay , solutional caves have been flooded by the sea and are now subject to littoral erosion. Sea caves are generally around 5 to 50 metres (16 to 164 ft) in length, but may exceed 300 metres (980 ft). Corrasional or erosional caves are those that form entirely by erosion by flowing streams carrying rocks and other sediments. These can form in any type of rock, including hard rocks such as granite. Generally there must be some zone of weakness to guide

1849-666: The year. For these reasons, guided tours are often organized to show the large trees and hypogeum environments. On June 6, 2019, the mayor of Netcong , Joe Nametko, signed the Pact of Sister Cities with the Municipality of Cesa, considering that in 1902, some citizens of Cesa decided to establish the St. Cesario Society in honor of their patron saint (this community even today continues to organize solemn annual festivities). These citizens include: Francesco, Raffaele e Cesario Puco, Antonio Ferriero, Domenico and Giuseppe Togno, Luigi and Giustino Esposito; their names still appear today on

#674325