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83-515: In its simplest form, like many other web scripting languages, CFML augments standard HTML files with database commands, conditional operators , high-level formatting functions , and other elements to produce web applications . CFML also includes many other constructs including ColdFusion Components (CFCs), CFML's version of objects , that allow separating business logic from presentation. CFML can be written using either tags or CFScript , which resembles JavaScript ( ECMAScript ). The pages in

166-510: A Document type declaration (informally, a "doctype"). In browsers, the doctype helps to define the rendering mode—particularly whether to use quirks mode . The original purpose of the doctype was to enable the parsing and validation of HTML documents by SGML tools based on the Document type definition (DTD). The DTD to which the DOCTYPE refers contains a machine-readable grammar specifying

249-460: A verbose original: "To the extent that policymakers and elite opinion in general have made use of economic analysis at all, they have, as the saying goes, done so the way a drunkard uses a lamppost: for support, not illumination", can be quoted succinctly as: "[P]olicymakers [...] have made use of economic analysis [...] the way a drunkard uses a lamppost: for support, not illumination." When nested parentheses are needed, brackets are sometimes used as

332-416: A 'left' or 'right' bracket or, alternatively, an "opening bracket" or "closing bracket", respectively, depending on the directionality of the context. In casual writing and in technical fields such as computing or linguistic analysis of grammar , brackets nest , with segments of bracketed material containing embedded within them other further bracketed sub-segments. The number of opening brackets matches

415-587: A CFML application include the server-side CFML tags and functions in addition to HTML tags. Modern CFML applications also tend to have CFCs that are accessed by the CFML pages for executing business logic. When a web browser requests a page in a ColdFusion application, it is automatically pre-processed by the ColdFusion application server . CFML can also be used to generate other languages, aside from HTML, such as XML , JavaScript , CSS , and so on. Despite

498-407: A contractor at CERN , proposed and prototyped ENQUIRE , a system for CERN researchers to use and share documents. In 1989, Berners-Lee wrote a memo proposing an Internet -based hypertext system. Berners-Lee specified HTML and wrote the browser and server software in late 1990. That year, Berners-Lee and CERN data systems engineer Robert Cailliau collaborated on a joint request for funding, but

581-408: A different order of operations . For example: in the usual order of algebraic operations, 4 × 3 + 2 equals 14, since the multiplication is done before the addition . However, 4 × (3 + 2) equals 20, because the parentheses override normal precedence, causing the addition to be done first. Some authors follow the convention in mathematical equations that, when parentheses have one level of nesting,

664-606: A method contained in a CFC simply needs to be invoked, the <cfinvoke> tag will create an instance of the CFC, invoke the desired method, and then destroy the instance of the CFC. <cfinvoke> takes the name of the component (minus the .cfc extension) and the method to execute. To access any returned data, the RETURNVARIABLE attribute provides the name of a variable to contain whatever the function returns. CFCs are created using four tags, saved as .CFC files, and invoked using

747-451: A pair is the start tag , and the second is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags ). Another important component is the HTML document type declaration , which triggers standards mode rendering. The following is an example of the classic "Hello, World!" program : The text between < html > and </ html > describes the web page, and

830-403: A parenthesis. Again, the parenthesis implies that the meaning and flow of the bracketed phrase is supplemental to the rest of the text and the whole would be unchanged were the parenthesized sentences removed. The term refers to the syntax rather than the enclosure method: the same clause in the form "Mrs. Pennyfarthing – What? Yes, that was her name! – was my landlady"

913-425: A start tag) and do not use an end tag. Many tags, particularly the closing end tag for the very commonly used paragraph element < p > , are optional. An HTML browser or other agent can infer the closure for the end of an element from the context and the structural rules defined by the HTML standard. These rules are complex and not widely understood by most HTML authors. The general form of an HTML element

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996-462: A student project in 2002 and was first launched as a commercial project in 2005. Railo announced they were making the engine open source in 2008, and the first open source version was released in 2009. On June 18, 2009, Adobe announced at the CFUnited conference that it had formed a CFML Advisory Committee that would be responsible for guiding and reviewing changes to the CFML language. This effort

1079-502: A substitute for the inner pair of parentheses within the outer pair. When deeper levels of nesting are needed, convention is to alternate between parentheses and brackets at each level. Alternatively, empty square brackets can also indicate omitted material, usually single letter only. The original, "Reading is also a process and it also changes you." can be rewritten in a quote as: It has been suggested that reading can "also change[] you". In translated works, brackets are used to signify

1162-596: A user can give input/s like: Comments: Comments can help in the understanding of the markup and do not display in the webpage. There are several types of markup elements used in HTML: Most of the attributes of an element are name–value pairs , separated by = and written within the start tag of an element after the element's name. The value may be enclosed in single or double quotes, although values consisting of certain characters can be left unquoted in HTML (but not XHTML). Leaving attribute values unquoted

1245-542: Is a notation that was pioneered by Berzelius , who wanted chemical formulae to more resemble algebraic notation, with brackets enclosing groups that could be multiplied (e.g. in 3(AlO 2 + 2SO 3 ) the 3 multiplies everything within the parentheses). In chemical nomenclature , parentheses are used to distinguish structural features and multipliers for clarity, for example in the polymer poly(methyl methacrylate) . [ and ] are square brackets in both British and American English, but are also more simply brackets in

1328-437: Is also a parenthesis. (In non-specialist usage, the term "parenthetical phrase" is more widely understood. ) In phonetics , parentheses are used for indistinguishable or unidentified utterances. They are also seen for silent articulation (mouthing), where the expected phonetic transcription is derived from lip-reading, and with periods to indicate silent pauses, for example (...) or (2 sec) . An unpaired right parenthesis

1411-845: Is also used in British English. Parentheses contain adjunctive material that serves to clarify (in the manner of a gloss ) or is aside from the main point. A comma before or after the material can also be used, though if the sentence contains commas for other purposes, visual confusion may result. A dash before and after the material is also sometimes used. Parentheses may be used in formal writing to add supplementary information, such as "Senator John McCain ( R  - Arizona) spoke at length". They can also indicate shorthand for " either singular or plural " for nouns, e.g. "the claim(s)". It can also be used for gender-neutral language , especially in languages with grammatical gender , e.g. "(s)he agreed with his/her physician" (the slash in

1494-464: Is considered unsafe. In contrast with name-value pair attributes, there are some attributes that affect the element simply by their presence in the start tag of the element, like the ismap attribute for the img element. There are several common attributes that may appear in many elements : The abbreviation element, abbr , can be used to demonstrate some of these attributes: This example displays as HTML ; in most browsers, pointing

1577-456: Is for HTML5. If a declaration is not included, various browsers will revert to " quirks mode " for rendering. HTML documents imply a structure of nested HTML elements . These are indicated in the document by HTML tags , enclosed in angle brackets thus: < p > . In the simple, general case, the extent of an element is indicated by a pair of tags: a "start tag" < p > and "end tag" </ p > . The text content of

1660-444: Is in any way altered, the alterations are enclosed in square brackets within the quotation to show that the quotation is not exactly as given, or to add an annotation . For example: The Plaintiff asserted his cause is just, stating, [m]y causes is [ sic ] just. In the original quoted sentence, the word "my" was capitalized: it has been modified in the quotation given and the change signalled with brackets. Similarly, where

1743-404: Is in doubt". Or one can quote the original statement "I hate to do laundry" with a (sometimes grammatical) modification inserted: He "hate[s] to do laundry". Additionally, a small letter can be replaced by a capital one, when the beginning of the original printed text is being quoted in another piece of text or when the original text has been omitted for succinctness— for example, when referring to

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1826-399: Is invoked as a custom tag, the attributes used to invoke that tag are available within the tag in an attributes scope and the variables for the calling page are accessible via the caller scope. For example, if writing a custom tag to perform addition , taking two attributes and adding them together, the tag would be an addition.cfm file which could look like this: Assuming the tag is in

1909-436: Is often used as part of a label in an ordered list, such as this one: a) educational testing, b) technical writing and diagrams, c) market research , and d) elections . Traditionally in accounting , contra amounts are placed in parentheses. A debit balance account in a series of credit balances will have parenthesis and vice versa. Parentheses are used in mathematical notation to indicate grouping, often inducing

1992-480: Is still actively developing ColdFusion. In 1998 Alan Williamson and his Scottish company, "n-ary", began creating a templating engine for Java to simplify common programming tasks. Williamson was using curly-brace notation instead of tags, but when he saw an example of CFML and how it was solving similar problems (although not in Java) using a tag syntax, he started developing what would eventually become BlueDragon, which

2075-446: Is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser . It defines the content and structure of web content . It is often assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and scripting languages such as JavaScript, a programming language. Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and render the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes

2158-401: Is therefore: < tag attribute1 = "value1" attribute2 = "value2" > ''content'' </ tag > . Some HTML elements are defined as empty elements and take the form < tag attribute1 = "value1" attribute2 = "value2" > . Empty elements may enclose no content, for instance, the < br /> tag or

2241-520: The International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) requires the use of the abbreviation "subgen". as well, e.g., Acetobacter (subgen. Gluconoacetobacter ) liquefaciens . Parentheses are used in chemistry to denote a repeated substructure within a molecule, e.g. HC(CH 3 ) 3 ( isobutane ) or, similarly, to indicate the stoichiometry of ionic compounds with such substructures: e.g. Ca(NO 3 ) 2 ( calcium nitrate ). This

2324-589: The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) with the mid-1993 publication of the first proposal for an HTML specification, the "Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)" Internet Draft by Berners-Lee and Dan Connolly , which included an SGML Document type definition to define the syntax. The draft expired after six months, but was notable for its acknowledgment of the NCSA Mosaic browser's custom tag for embedding in-line images, reflecting

2407-434: The de facto web standard for some time. HTML markup consists of several key components, including those called tags (and their attributes ), character-based data types , character references and entity references . HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like < h1 > and </ h1 > , although some represent empty elements and so are unpaired, for example < img > . The first tag in such

2490-505: The em dash is currently used in alternatives, such as "parenthesis)(parentheses". Examples of this usage can be seen in editions of Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage . Parentheses may be nested (generally with one set (such as this) inside another set). This is not commonly used in formal writing (though sometimes other brackets [especially square brackets] will be used for one or more inner set of parentheses [in other words, secondary {or even tertiary} phrases can be found within

2573-435: The programmer declares their type specifically. This functionality is used with cfqueryparam to secure web applications and databases from hackers and malicious web requests such as SQL injection . Nearly 100 tags and many more functions make up the heart of the CFML language. The following lists CFML tags by their function or purpose. CFML allows language extensions in the form of custom tags, which are tags created by

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2656-453: The <cfimport> tag. ColdFusion Markup Language includes a set of functions that you use to perform logical and arithmetic operations and manipulate data. CFCs provide some (not all) of the typical features and functionality that are provided by object-oriented (OOP) languages. To create a CFC: CFCs are plain CFML. Within a CFC any CFML tag, function, custom tag, other components, etc. may be used. CFCs can be used in various ways. If

2739-407: The <cfinvoke> tag. In the example below, component temperature.cfc has a method FtoC which converts temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius. The test.cfm template invokes the method and converts 212 degrees Fahrenheit and outputs the result. CFCs may also be instantiated as objects. Assuming a CFC file called Person.cfc, an instance of this CFC would be instantiated as follows: CFCs also form

2822-455: The DTD in order to properly parse the document and to perform validation. In modern browsers, a valid doctype activates standards mode as opposed to quirks mode . Angle brackets A bracket is either of two tall fore- or back-facing punctuation marks commonly used to isolate a segment of text or data from its surroundings. They come in four main pairs of shapes, as given in the box to

2905-456: The IETF's philosophy of basing standards on successful prototypes. Similarly, Dave Raggett 's competing Internet Draft, "HTML+ (Hypertext Markup Format)", from late 1993, suggested standardizing already-implemented features like tables and fill-out forms. After the HTML and HTML+ drafts expired in early 1994, the IETF created an HTML Working Group. In 1995, this working group completed "HTML 2.0",

2988-712: The Lucee Association, the goal of the project is to provide the functionality of CFML using fewer resources, giving better performance and to move CFML past its roots and into a modern and dynamic Web programming platform. CFML tags have a similar format to HTML tags. They are enclosed in angle brackets (< and >) and generally have zero or more named attributes , though some tags (e.g. cfset, cfif) contain an expression rather than attributes. Many CFML tags have bodies; that is, they have beginning and end tags with text to be processed between them. For example: Other tags, such as cfset and cfftp, never have bodies; all

3071-463: The Wolfram language, parentheses are used to indicate grouping – for example, with pure anonymous functions. If it is desired to include the subgenus when giving the scientific name of an animal species or subspecies , the subgenus's name is provided in parentheses between the genus name and the specific epithet . For instance, Polyphylla ( Xerasiobia ) alba is a way to cite

3154-596: The XML syntax for HTML and is no longer being developed as a separate standard. On 28 May 2019, the W3C announced that WHATWG would be the sole publisher of the HTML and DOM standards. The W3C and WHATWG had been publishing competing standards since 2012. While the W3C standard was identical to the WHATWG in 2007 the standards have since progressively diverged due to different design decisions. The WHATWG "Living Standard" had been

3237-473: The attribute value itself. If document authors overlook the need to escape such characters, some browsers can be very forgiving and try to use context to guess their intent. The result is still invalid markup, which makes the document less accessible to other browsers and to other user agents that may try to parse the document for search and indexing purposes for example. Escaping also allows for characters that are not easily typed, or that are not available in

3320-408: The basis of the ability to create web services in CFML. A CFC is created in the usual way, and the attribute access="remote" added to any function within the CFC will make that function available to be called as a SOAP -based web service. The CFML engine auto-generates a WSDL and creates all the necessary stubs for the web service to function. HTML Hypertext Markup Language ( HTML )

3403-574: The browser, and these characteristics can be altered or enhanced by the web page designer's additional use of CSS . Many of the text elements are mentioned in the 1988 ISO technical report TR 9537 Techniques for using SGML , which describes the features of early text formatting languages such as that used by the RUNOFF command developed in the early 1960s for the CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) operating system. These formatting commands were derived from

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3486-433: The characters < and & (when written as &lt; and &amp; , respectively) to be interpreted as character data, rather than markup. For example, a literal < normally indicates the start of a tag, and & normally indicates the start of a character entity reference or numeric character reference; writing it as &amp; or &#x26; or &#38; allows & to be included in

3569-441: The characters of the world's writing systems. HTML defines several data types for element content, such as script data and stylesheet data, and a plethora of types for attribute values, including IDs, names, URIs , numbers, units of length, languages, media descriptors, colors, character encodings, dates and times, and so on. All of these data types are specializations of character data. HTML documents are required to start with

3652-455: The citation of law reports to identify parallel citations to non-official reporters. For example: Chronicle Pub. Co. v Superior Court (1998) 54 Cal.2d 548, [7 Cal.Rptr. 109] In some other countries (such as England and Wales ), square brackets are used to indicate that the year is part of the citation and parentheses are used to indicate the year the judgment was given. For example: National Coal Board v England [1954] AC 403 This case

3735-451: The commands used by typesetters to manually format documents. However, the SGML concept of generalized markup is based on elements (nested annotated ranges with attributes) rather than merely print effects, with separate structure and markup. HTML has been progressively moved in this direction with CSS. Berners-Lee considered HTML to be an application of SGML. It was formally defined as such by

3818-539: The content of an element or in the value of an attribute. The double-quote character ( " ), when not used to quote an attribute value, must also be escaped as &quot; or &#x22; or &#34; when it appears within the attribute value itself. Equivalently, the single-quote character ( ' ), when not used to quote an attribute value, must also be escaped as &#x27; or &#39; (or as &apos; in HTML5 or XHTML documents ) when it appears within

3901-664: The cursor at the abbreviation should display the title text "Hypertext Markup Language." Most elements take the language-related attribute dir to specify text direction, such as with "rtl" for right-to-left text in, for example, Arabic , Persian or Hebrew . As of version 4.0, HTML defines a set of 252 character entity references and a set of 1,114,050 numeric character references , both of which allow individual characters to be written via simple markup, rather than literally. A literal character and its markup counterpart are considered equivalent and are rendered identically. The ability to " escape " characters in this way allows for

3984-407: The developer that are not part of the CFML language itself. Custom tags are regular CFML files which are intended to be invoked as tags, although it is possible to treat a template as both a custom tag and a regular template. Custom tags are written in CFML and are typically invoked by prefixing the custom tag's file name with cf_ , although there are other ways to invoke custom tags. If a template

4067-589: The document's character encoding , to be represented within the element and attribute content. For example, the acute-accented e ( é ), a character typically found only on Western European and South American keyboards, can be written in any HTML document as the entity reference &eacute; or as the numeric references &#xE9; or &#233; , using characters that are available on all keyboards and are supported in all character encodings. Unicode character encodings such as UTF-8 are compatible with all modern browsers and allow direct access to almost all

4150-445: The element, if any, is placed between these tags. Tags may also enclose further tag markup between the start and end, including a mixture of tags and text. This indicates further (nested) elements, as children of the parent element. The start tag may also include the element's attributes within the tag. These indicate other information, such as identifiers for sections within the document, identifiers used to bind style information to

4233-588: The enclosed text is italic. However, in other languages like German , if brackets enclose text in italics, they are usually also set in italics. ( and ) are parentheses / p ə ˈ r ɛ n θ ɪ s iː z / (singular parenthesis / p ə ˈ r ɛ n θ ɪ s ɪ s / ) in American English, and either round brackets or simply brackets in British English. They are also known as "parens" / p ə ˈ r ɛ n z / , "circle brackets", or "smooth brackets". In formal writing, "parentheses"

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4316-517: The first HTML specification intended to be treated as a standard against which future implementations should be based. Further development under the auspices of the IETF was stalled by competing interests. Since 1996, the HTML specifications have been maintained, with input from commercial software vendors, by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). In 2000, HTML became an international standard ( ISO / IEC 15445:2000). HTML 4.01

4399-412: The head, for example: HTML headings are defined with the < h1 > to < h6 > tags with H1 being the highest (or most important) level and H6 the least: The effects are: CSS can substantially change the rendering. Paragraphs: < br /> . The difference between < br /> and < p > is that < br /> breaks a line without altering

4482-425: The hyperlink tag, these were strongly influenced by SGMLguid , an in-house Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)-based documentation format at CERN. Eleven of these elements still exist in HTML 4. HTML is a markup language that web browsers use to interpret and compose text, images, and other material into visible or audible web pages. Default characteristics for every item of HTML markup are defined in

4565-402: The inline < img > tag. The name of an HTML element is the name used in the tags. The end tag's name is preceded by a slash character, / , and that in empty elements the end tag is neither required nor allowed. If attributes are not mentioned, default values are used in each case. Header of the HTML document: < head > ... </ head > . The title is included in

4648-692: The inner pair are parentheses and the outer pair are square brackets. Example: Parentheses are included in the syntaxes of many programming languages . Typically needed to denote an argument; to tell the compiler what data type the Method/Function needs to look for first in order to initialise. In some cases, such as in LISP , parentheses are a fundamental construct of the language. They are also often used for scoping functions and operators and for arrays. In syntax diagrams they are used for grouping, such as in extended Backus–Naur form . In Mathematica and

4731-467: The latter. An older name for these brackets is "crotchets". Square brackets are often used to insert explanatory material or to mark where a [word or] passage was omitted from an original material by someone other than the original author, or to mark modifications in quotations. In transcribed interviews, sounds, responses and reactions that are not words but that can be described are set off in square brackets — "... [laughs] ...". When quoted material

4814-465: The look and layout of content. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), former maintainer of the HTML and current maintainer of the CSS standards, has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML since 1997. A form of HTML, known as HTML5 , is used to display video and audio, primarily using the < canvas > element, together with JavaScript. In 1980, physicist Tim Berners-Lee ,

4897-411: The main parenthetical sentence]). A parenthesis in rhetoric and linguistics refers to the entire bracketed text, not just to the enclosing marks used (so all the text in this set of round brackets may be described as "a parenthesis"). Taking as an example the sentence "Mrs. Pennyfarthing (What? Yes, that was her name!) was my landlady.", the explanatory phrase between the parentheses is itself called

4980-526: The name, CFML is not a markup language. It is also not SGML , since certain core CFML features prevent it from complying. The CFML engine is configured in such a way that certain file extensions on the server (.cfm, .cfc) are handed off to the CFML engine for processing. In the case of the Java-based engines this is accomplished via Java servlets . The CFML engine only processes CFML tags and functions; it returns text outside of CFML tags and functions to

5063-427: The number of closing brackets in such cases. Various forms of brackets are used in mathematics , with specific mathematical meanings, often for denoting specific mathematical functions and subformulas . Angle brackets or chevrons ⟨ ⟩ were the earliest type of bracket to appear in written English . Erasmus coined the term lunula to refer to the round brackets or parentheses (   ) recalling

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5146-413: The page. Other tags such as < p > and </ p > surround and provide information about document text and may include sub-element tags. Browsers do not display the HTML tags but use them to interpret the content of the page. HTML can embed programs written in a scripting language such as JavaScript , which affects the behavior and content of web pages. The inclusion of CSS defines

5229-434: The permitted and prohibited content for a document conforming to such a DTD. Browsers, on the other hand, do not implement HTML as an application of SGML and as consequence do not read the DTD. HTML5 does not define a DTD; therefore, in HTML5 the doctype declaration is simpler and shorter: An example of an HTML 4 doctype This declaration references the DTD for the "strict" version of HTML 4.01. SGML-based validators read

5312-412: The presentation of the document, and for some tags such as the < img > used to embed images, the reference to the image resource in the format like this: < img src = "example.com/example.jpg" > Some elements, such as the line break < br /> do not permit any embedded content, either text or further tags. These require only a single empty tag (akin to

5395-491: The project was not formally adopted by CERN. In his personal notes of 1990, Berners-Lee listed "some of the many areas in which hypertext is used"; an encyclopedia is the first entry. The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called "HTML Tags", first mentioned on the Internet by Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991. It describes 18 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design of HTML. Except for

5478-500: The quotation contained a grammatical error (is/are), the quoting author signalled that the error was in the original with "[ sic ]" (Latin for 'thus'). A bracketed ellipsis , [...], is often used to indicate omitted material: "I'd like to thank [several unimportant people] for their tolerance [...]" Bracketed comments inserted into a quote indicate where the original has been modified for clarity: "I appreciate it [the honor], but I must refuse", and "the future of psionics [see definition]

5561-429: The required information goes between the beginning (<) character and the ending (>) character in the form of tag attributes (name/value pairs), as in the example below. If it is legal for tags not to have a body, it is syntactically acceptable to leave them unclosed as in the first example, though many CFML developers choose to self-close tags as in the second example to (arguably) make the code more legible. Even if

5644-458: The right, which also gives their names, that vary between British and American English . "Brackets", without further qualification, are in British English the ( ... ) marks and in American English the [ ... ] marks. Other minor bracket shapes exist, such as (for example) slash or diagonal brackets used by linguists to enclose phonemes . Brackets are typically deployed in symmetric pairs, and an individual bracket may be identified as

5727-418: The same directory as the file (or in a pre-defined customtags directory), it can be invoked thus: CFX tags are custom tags which are developed using Java or C++ , and are prefixed with cfx_ just like cf_. Java and C++ tags are added to the CFML runtime environment using the CFML engine's administrator or by editing configuration files. On some CFML engines JSP tags can also be included in CFML pages using

5810-470: The same word or phrase in the original language to avoid ambiguity. For example: He is trained in the way of the open hand [karate]. Style and usage guides originating in the news industry of the twentieth century , such as the AP Stylebook , recommend against the use of square brackets because "They cannot be transmitted over news wires ." However, this guidance has little relevance outside of

5893-528: The second instance, as one alternative is replacing the other, not adding to it). Parenthetical phrases have been used extensively in informal writing and stream of consciousness literature. Examples include the southern American author William Faulkner (see Absalom, Absalom! and the Quentin section of The Sound and the Fury ) as well as poet E. E. Cummings . Parentheses have historically been used where

5976-425: The section of a dictionary entry which contains the etymology of the word the entry defines. Brackets (called move-left symbols or move right symbols ) are added to the sides of text in proofreading to indicate changes in indentation: Square brackets are used to denote parts of the text that need to be checked when preparing drafts prior to finalizing a document. Square brackets are used in some countries in

6059-471: The semantic structure of the page, whereas < p > sections the page into paragraphs . The element < br /> is an empty element in that, although it may have attributes, it can take no content and it may not have an end tag. This is a link in HTML. To create a link the < a > tag is used. The href attribute holds the URL address of the link. There are many possible ways

6142-559: The shape of the crescent moon ( Latin : luna ). Most typewriters only had the left and right parentheses. Square brackets appeared with some teleprinters. Braces (curly brackets) first became part of a character set with the 8-bit code of the IBM 7030 Stretch . In 1961, ASCII contained parentheses, square, and curly brackets, and also less-than and greater-than signs that could be used as angle brackets. In English, typographers mostly prefer not to set brackets in italics , even when

6225-403: The species Polyphylla alba while also mentioning that it is in the subgenus Xerasiobia . There is also a convention of citing a subgenus by enclosing it in parentheses after its genus, e.g., Polyphylla ( Xerasiobia ) is a way to refer to the subgenus Xerasiobia within the genus Polyphylla . Parentheses are similarly used to cite a subgenus with the name of a prokaryotic species, although

6308-602: The structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for its appearance. HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs, images and other objects such as interactive forms may be embedded into the rendered page. HTML provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links , quotes, and other items. HTML elements are delineated by tags , written using angle brackets . Tags such as < img > and < input > directly introduce content into

6391-413: The tag can have a body, including a body may not be necessary in some instances because the attributes specify all the required information. In these cases, as with the second example above, the end tag (and hence, the tag body) may be omitted and the tag may be self-closing as in the following example: Various tags offer the ability to type-check input parameters (e.g. cffunction, cfparam, cfqueryparam) if

6474-524: The technological constraints of the industry and era. In linguistics, phonetic transcriptions are generally enclosed within square brackets, whereas phonemic transcriptions typically use paired slashes , according to International Phonetic Alphabet rules. Pipes (| |) are often used to indicate a morphophonemic rather than phonemic representation. Other conventions are double slashes (⫽ ⫽), double pipes (‖ ‖) and curly brackets ({ }). In lexicography , square brackets usually surround

6557-517: The text between < body > and </ body > is the visible page content. The markup text < title > This is a title </ title > defines the browser page title shown on browser tabs and window titles and the tag < div > defines a division of the page used for easy styling. Between < head > and </ head > , a < meta > element can be used to define webpage metadata. The Document Type Declaration <!DOCTYPE html>

6640-607: The web server unchanged. Named Cold Fusion at the outset, the software was created in 1995 by the Allaire Corporation , originally located in Minnesota . It later moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts and then finally to Newton, Massachusetts before being acquired by Macromedia in 2001. Allaire Cold Fusion thus became Macromedia Cold Fusion. At the release of version 4, the space in the name was removed to become ColdFusion. Adobe acquired Macromedia in 2005. As of 2023, it

6723-590: Was disbanded in 2010. The Google Group CFML Conventional Wisdom was created as a forum for open, public discussions about language and engine features; its use has dwindled since 2011. In 2012, the OpenCFML Foundation was launched. Its function is to push open-source CFML applications and platforms. Former Railo lead developer Michael Offner launched Lucee , a fork of Railo , in London on January 29, 2015. Backed by community supporters and members of

6806-515: Was published in late 1999, with further errata published through 2001. In 2004, development began on HTML5 in the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG), which became a joint deliverable with the W3C in 2008, and was completed and standardized on 28 October 2014. XHTML is a separate language that began as a reformulation of HTML 4.01 using XML 1.0. It is now referred to as

6889-440: Was the first Java implementation of the CFML language. (ColdFusion was written in C and C++ until version 6.0, the first Java-based version, was released in 2002.) New Atlanta licensed BlueDragon around 2001 and made it available as a commercial product, eventually creating a .NET implementation of CFML. Open BlueDragon is a fork of the commercial BlueDragon product and was first released in 2008. The Railo CFML engine began as

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