95-530: CHERUB ( / ˈ tʃ ɛ r ə b / ) is a series of teenage spy novels written by English author Robert Muchamore , focusing around a fictional division of the British Security Service called CHERUB, which employs children, predominantly orphans, 17 or younger as intelligence agents. Initially, the series follows James Choke, also known as James Adams (his adopted name at CHERUB), as he enters CHERUB and performs various missions. However,
190-577: A boy who claims that his father is responsible for a deadly plane crash in the Atlantic. Meanwhile, James is put into an uncomfortable situation as he is forced to do work experience with his ex-girlfriend. After an uncomfortable break-up, James, Lauren, and other CHERUB agents join the SAS and play insurgents in a US army training exercise in Fort Reagen. However the odds are stacked against them and only
285-432: A case and/or connection with their chosen target. The 'loverboy' has now made a connection with their victim and agrees to go on excursions and romantic getaways. Which is where the 'loverboy' makes his or her move on the victim. If they traveled the 'loverboy' takes his change and confiscates the individuals passport and/or form of identification. Which then makes the individual trapped and typically passes him or her off to
380-633: A cause of sex trafficking. Nikovic-Ristanovic analyzes the role of perceived femininity in women's vulnerability to sex trafficking, by specifically looking at the links between militarism and female sexuality. Nikovic-Ristanovic cites a connection between war rapes and forced prostitution and sex trafficking. The way women's bodies are used in war relate to the normalization of violence and power against women. Nikovic-Ristanovic argues that military presence, even in times of peace, promote ideas of gender which render women vulnerable. These ideas concern hegemonic masculinity , which Nikovic-Ristanovic defines as
475-469: A context of strict immigration controls as the primary factor in women's vulnerability in becoming trafficked for sex. There has been an increase in women migrating within and across borders. Duong cites a demand for women migrant workers which encourages migration. The globalization of neoliberalism has shifted the global economy's focus to export production. Duong notes that there is a demand for women in export production because employers are able to pay them
570-672: A crime that many of them face criminal charges for, even under the age of 18. Sex trafficked people face similar health consequences to women exploited for labor purposes, people who have experienced domestic violence, and migrant women. Many of the sex workers contract sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In a study conducted by the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, "only one of 23 trafficked women interviewed felt well-informed about sexually transmitted infections or HIV before leaving home." Without knowledge about this aspect of their health, trafficked women may not take
665-460: A faster way to earn money, and may believe it attracts less police attention than drug trafficking. Sex trafficking serves as a more cost and time efficient way to make money, as one human trafficking victim can obtain money over the course of many years. Gangs may partner with different gangs in the area, to work as a joint sex trafficking ring. This enables them to increase profits by trading different victims. This gives their client, also known as
760-496: A final mission at CHERUB guarding a politician, instead helping his best friend and retired CHERUB agent Kyle Blueman to expose the politician's wrongdoings. This series involves an almost completely new cast of CHERUB agents, centred upon Ryan Sharma . However, characters from the original series appear occasionally. The first three books focus on a mission to dismantle the fictional Aramov Clan . As of December 2016, five novels have been announced. Ryan investigates (and befriends)
855-451: A greater disadvantage due to their lack of access to land and other resources. Matusek also argues that the unequal distribution of resources and power lead to both push and pull factors of migration. According to Matusek, women are pushed to migrate on account of a lack of education and employment opportunities. Other scholars focus on the demand for sex itself as a cause of sex trafficking. The pull factor comes from globalization creating
950-457: A heart attack, Lauren takes charge to get medical attention for Large. Lauren is recruited for a mission to befriend Anna Chaika, a young girl who is suspected of having been smuggled into the UK by sex traffickers . Anna is tracked down by the trafficking ring, who kidnap her and Lauren and take them to a brothel. Lauren stabs one of the traffickers when he attempts to rape her, and the authorities raid
1045-482: A higher risk of becoming trafficked for sexual exploitation. Persons at risk include homeless and runaway youth, foreign nationals (especially those of lower socioeconomic status), and those who have experienced physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, violent trauma, neglect, poor academic success, and inadequate social skills. Also, a study of a group of female sex workers in Canada found that 64 percent of them had been in
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#17327796588631140-462: A history of homelessness. Familial disruptions such as divorce or the death of a parent place minors at a higher risk of entering the industry, but home life in general influences children's risk. In a study of trafficked youth in Arizona, 20 to 40 percent of female victims identified with experiencing abuse of some form (sexual or physical) at home before entering into the industry as a sex slave. Of
1235-492: A john, a greater variety of options to choose from. Clients are often willing to pay a larger price for a 'type' of victim. Another reason that gangs will share victims is because this makes it more difficult for law enforcement to keep track of the victims, preventing them from making a positive identification. 'Romeo Pimps' or 'loverboys' are individuals who actively seek for young or otherwise vulnerable individuals male or female with intent to make them fall in love. By doing so
1330-444: A key factor in individuals entering sex trafficking because women will agree to debt bondages and sex traffickers' incentives to flee their social and economic realities. One cause for women's migration that is widely agreed upon by scholars is the economic pressure upon women due to neoliberal globalization. Siddharth Kara argues that globalization and the spread of Western Capitalism drive inequality and rural poverty, which are
1425-516: A large sum of money. After the victim has agreed to the pimp's offer, they are forcibly dissuaded from leaving by forcing addictive drugs, withholding money and physical/sexual abuse. Victims are often trapped by finances and basic survival, as perpetrators will often keep money, passports, and basic necessities as insurance. It is very common in the United States for pimps to own a business or store, especially nail salons and massage parlors. It
1520-416: A map of CHERUB campus, a biography of Muchamore, and the novels The Recruit and Class A . The Recruit was released as a graphic novel, illustrated by Ian Edginton and John Aggs. The CHERUB novels have been released in twenty-seven countries to date. The series' main location is CHERUB campus, the headquarters of the fictional titular British government agency CHERUB for which the children work. It
1615-480: A market around sex. Matusek cites the commodification aspect of capitalism as the cause for the industrialization of sex. The pull factor comes from globalization creating a market around sex. Seol also cites the globalization of the commodification aspect of capitalism as a cause of sex trafficking. In the United States anyone is permitted to contact the Polaris Project at 1(888)-373-7888. The hotline
1710-584: A master plan from CHERUB instructor Yosyp Kazakov can win the war for the Brits. Kazakov and James also cheat casinos to win a lot of money using card counting. James, Lauren and Dante Scott infiltrate a violent biker gang called the Brigands M.C trying to incriminate their ruthless leader, known only as "the Führer" for arms dealing charges, and to avenge the deaths of Dante's family years before. James turns down
1805-546: A robbery: the murder of Will Clarke. James, Lauren and Dana investigate a religious cult named The Survivors in Australia with suspected links to the eco-terrorist organisation Help Earth. James, Lauren and Kyle infiltrate a pro-animal rights terrorist group. The Fall is the seventh novel in the series. It was published on 15 March 2007. James Adams is undercover in the fictional city of Aero City in Russia , posing as
1900-470: A romantic relationship with their captor. In India, those who traffic young girls into prostitution are often women who have been trafficked themselves. As adults they use personal relationships and trust in their villages of origin to recruit additional girls. Also, some migrating prostitutes can become victims of human trafficking because the women know they will be working as prostitutes; however, they are given an inaccurate description by their "boss" of
1995-464: A seven-part series called Henderson's Boys , which takes place during World War II and explains how CHERUB was founded, following the path of a 12-year-old French orphan named Marc Kilgour who meets Charles Henderson and shows him how much help children can be to win the war. Henderson, following this, creates a small unit of children to be trained in espionage. The series has achieved great critical success. Christopher Middleton of The Times called
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#17327796588632090-733: A situation of dependency on their trafficker(s), financially or emotionally. Every aspect of sex trafficking is considered a crime, from acquisition to transportation and exploitation of victims. This includes any sexual exploitation of adults or minors, including child sex tourism (CST) and domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST). In 2012, the International Labour Organization (ILO) reported 20.9 million people were subjected to forced labor, and 22% (4.5 million) were victims of forced sexual exploitation, 300,000 of them in Developed Economies and
2185-452: A small number of boys which swelled in size as the government realised its worth. After several years of operation it took in a trial group of girls, which proved successful. Since then CHERUB campus has grown a significant amount, improving many of its facilities. The dojo was built on behalf of a successful operation that took place in Japan and the new mission preparation building was built by
2280-562: A smaller portion of people being prosecuted for sex trafficking than would otherwise be prosecuted under the wider definition. The UN established various anti-trafficking tools, including a Global Report on Trafficking in Persons and an Inter-Agency Coordination Group Against Trafficking in Persons. The Global Report on Trafficking in Person provides new information based on data gathered from 155 countries. It offers first global assessment of
2375-424: A tattoo onto their victim's traffickers display ownership of that person. These tattoos might have the name of the trafficker with symbols or words such as "loyalty", "respect". The placement of these tattoos often varies. Some of these tattoos are located around the necks, arms, hips, back, or even above the groin. Survivors are usually branded by different gangs with known human trafficking enterprises. For example,
2470-469: A tracking device on Ewart's car. After Ewart leaves the meeting with Thomas, the private investigators attempt to kidnap Ewart and steal a file given to him by Thomas, only to be subdued by James and Dana. In the aftermath, it is revealed that Ewart had concealed his knowledge of the circumstances of Obidin's death to protect James from potential interrogation by MI5 and to prevent the Hiltons from discovering
2565-435: A way out. Familial trafficking is considered by some to be the most prevalent form of human sex trafficking within the United States. This form of trafficking is also extremely common outside of the United States. Many families from impoverished areas (India, Pakistan, Thailand, Philippines, etc.) find themselves in situations where debt or tradition calls for the selling of a loved one, most commonly female. In Thailand there
2660-455: A way to stop Leonid once and for all and it's up to James and Leonid's ex-wife and son to put a stop to the ruthless mobster before he disappears forever. Ryan infiltrates a drug gang. Ning befriends Fay, a girl whose mother was murdered by the gang and may have vital information on how the organisation works. New Guard is the final novel in the CHERUB series. It features characters from both
2755-542: A young boy called Ethan whose extended family are the leaders of a Kyrgyzstan -based terrorist group known as the Aramov Clan. Ryan is tasked with destroying the Aramov Clan after Ethan is kidnapped by his uncle who seeks to take over the business. Ethan gets sent to Africa and gets treated poorly but escapes. Ryan has to stop the biggest terrorist attack in U.S. history as Aramov operations wind down, and James Adams returns to CHERUB campus. Meanwhile, they must find
2850-530: Is human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation. It has been called a form of modern slavery because of the way victims are forced into sexual acts non-consensually, in a form of sexual slavery . Perpetrators of the crime are called sex traffickers or pimps —people who manipulate victims to engage in various forms of commercial sex with paying customers. Sex traffickers use force, fraud, and coercion as they recruit, transport, and provide their victims as prostitutes. Sometimes victims are brought into
2945-454: Is a term that represents a subset of CSEC situations that have "the exchange of sex with a child under the age of 18, who is a United States (US) citizen or permanent resident, for a gain of cash, goods, or anything of value." According to ECPAT USA, the average age of entry into street prostitution is between 12 and 14 years old. The demographic of street prostitutes range from impoverished women, children, ethnic minorities, and immigrants. In
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3040-420: Is a tradition known as bhun kun, which establishes the youngest daughter as financially responsible for her parents as they grow old. Author Kara Siddharth interviewed a Thai victim who stated that she was "proud to fulfill her duty to her parents in the form of tiny payments that the brothel owner sent to her father after her trafficking debts were repaid". Many children are sold to repay debts, or to put food on
3135-546: Is also referred to as the Palermo Protocol. The Palermo Protocol created this definition. 147 of the 192 member states of the UN ratified the Palermo Protocol when it was published in 2000; as of September 2017, 171 states are parties. Article 3 of the Palermo Protocol states the definition as: (a) "Trafficking in persons" shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of
3230-534: Is also very common for sex slavery businesses to be conducted near U.S. military bases. Northern Virginia is one of the top sex trafficking hotspots in the United States. The National Human Trafficking Resource Center reported that in 2018, they received 198 reports of human trafficking from Northern Virginia. In 2017 Virginia was ranked 4th as the top ten federal court districts involving domestic sex trafficking cases where prosecutors were involved with minors. A 2017 analysis of 1,416 child sex traffickers arrested in
3325-507: Is associated with submissive and passive qualities. Femininity's lack of power leaves women to be used by men and consequently be seen as disposable. This view of women is perpetuated through the globalization of power hierarchies, which Matusek argues justifies and normalizes violence and power against women. This normalization of violence and power is a key player in the existence and continuation of sex trafficking. Vesna Nikovic-Ristanovic also cites this normalization of violence and power as
3420-516: Is beneficial since providers are available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week to assist victims and provide information for those who are at risk. There are a variety of ways to help prevent trafficking. One must be aware of the indicators to identify victims: abnormal behavior, poor physical health, lack of control, and work and living conditions. However, these signs may only be shown through a number of people – there may be more severe, serious indicators of sex trafficking. One way to prevent sex trafficking
3515-445: Is commonly used. The trafficker will first gain the trust of the victim, through emotional manipulation. The trafficker may express love and admiration, offer them a job or an education, or buying them a ticket to a new location. The main types of work offered are in the catering and hotel industry, in bars and clubs, modeling contracts, or au pair work. Once the victim becomes comfortable, they may consensually request sexual acts from
3610-511: Is defined as a marriage involving a person being sold, transferred or inherited into that marriage. According to ECPAT , "Child trafficking for forced marriage is simply another manifestation of trafficking and is not restricted to particular nationalities or countries". A forced marriage qualifies as a form of human trafficking in certain situations. If a woman is sent abroad, forced into the marriage and then repeatedly compelled to engage in sexual conduct with her new husband, then her experience
3705-442: Is most commonly headed by the mother: she was the primary trafficker in 64.5% of the cases. The father was the trafficker in 32.3% of the cases, and another family member in the remaining 3.2%. Familial trafficking may be difficult to detect because these children often have a larger degree of freedom and may still attend school and after-school functions. These children may not understand that they are being trafficked or may not have
3800-400: Is now scheduled for James and Dave to bust someone out. James and Dave go undercover inside a maximum security prison in Arizona to break out Curtis Oxford, the son of an illegal arms dealer. Their hope is that Curtis will lead them to her. James and Dave go to find out why a small-time crook called Leon Tarasov suddenly appears to become extremely rich, and they uncover a plot much larger than
3895-490: Is that of sex trafficking . If the bride is treated as a domestic servant by her new husband and/or his family, then this is a form of labor trafficking . Approximately 140 million girls under the age of 18, which is about 39,000 a day, were forced into early marriages between 2011 and 2020. Forced marriage, which is identified by the United Nations as a "contemporary form of slavery", occurs without full consent of
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3990-418: Is to become an advocate and educate others in communities and schools. There is no single profile for victims of human trafficking. Most are women, though it is not uncommon for males to be trafficked as well. Victims are captured then exploited all around the world, representing a diverse range of ages and backgrounds, including ethnic and socioeconomic. However, there is a set group of traits associated with
4085-409: The 'loverboy' can gain leverage or control and use the individual for exploitment in the sex industry. Although this method takes time, and therefore is less commonly used, does not mean it is gone. 'Loverboys' methods are evolving due to social media. These 'loverboys' have access to vulnerable individuals' online profiles like anyone else; which allows them to gain lots of personal information and build
4180-564: The Bloods, Folk Nation, Crips, Latin kings, Hell's Angels, or similar syndicates. In familial trafficking, the victim is controlled by family members who allow them to be sexually exploited in exchange for something of value, such as drugs or money. This is most common in trafficking of minors (e.g. a mother may allow a boyfriend to abuse a child in exchange for housing). One study found that 60% of all child victims are related to their sex trafficker. Another study reveals that familial trafficking
4275-471: The EU. The ILO reported in 2016 that of the estimated 25 million persons in forced labor, 5 million were victims of sexual exploitation. However, due to the covertness of sex trafficking, obtaining accurate, reliable statistics poses a challenge for researchers. The global commercial profits for sexual slavery are estimated to be $ 99 billion, according to ILO. In 2005, the figure was given as $ 9 billion for
4370-533: The Trafficking Act of 2000. The United States passed the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) to clarify confusion and discrepancies in regards to the criminalizing guidelines of human trafficking. Through this act, sex trafficking crimes were defined as "the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act". If
4465-767: The US, children do not need to be forced into sexual exploitation according to the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 to be considered victims of sex trafficking. Under this act, a child is defined as anyone under the age of 18, however the exploitation of children under the age of 14 carries a harsher punishment, though this is rarely enforced. The Bureau of Justice Statistics states that there are 100,000 child victims of sex trafficking, but only 150 child trafficking cases were brought to court in 2011. Of these, only 81 convictions were made. Many children who are trafficked are also at higher risk of turning to prostitution,
4560-412: The United States in the last decade found that 75.4% of traffickers were male and 24.4% were female. The average age of male traffickers was 29.2 years and the average age of female traffickers was 26.3. Of those whose race was identified, 71.7% were African American, 20.5% were Caucasian, 3.7% were Hispanic, and the remaining classified as Pacific Islander/Asian and other. In pimp-controlled trafficking,
4655-469: The United States took legal measures to define more varieties of exploitive situations in relation to children. The two terms they defined and focused on were "commercial sexual exploitation of children" and "domestic minor sex trafficking". Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is defined as "encompassing several forms of exploitation, including pornography, prostitution, child sex tourism, and child marriage." Domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST)
4750-601: The United States, sex traffickers often find their victims in public places. Victims are often lured with the promise of money, housing, or jobs, such as modeling work. Vulnerability to certain approaches increase when victims are young or homeless. Emotional and physical coercion are used to build trust between a victim and their abductor. This coercion often makes the relationships between trafficker and trafficked and pimp and prostitute difficult to identify. Often, victims who partake in consensual sex work are tricked into thinking they will have freedom in their work, along with
4845-516: The advent of the Digital Age and the development of online payment systems and cryptocurrencies that hide the transactors' identities. Millions of reports of its occurrence are sent to authorities annually. New laws and police procedures combating cybersex trafficking are needed in the twenty-first century. A forced marriage is a marriage where one or both participants are married without their freely given consent . Servile marriage
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#17327796588634940-414: The agents killing Obidin and then being killed trying to escape his compound. James makes contact with CHERUB and is successfully exfiltrated back to the UK. However, to his dismay, he is suspended from missions by Zara and Ewart Asker pending an investigation into the incident. Meanwhile, Lauren Adams is on a training exercise under the supervision of Norman Large. After Large becomes inebriated and suffers
5035-452: The agents' cover. After unsuccessfully attempting to convince Kerry to help him sneak into the mission preparation centre and review Ewart's files from the mission, James breaks in alone. Reviewing the files, James discovers that Ewart was in possession of surveillance footage implicating the agents, contrary to Ewart's claims that he could not access the footage. James is caught by Dana Smith, who agrees to help James smuggle Ewart's files out of
5130-402: The brothel after tracing Lauren's phone, freeing Anna and other human trafficking victims. Anna is granted British citizenship and adopted by a Scottish family. Back on campus, James begins to fear that his CHERUB career will be ruined if his claims that the agents went rogue are not vindicated, especially after rumours begin to swirl amongst Kerry Chang and the other cherubs that James had blown
5225-428: The cause of this vulnerability. She argues that cultural norms deprive women of access to and time for receiving an education or learning skills to improve employment opportunities. This lack of education and access to employment results in women's dependence on men. Tiefenbrun argues that women's dependence renders them more vulnerable to traffickers. Another school of thought attributes women's migration for work in
5320-483: The chairman of the first 6 novels, Dr. McAfferty, better known as Mac. After retiring at the end of Man Vs Beast , he is replaced by Zara Asker, who holds the role for ten years until stepping down to be replaced by husband Ewart Asker shortly before New Guard . After years of speculation, Muchamore said in the Henderson's Boys novel Eagle Day that CHERUB stood for Charles Henderson Espionage Research Unit B; this
5415-441: The child welfare system as children (this includes foster and group homes). This research conducted by Kendra Nixon illustrates how children in or leaving foster care are at a higher risk of becoming a sex worker. In the United States, research has illustrated how these qualities hold true for victims, even though none can be labeled as a direct cause. For example, more than 50 percent of domestic minor sex trafficking victims have
5510-547: The circumstances. Therefore, they consequently get exploited due to their misconception of what conditions to expect of their sex work in the new destination country. Gang-controlled differs from other kinds of sex trafficking as it is conducted by gang members as a group. In general, Gang members are expected or forced to participate in tasks that involve illegal and violent activity. Some of these criminal behaviors may include: distributing drugs, robbery, trafficking drugs, extortion, and murder. Gangs may see sex trafficking as
5605-466: The cocaine supplier gang KMG. They move into a house on the same estate as Keith Moore and his children. James' duty is to befriend the head of KMG's son, Junior Moore, to attempt to get valuable information on his father's illegal activities. Things take an unexpected turn and a trip to Keith's holiday home in Miami is in order. Many CHERUB missions have resulted in criminals being put behind bars, but one
5700-527: The community with information regarding sex offenders who live close to them in the area. This allows parents to be more aware of who their children are surrounded by and makes it easier to keep their children safe. This is a procedure that further prevents grooming. Gang members often wear certain types of clothing or colors to prove their commitment or loyalty to the gang. It is also very common to represent your gang by branding your body with tattoos. Many victims of sex trafficking are branded as well. By forcing
5795-480: The control centre. Reviewing the files, James and Dana unravel the conspiracy: when Obidin's business partner Lord Frederick Hilton tried to end his dealings with Obidin, Obidin threatened to reveal the corruption of Hilton's son Sebastian Hilton, the junior intelligence minister. The Hiltons subsequently arranged the assassination of Obidin, as well as those of Lord Hilton's research scientist Clare Nazareth and personal assistant Madeline Cowell to prevent them revealing
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#17327796588635890-575: The extent of CHERUB's investigation. The file given to Ewart was evidence compiled by Cowell of the Hilton's corruption. CHERUB passes this evidence to McLoud; the Hiltons are subsequently arrested after McLoud reveals the scandal. Zara awards James and Dana their black shirt as gratitude for saving Ewart. James and Dana decide to begin dating, but back at campus they find that Lauren had told Kerry about them, disbelieving James' claims to have not been having an affair with Dana. When James and Dana try to explain
5985-491: The first and second CHERUB series in one big mission to rescue two hostages from the Islamic state in a high stakes mission to end all. Released for World Book Day , Rat and Andy go undercover to befriend a boy whose father is a member of Dark Sun, a criminal organisation dealing in nuclear weapons technology. Chronologically, the story fits in between The Sleepwalker and The General . CHERUB: Ultimate Edition consists of
6080-442: The focus later expands to other characters, such as James' sister Lauren and several other characters who work alongside him and in separate missions. The initial series of 12 novels runs from the recruitment of Adams aged 11 to his retirement from CHERUB at age 17. The second series of five novels, Aramov, follows Ryan Sharma , another CHERUB agent; James Adams reappears in this series as a CHERUB staff member. Muchamore also wrote
6175-443: The globalization of neoliberalism, as a cause for women's poverty, unemployment, and low wages which promote migration. SAPs affect men and women differently, she argues, because men and women experience poverty differently. This is known as the feminization of poverty . Much of women's time is spent doing unpaid labor such as housework and care work , leading to an overall lower income. Duong further argues that women are placed at
6270-485: The help of fellow trainee, Kerry Chang, he passes basic training. Meanwhile, James' half-sister Lauren Onions joins CHERUB following the imprisonment of her abusive father, Ron. A couple of months later, James goes on a mission to Wales to thwart an attack on an oil conference by eco-terrorist group Help Earth. Titled The Dealer in the United States and The Mission for 5,000 copies. James, Kyle, Kerry, Nicole, and mission controllers Zara and Ewart Asker help to take down
6365-702: The hyper sexuality of men and the submissiveness or passivity of women and girls. Nikovic-Ristanovic notes that the global acceptance of this definition justifies exploitation and violence against women since women are viewed as sex objects for the fulfillment of male's sexual desire. This Western ideal of heteronormative sexuality, Nikovic-Ristanovic argues, is also perpetuated through media and advertisements, in which women are encouraged to appear sexually attractive for men. Kim Anh Duong argues that social narratives about women which arise from power hierarchies, coupled with women's economic realities, render women vulnerable to exploitation and sex trafficking. Duong identifies
6460-411: The job. Some places have a reputation for holding an illegal business to attract their victims. Children are at risk because of their vulnerable characteristics; naïve outlook, size, and tendency to be easily intimidated". The International Labor Organization estimates that of the 20.9 million people who are trafficked in the world (for all types of work) 5.5 million are children. In 2016, it
6555-626: The lowest wages. Another reason for the demand of women workers is that there is a demand for care work. Since care work is gendered as women's work, Duong argues that women are encouraged to migrate to fill this demand. Janie Chuang is one scholar who notes the strict border controls which leave women who migrate for work in informal labor sectors, such as for care work, with little opportunity for legal migration. Chuang notes that women are thus more vulnerable to being taken advantage of by sex traffickers who provide opportunities for illegal migration. Strict immigration laws are also cited by Tiefenbrun as
6650-614: The males interviewed, a smaller proportion, 1 to 30 percent, reported former abuse in the home. The main motive of a woman (in some cases, an underage girl) to accept an offer from a trafficker is better financial opportunities for herself or her family. A study on the origin countries of trafficking confirms that most trafficking victims are not the poorest in their countries of origin, and sex trafficking victims are likely to be women from countries with some freedom to travel alone and some economic freedom. There are numerous fake businesses that sound realistic that convince people to apply for
6745-491: The man or woman, and is associated with threats by family members or the bride/groom. Forced marriage occurs not only in foreign countries but in the US as well. The service providers in the United States cannot successfully respond to forced marriage cases because they lack clarity and a true definition of what a forced marriage is. A complex, interconnected web of political socioeconomic , governmental, and societal factors contribute to sex trafficking. Many scholars critique
6840-404: The material causes for sex trafficking. Dong-Hoon Seol points out unequal development between countries as an effect of the globalization of neoliberalism. He argues that the growing disparity of wealth between developed and underdeveloped countries leads to migration of women from underdeveloped countries. Duong cites Structural adjustment programs (SAPs), an aspect of development policies in
6935-480: The means set forth in subparagraph (a) of this article; (d) "Child" shall mean any person under eighteen years of age. Article 5 of the Palermo Protocol requires member states to criminalize trafficking based on the definition outlined in Article 3; however, many member states' domestic laws reflect a narrower definition than Article 3. Although these nations claim to be obliging Article 5, their narrow laws lead to
7030-627: The necessary preventive steps and contract these infections and have poor health seeking behavior in the future. § : The authors of “Helping Survivors of Human Trafficking: A Systematic Review of Exit and Postexit Interventions” state those who have survived human trafficking have experienced malnutrition and often come out with “severe injuries”, resulting from the neglect and abuse that they’ve endured (Dell et al. 184). More than likely, these were never addressed while they were held captive and will take serious intervention once they are rescued or released to heal. In another systematic review done,
7125-435: The nephew of MI5 agents Boris and Isla Kotenkov, who are working to expose the illegal weapons deals of local oligarch Denis Obidin. The agents go to a meeting with Obidin, leaving James alone in their apartment. Later that night, the apartment is raided by the police, and James barely escapes. After several nights in hiding, James is picked up by a CIA agent also investigating Obidin, who shows James surveillance footage of
7220-699: The next trafficker. Gang traffickers typically select and groom their victims by establishing trust. This can happen through giving gifts, praise and attention to create a psychological and emotional connection between the victim and trafficker. It's sometimes referred to as the Romeo Method. It consists of different manipulation techniques. A member will take the victim to a restaurant, give gifts, and take them to parties where they are provided with supplies of drugs and alcohol. They also learn their weaknesses and find vulnerabilities that can be used against them. Megans law puts certain procedures in place to provide
7315-448: The power hierarchies based on gender, race, and class which underlie economic systems as perpetuators of victims' vulnerability to sex trafficking. Copley argues that women in underdeveloped countries are powerless due to these hierarchies of power. Ideas of gender are thus perpetuated through globalization, leaving women vulnerable. Matusek cites masculinity as privileged with power and control in these hierarchies. Femininity, she notes,
7410-517: The prevailing narrative of women as the disadvantaged victim. She cites powerlessness as the result of this narrative, which is further perpetuated by social and economic realities which result from development process which leave women dependent on men. This overall powerlessness, according to Duong, makes women easy targets of exploitation and violence. Susan Tiefenbrun, like Duong, notes women's lower status of power and consequential dependence on men. Tiefenbrun, unlike Duong, cites cultural norms as
7505-400: The recruitment and transportation of victims, "means", which includes coercion, fraud, or abuse of power, and "purpose", which includes exploitation such as prostitution, forced labor or slavery, and the removal of organs. The UN requires member states to establish the trafficking of humans as a criminal offense. An internationally recognized definition for sex trafficking was established with
7600-438: The removal of organs; (b) The consent of a victim of trafficking in persons to the intended exploitation set forth in subparagraph (a) of this article shall be irrelevant where any of the means set forth in subparagraph (a) have been used; (c) The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation shall be considered "trafficking in persons" even if this does not involve any of
7695-581: The scope of human trafficking and what is being done to fight it. The UN General Assembly passed several resolutions on measuring to eliminate human trafficking. In 2010, the UN Global Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons was adopted. Various other organizations have engaged in global efforts against sex trafficking. "The UN Protocol's is the bedrock of the international initiatives against human sex trafficking." This protocol defines certain elements of sex trafficking: "action", which describes
7790-524: The series "convincing" and praised the way it allows readers to "grow up with the characters". After its release in the United Kingdom, the novels have been released in the United States, New Zealand, and Australia, and have been translated into several languages including: Polish, French, Danish, Spanish, Russian, Czech, Norwegian, Estonian, and Portuguese. On his website, Muchamore states that over 15 million copies have now been sold. A film adaptation
7885-562: The situation to Kerry, she begins throwing food at them, with the situation quickly deteriorating into a full-blown food fight in the campus cafeteria. James watches the scene unfold with bemusement, realising that the situation will grant him legendary status on campus. James and Bruce infiltrate a gang tussling with rivals for control of the Luton underworld after the collapse of KMG. James rekindles his relationship with Junior Moore. James' sister Lauren and Jake Parker go undercover to befriend
7980-583: The table for their family. Cybersex trafficking involves trafficking and the live streaming of coerced sexual acts and/or rape on webcam. Victims are abducted, threatened, or deceived and transferred to 'cybersex dens.' The dens can be in any location where the cybersex traffickers have a computer, tablet, or phone with internet connection. Perpetrators use social media networks, videoconferences , pornographic video sharing websites, dating pages, online chat rooms, apps, dark web sites, and other platforms. This type of sex trafficking has surged since
8075-517: The threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or
8170-627: The total human trafficking. Sex trafficking typically occurs in situations from which escape is both difficult and dangerous. Networks of traffickers exist in every country. Therefore, victims are often trafficked across state and country lines which causes jurisdictional concerns and make cases difficult to prosecute. In 2000, countries adopted a definition set forth by the United Moms . The United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children ,
8265-539: The truth. They realise that Ewart has left campus to meet with two other people with connections to the Hiltons: journalist Jason McLoud, who reported on Lord Hilton's business endeavours, and Cowell's housekeeper Sarah Thomas. James and Dana decide to follow Ewart to the meetings. They confess their mutual attraction and are caught in a compromising position by Lauren, who is returning from her mission. While tailing Ewart, James and Dana witness private investigators placing
8360-400: The victim has joined the offender, various techniques are used to restrict the victim's access to communication with home, such as imposing physical punishment unless the victim complies with the trafficker's demands and making threats of harm and even death to the victim and their family. Victims may experience Stockholm syndrome , as captors often manipulate victims into believing they are in
8455-571: The victim is a child under the age of 18 no force, fraud, or coercion needs to be proven based on this legislation. Susan Tiefenbrun, a professor at the Thomas Jefferson School of Law who has written extensively on human trafficking, conducted research on the victims addressed in this act and discovered that each year more than two million women throughout the world are bought and sold for sexual exploitation. To clarify previous legal inconsistencies in regards to youth and trafficking,
8550-595: The victim is controlled by a single trafficker, sometimes called a pimp . The victim can be controlled by the trafficker physically, psychologically, and/or emotionally. To obtain control over their victims, traffickers will use force and drugs , as well as emotional tactics. In certain circumstances, they will even resort to various forms of violence, such as gang rape and mental and physical abuse . Traffickers sometimes use offers of marriage or modeling careers to obtain victims. Other times they use threats, intimidation , brainwashing and kidnapping . Child grooming
8645-504: The victim. The victim, under the guise that they are in a relationship, may oblige. The requests may progress, and the trafficker may reference previous sexual acts in order to normalize the behavior, as well as participating in blackmail , especially when the encounter occurs over the internet. Victims may become trapped due to fears of social ramifications. Although uncommon, there have been reports of victims being kidnapped. Social media has been used to groom and advertise victims. After
8740-436: Was estimated that approximately one million children worldwide were victims of sex trafficking. Both boys and girls may be trafficked, though girls are more frequently victims; 23% of human trafficking victims identified by a United Nations Report were girls, compared to 7% for boys. Female child trafficking victims are more likely to experience sexual exploitation: 72% and 27% incidence rates for girls and boy, respectively. In
8835-529: Was formed during World War II by Charles Henderson ; a British spy who had used children during an operation in France. It is populated by around 350 adolescents and children, who live on the campus when not on a mission to help the police. No one in the world knows where CHERUB campus is situated except its employees, members and certain police and high level members of the British government. CHERUB began with
8930-400: Was hinted at in 2009, but no further information was ever given. In 2018, Sony announced they were developing a TV series based on the CHERUB books. The first series primarily follows James Adams, a 12-year-old boy who is later joined at CHERUB by his sister Lauren after their mother dies from drinking alcohol while on antibiotics. After the death of his mother, James Choke joins CHERUB. With
9025-572: Was later confirmed in Secret Army by Eileen McAfferty in a telegram. Spy fiction Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.237 via cp1104 cp1104, Varnish XID 205346453 Upstream caches: cp1104 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:40:58 GMT Sex traffickers Sex trafficking
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