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38-588: CHM Montalivet (CHM for "Centre Hélio-Marin", "center of sun and sea"), also known as CHM Monta , is the world's first naturist holiday resort located south of Montalivet, in Vendays-Montalivet , France . CHM Montalivet opened in 1950, and the International Naturist Federation (FNI/INF) was founded there in 1953. The centre is 175 hectares (430 acres) of land adjoining the beach to the south of Montalivet-les-Bains, in

76-598: A car, and started removing the barbed wire and munitions. A small space was cleared. The first wooden bungalows were constructed in 1951. A further 25 hectares (62 acres) was leased under the name of the Féderation Français de Naturisme on 22 December 1951. The International Naturist Federation was conceived in London at the Festival of Britain but it was at the first congress, held at Montalivet in 1953, that

114-482: A female branch to the organization was never realized, and it went out of existence when Crawford was transferred to Ratnagiri shortly thereafter. He died in 1894. Correspondence between Crawford and early gay rights activist Edward Carpenter suggests the latter knew of similar groups in Vienna and Munich at the time, but no other evidence of their existence has surfaced. The term Nacktkultur ("naked culture")

152-636: A naturist community might be primarily residential but also cater to some paying visitors. Some naturist resorts and communities require nudity as a condition of remaining on the site; others are clothing-optional, allowing people to wear clothing so long as they tolerate others going nude. A few naturist communities are large enough to host businesses such as shops, banks, and restaurants; these may be referred to as naturist villages . Examples include Vera Playa in Spain, and Centre Hélio-Marin Montalivet and

190-671: Is Koversada just outside Vrsar , which was established in 1961. Naturism now accounts for an estimated 15% of Croatia's tourist industry. More commercial resorts followed in France, notably the Oltra Club in Cap d'Agde , a camping and caravanning site which in the 1970s became the nucleus of the new Naturist Village. Today most naturist clubs with land and facilities operate them as resorts catering to paying guests, although many are still focused primarily on club members. The first two decades of

228-489: Is an intentional community whose members choose to live together and practise naturism on a permanent basis. Naturist communities were once referred to as nudist colonies , and this term still exists in popular culture, but it is avoided by most naturists today due to negative connotations. Naturist resorts and communities exist on a spectrum without sharp distinctions – a naturist resort might be primarily commercial in focus but also accommodate some permanent residents, while

266-410: Is credited with introducing naturism to France in 1920, seeing it as a potential cure for tuberculosis (which had affected his family). In 1926 he founded the first French naturist club, Sparta Club at Garambouville near Evreux . A court case initiated by him established that nudism was legal on private property that was screened from public view. In 1931, Drs André and Gaston Durville established

304-456: Is fronted by a 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) white sand beach, with two supervised swimming points. CHM Montalivet is family-oriented and the single guest is accepted only if presented by their client. Half of the visitors are non-French. Nude bathing has been practised on the Aquitaine coast from time immemorial. It is noted by Marcel Kienné de Mongeot from 1920 along the entire coast. Before

342-547: Is respected. 45°21′48″N 1°08′44″W  /  45.3632°N 1.1455°W  / 45.3632; -1.1455 Naturist resort A naturist club is an association of people who practise naturism together, but the phrase is also frequently used as a synonym for "naturist resort", since in general such a resort will be run by such an association. In the United Kingdom and New Zealand, some naturist clubs are referred to as sun clubs . A naturist community

380-476: Is speculated that younger naturists no longer feel they need to join a club or visit a resort in order to practise naturism. Naturist resorts typically offer much the same amenities as other holiday centres, with naturism itself being the main attraction. A naturist resort will reliably have facilities for swimming , whether an artificial pool or access to a natural body of water; in the former case, even resorts that are clothing-optional typically require nudity in

418-481: Is strictly forbidden in almost all naturist resorts, as are overt sexual invitations. The exceptions, adults-only swingers ' resorts such as Hedonism II in Jamaica, are not affiliated with any naturist organizations, and their practices are not accepted as naturist by most naturists. Some naturist villages, notably Cap d'Agde, have in the 21st century seen infiltration by swingers and " libertines " who have shifted

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456-418: The 1939-1945 war , the locals bathed 'sans maillot', and during the war so did the occupying troops. Christiane and Albert Lecocq, from Arras who had been instrumental in setting up a region framework for urban naturist clubs, conceived the idea of combining naturism and travel made possible by paid annual leave, introduced in 1936 in France. He concluded that the 70 hectares on the Île du Levant near Toulon

494-628: The 1930s; it remains exclusively a naturist sport. The original rules were drawn up by Mr R. Douglas Ogden, a Manchester-based businessman with an interest in sporting activities. Instead of racquets , players use wooden bats known as thugs , which are shaped like a box around the player's hand. The sport is run by the Amateur Miniten Association. Naturist villages generally accommodate businesses providing other amenities, which may include supermarkets , cafés , restaurants , and nightclubs . Sexual activity in social spaces

532-883: The 1940s and 1950s, including the British Sun Bathers Association (now British Naturism ), the Féderation Française de Naturisme, the Canadian Sunbathing Association (now a division of the AANR), and the New Zealand Sunbathing Association (now the New Zealand Naturist Federation ). In 1953 the national organizations in turn came together to form the International Naturist Federation (INF). The INF

570-454: The 1950s the centre expanded, more land acquired on different leases and the centre became more popular. By 1959, over 10000 visited during the summer, and on 15 August 1961, more than 3500 persons were on site. As the years passed, the facilities changed, restaurants were next to the beach and the sports and entertainment area consolidated away from the residential areas. Change brought disagreement and then acceptance and expansion. The food shop

608-678: The 21st century saw the appearance of the first commercial naturist resorts in South East Asia, with nine operating in Thailand as of the opening of Barefeet Heaven Hill Naturist Resort in December 2019, and two in Bali . Whilst tolerance for nudity in general is increasing over time, and higher among younger generations, naturist club membership numbers have fallen in recent decades and average members are increasingly older people. It

646-715: The Naturist Village in Cap d'Agde , both in France. Some Europeans reserve the term "naturist resort" for communities of this scale. The earliest known naturist club, the Fellowship of the Naked Trust, was founded in Matheran in British India in 1891 by a District and Sessions judge named Charles Crawford. The club had just two other members, brothers Andrew and Kellogg Calderwood. A proposal to add

684-549: The books, resulting in protests throughout the United States, largely inspired by conservative radio host Randall Terry . His photographs appear as cover art on three novels by Jennifer McMahon , Promise Not to Tell , Island of Lost Girls and Dismantled , as well as Karl Ove Knausgård 's 1998 debut novel Ute av verden ( Out of the World ). The band Ride used some of his photographs on different releases, i.e.:

722-553: The commune of Vendays-Montalivet , in the Medoc , part of Aquitaine north of Bordeaux in France. It comprises a mixture of about 1000 privately owned bungalows and caravans, and 960 sites suitable for touring caravans and 260 for camping. There are over 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) of internal roads laid out in an approximate grid formation. The pitch and bungalows are arranged into 20 villages, each having its own character and characteristics. Families tend to return regularly, usually to

760-474: The exhibition of nudity. They were mainly shot in naturist resorts, but featured attractive glamour models in main roles. Acting and production standards were not high and outlets for exhibition were limited. Many films were re-released under new titles to trick patrons into seeing the films additional times. Notable examples include Garden of Eden (1954), Naked as Nature Intended (1961), and Gentlemen Prefer Nature Girls (1963). The subgenre petered out in

798-607: The first naturist village, Héliopolis, on the Île du Levant . The first landed naturist club in the United Kingdom was the "Moonella Group", established in Wickford , Essex , in 1924. Club membership was carefully vetted, and the founding members used pseudonyms to protect their identity, including the eponymous "Moonella", who owned the house and land on which the club met. It closed in 1926 because of building on adjacent land. More "sun clubs" were established in Britain through

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836-705: The following decade. Naturist clubs appeared in Canada , New Zealand , and the United States in the 1930s. Having been established, naturist clubs coalesced in various countries to form national organizations. An early forerunner was the American Sunbathing Association, which was founded in 1931, and has now become the American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR). Most of the national organizations were created in

874-465: The formal documents were signed. It was in 1956 that the site was first opened to non-members. A village of tents was set up in the new village 'Océanien'. In 1957, the 'Centre de Vacances' opened with 150 bungalows to hire. Naturism could only be practised within the 50 hectares (120 acres) site and on the beach which was 600 metres (2,000 ft) away through a textilist zone on a boardwalk. Thirty-plus families purchased their own bungalows. Throughout

912-442: The late 19th century. Records of regular games in clubs can be found as early as the 1920s. By the 1960s, a volleyball court could be found in almost all naturist resorts. A large nude volleyball tournament (over 70 teams) has been held each autumn since 1971 at White Thorn Lodge in western Pennsylvania and several smaller tournaments occur each year throughout North America. Miniten is a tennis -like game created by naturists in

950-417: The loosest, it is forbidden to photograph adults without their permission or children other than one's own. For hygiene reasons, nude persons are required to cover furniture with a towel before sitting on it. Many films in the middle decades of the 20th century were presented as documentaries of the naturist lifestyle. In fact this was largely a pretext to exploit a loophole in censorship laws restricting

988-433: The mid-1960s due to a combination of falling audience numbers and law changes which rendered the documentary pretext unnecessary. In the 21st century, naturist resorts periodically feature in television dramas. Jock Sturges John Sturges ( / ˈ s t ɜːr dʒ ɪ s / ; born 1947), known as Jock Sturges , is an American photographer, best known for his images of nude adolescents and their families. Sturges

1026-610: The norm away from these rules of conduct; naturists resent and resist these changes as an "invasion". In some cases formerly non-sexual naturist clubs have shifted to catering to swingers, and as a result have been expelled from their national naturist organization. Historically, most naturist clubs and resorts refused entry to men who were not accompanied by women, and these restrictions still remain in many places. Many naturist clubs and resorts have rules against genital jewellery , although an increasing number are relaxing them in practice. Most clubs have restrictions on photography ; at

1064-429: The pool. Hot tubs and saunas are also common amenities. As naturism emphasizes outdoor exercise, naturist resorts typically feature grounds for non-contact outdoor sports such as tennis or pétanque . Larger resorts may provide golf or miniature golf courses. The two sports most strongly associated with naturist resorts are volleyball and miniten . Naturists adopted volleyball shortly after its invention in

1102-425: The same village. There are the usual sports facilities including tennis, volleyball, football, basketball, archery, minigolf and pétanque , a craft village, a cultural centre with a multilingual library, an outdoor theatre that screens films, a shopping centre with 25 shops including two bakeries, a hairdresser, a wine shop, a bookshop, grocery stores, a fish market, a general merchandise shop, restaurants... All this

1140-759: Was a child until in her twenties. Sturges primarily works with a large 8x10-inch-format view camera. He has taken some digital photographs but prefers to work with film. His work has been the subject of controversy in the United States. In 1990, his San Francisco studio was raided by FBI agents and his equipment seized. A grand jury subsequently declined to bring an indictment against him. In 1998, unsuccessful attempts were made to have his books The Last Day of Summer and Radiant Identities classed as child pornography in Arkansas and Louisiana. Customers in Alabama and Tennessee sued Barnes & Noble for stocking

1178-641: Was a tornado that killed one visitor, exploded caravans and uprooted a 50 metres (160 ft) swathe of trees. The following rain flooded many tents and bungalows. In 1990, forty years after the founding of CHM, a road was named in Montalivet-les-Bains after Albert Lecocq. There is a continual upgrading and replacement of the oldest bungalows. The American photographer, Jock Sturges , used Montalivet as setting for some of his published works such as The Last Day of Summer . There are many other resident and visiting celebrities whose wish for anonymity

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1216-1016: Was born in 1947 in New York. From 1966 to 1970, he served in the United States Navy as a Russian linguist. He graduated with a BFA in Perceptual psychology and Photography from Marlboro College and received an MFA in photography from the San Francisco Art Institute . His subjects are nude adolescents and their families, primarily taken at communes in Northern California and at the Atlantic-coast naturist resort CHM Montalivet in Vendays-Montalivet. Much of his work features California resident Misty Dawn, whom he shot from when she

1254-490: Was coined in 1903 by Heinrich Pudor for Germany's growing naturist movement, which connected nudity with vegetarianism , social reform, and various ideas about health and fitness. It flourished through the 1920s in a network of 200 members' clubs, and became associated with radical socialism . In 1929, Adolf Koch 's new school of naturism in Berlin hosted the first International Congress on Nudity. Marcel Kienné de Mongeot

1292-502: Was founded at the world's first naturist holiday centre, Centre Hélio-Marin (CHM) Montalivet in France, which had been opened three years previously by Albert and Christine Lecocq. Croatia is reputed to have been the first European country to develop commercial naturist resorts, at a time when naturism in other countries was limited to membership clubs (and when Croatia was part of Yugoslavia ). The oldest naturist resort in Croatia

1330-458: Was now 6 kilometres (3.7 mi). The 1970s saw more foreign visitors: 37% Dutch, 24% Belgian and 21% German, the rest being from other countries including Australia, New Zealand, Quebec, and America North and South. 1971 saw the construction of the thermal bath complex, and 1975 the first swimming pool. Up to the 1980s, volunteers were in charge of security, access control and maintenance in exchange for free camping. In 1982 in high season, there

1368-619: Was originally totally vegetarian, but other shops have arrived and it now remains for a niche market. In 1966 came the opening of the first official naturist beach in mainland France which by 1968 had emergency helicopter landing pads. By 1968, local sports teams were competing with CHM teams in Montalivet. The library expanded to 16000 volumes and the entrance was moved to its present location. Monta then consisted of 65 hectares (160 acres) of bungalows, 40 hectares (99 acres) for camping, 20 hectares (49 acres) for sport, 20 hectares (49 acres) for walking and 20 hectares (49 acres) of beach. The perimeter

1406-436: Was to be a 'Centre de Vacances' and thus a separate legal entity that could make a profit and a commercial company SOCNAT was formed in 1954. Christiane Lecocq recalled that: "On the terrain we found total desolation. Everything was black or burnt." They had the abandoned concrete from the war, five tents and a hut. There was no shade. We went back to the village to sleep on the floor in an open cabin". In 1951 they had purchased

1444-403: Was too small, and through Robert Poulain was introduced to the mayor of Vendays-Montalivet who rented him 23.8 hectares (59 acres) of burnt forest that was zoned to become a 'Colonie de Vacances' or holiday resort. The deal was signed 23 July 1950. The legal structure was new. The lease was taken in the name of Albert Lecocq as if it were a suburban club, which would have to be non-profit making. It

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