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83-422: (Redirected from CIN ) Cin , CIn or CIN may refer to: Science and technology [ edit ] Medicine [ edit ] Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia , the abnormal growth of cells on the surface of the cervix that could potentially lead to cervical cancer. Chromosome instability , a type of genomic instability Contrast-induced nephropathy ,

166-405: A Pap smear (also called a cervical smear), in which epithelial cells are scraped from the surface of the cervix and examined under a microscope . The colposcope , an instrument used to see a magnified view of the cervix, was invented in 1925. The Pap smear was developed by Georgios Papanikolaou in 1928. A LEEP procedure using a heated loop of platinum to excise a patch of cervical tissue

249-426: A forceps delivery , induction , or Caesarean section should be used in childbirth. Cervical incompetence is a condition in which shortening of the cervix due to dilation and thinning occurs, before term pregnancy. Short cervical length is the strongest predictor of preterm birth . Several methods of contraception involve the cervix. Cervical diaphragms are reusable, firm-rimmed plastic devices inserted by

332-416: A benign overgrowth may be present in the cervical canal. Cervical ectropion refers to the horizontal overgrowth of the endocervical columnar lining in a one-cell-thick layer over the ectocervix. Female marsupials have paired uteri and cervices . Most eutherian (placental) mammal species have a single cervix and a single, bipartite or bicornuate uterus. Lagomorphs , rodents, aardvarks and hyraxes have

415-404: A cockscomb cervix. Similarly, cockscomb polyps lining the cervix are usually considered or grouped into the same overarching description. It is in and of itself considered a benign abnormality; its presence, however is usually indicative of DES exposure, and as such women who experience these abnormalities should be aware of their increased risk of associated pathologies. Cervical agenesis

498-446: A duplex uterus and two cervices. Lagomorphs and rodents share many morphological characteristics and are grouped together in the clade Glires . Anteaters of the family Myrmecophagidae are unusual in that they lack a defined cervix; they are thought to have lost the characteristic rather than other mammals developing a cervix on more than one lineage. In domestic pigs , the cervix contains a series of five interdigitating pads that hold

581-469: A form of kidney damage caused by exposure to medical imaging contrast material Computing [ edit ] An object of the C++ Iostream header file (C-In). .cin , Cineon file format Other sciences [ edit ] Convective inhibition , the amount of energy required to overcome the negatively buoyant energy the environment exerts on an air parcel Cosine integral , of which

664-437: A fourteen-digit identifier used for European marine vessels Card Identification Number Chibi North railway station , China Railway telegraph code CIN See also [ edit ] Qin (disambiguation) , sometimes spelled "Cin" Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Cin . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

747-466: A higher chance of giving birth prematurely. Due to this risk, taking into account the age, childbearing plans of the woman, the size and location of the cancer cells are crucial for choosing the right procedure. While retinoids are not effective in preventing the progression of CIN, they may be effective in causing regression of disease in people with CIN2. Therapeutic vaccines are currently undergoing clinical trials. The lifetime recurrence rate of CIN

830-489: A higher risk of developing CIN: Additionally, a number of risk factors have been shown to increase an individual's likelihood of developing CIN 3/carcinoma in situ (see below): The earliest microscopic change corresponding to CIN is epithelial dysplasia , or surface lining, of the cervix , which is essentially undetectable by the woman. The majority of these changes occur at the squamocolumnar junction, or transformation zone , an area of unstable cervical epithelium that

913-526: A higher risk of developing a higher grade of CIN. Like other intraepithelial neoplasias , CIN is not cancer and is usually curable. Most cases of CIN either remain stable or are eliminated by the person's immune system without need for intervention. However, a small percentage of cases progress to cervical cancer , typically cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), if left untreated. There are no specific symptoms of CIN alone. Generally, signs and symptoms of cervical cancer include: HPV infection of

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996-422: A larger cervix vis á vis postmenopausal females; likewise, females who have produced offspring have a larger sized cervix than females who have not produced offspring. In relation to the vagina, the part of the cervix that opens to the uterus is called the internal os and the opening of the cervix in the vagina is called the external os , while between is the conduit of the cervix, commonly referred to as

1079-553: A range of 3 to 40 years. Also, evidence suggests that cancer can occur without first detectably progressing through CIN grades and that a high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia can occur without first existing as a lower grade. Research suggests that treatment does not affect the chances of getting pregnant but it is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage in the second trimester . Between 250,000 and 1 million American women are diagnosed with CIN annually. Women can develop CIN at any age but women generally develop it between

1162-426: A way that they interlock with each other and close the canal. They are often effaced after pregnancy. The ectocervix (also known as the vaginal portion of the cervix) has a convex, elliptical shape and projects into the cervix between the anterior and posterior vaginal fornices . On the rounded part of the ectocervix is a small, depressed external opening , connecting the cervix with the vagina. The size and shape of

1245-445: A woman prior to intercourse that cover the cervix. Pressure against the walls of the vagina maintain the position of the diaphragm, and it acts as a physical barrier to prevent the entry of sperm into the uterus, preventing fertilisation . Cervical caps are a similar method, although they are smaller and adhere to the cervix by suction. Diaphragms and caps are often used in conjunction with spermicides . In one year, 12% of women using

1328-425: A woman's life, and it can measure 8 mm (0.3 inch) at its widest diameter in premenopausal adults. It is wider in the middle and narrower at each end. The anterior and posterior walls of the canal each have a vertical fold, from which ridges run diagonally upwards and laterally. These are known as palmate folds , due to their resemblance to a palm leaf. The anterior and posterior ridges are arranged in such

1411-468: Is a rare congenital condition in which the cervix completely fails to develop, often associated with the concurrent failure of the vagina to develop. Other congenital cervical abnormalities exist, often associated with abnormalities of the vagina and uterus . The cervix may be duplicated in situations such as bicornuate uterus and uterine didelphys . Cervical polyps , which are benign overgrowths of endocervical tissue, if present, may cause bleeding, or

1494-409: Is about 20%, but it isn't clear what proportion of these cases are new infections rather than recurrences of the original infection. Research to investigate if prophylactic antibiotics can help prevent infection in women undergoing excision of the cervical transformation zone found a lack of quality evidence. People with HIV and CIN 2+ should be initially managed according to the recommendations for

1577-452: Is an abnormally narrow cervical canal, typically associated with trauma caused by removal of tissue for investigation or treatment of cancer, or cervical cancer itself. Diethylstilbestrol , used from 1938 to 1971 to prevent preterm labour and miscarriage, is also strongly associated with the development of cervical stenosis and other abnormalities in the daughters of the exposed women. Other abnormalities include: vaginal adenosis , in which

1660-407: Is called the supravaginal portion of cervix . A central canal, known as the cervical canal , runs along its length and connects the cavity of the body of the uterus with the lumen of the vagina. The openings are known as the internal os and external orifice of the uterus (or external os), respectively. The mucosa lining the cervical canal is known as the endocervix , and the mucosa covering

1743-452: Is common. The introduction of routine screening has resulted in fewer cases of (and deaths from) cervical cancer, however this has mainly taken place in developed countries. Most developing countries have limited or no screening, and 85% of the global burden occurring there. Cervical cancer nearly always involves human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. HPV is a virus with numerous strains, several of which predispose to precancerous changes in

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1826-411: Is determined by the influence of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. At midcycle around the time of ovulation —a period of high estrogen levels— the mucus is thin and serous to allow sperm to enter the uterus and is more alkaline and hence more hospitable to sperm. It is also higher in electrolytes, which results in the "ferning" pattern that can be observed in drying mucus under low magnification; as

1909-518: Is not recommended if it lasts fewer than two years. Usually, when a biopsy detects CIN 1, the woman has an HPV infection, which may clear on its own within 12 months. Therefore, it is instead followed for later testing rather than treated. In young women closely monitoring CIN 2 lesions also appears reasonable. The typical threshold for treatment is CIN 2+, although a more restrained approach may be taken for young persons and pregnant women. Treatment for higher-grade CIN involves removal or destruction of

1992-400: Is part of the female reproductive system . Around 2–3 centimetres (0.8–1.2 in) in length, it is the lower narrower part of the uterus continuous above with the broader upper part—or body—of the uterus. The lower end of the cervix bulges through the anterior wall of the vagina, and is referred to as the vaginal portion of cervix (or ectocervix) while the rest of the cervix above the vagina

2075-519: Is present just within the cervical canal. Upon entering puberty, due to hormonal influence, and during pregnancy, the columnar epithelium extends outward over the ectocervix as the cervix everts. Hence, this also causes the squamocolumnar junction to move outwards onto the vaginal portion of the cervix, where it is exposed to the acidic vaginal environment. The exposed columnar epithelium can undergo physiological metaplasia and change to tougher metaplastic squamous epithelium in days or weeks, which

2158-472: Is prone to abnormal changes. Cellular changes associated with HPV infection, such as koilocytes , are also commonly seen in CIN. While infection with HPV is needed for development of CIN, most women with HPV infection do not develop high-grade intraepithelial lesions or cancer. HPV is not alone enough causative. Of the over 100 different types of HPV, approximately 40 are known to affect the epithelial tissue of

2241-452: Is released as the cervix dilates, either during the first stage of childbirth or shortly before. It is visible as a blood-tinged mucous discharge. The cervix plays a major role in childbirth . As the fetus descends within the uterus in preparation for birth, the presenting part , usually the head , rests on and is supported by the cervix. As labour progresses, the cervix becomes softer and shorter, begins to dilate, and withdraws to face

2324-436: Is the approach to primary prevention of both CIN and cervical cancer. It is important to note that these vaccines do not protect against all types of HPV known to cause cancer. Therefore, screening is still recommended in vaccinated individuals. Appropriate management with monitoring and treatment is the approach to secondary prevention of cervical cancer in cases of persons with CIN. Treatment for CIN 1, mild dysplasia,

2407-467: Is to detect potentially precancerous changes through random sampling of the transformation zone. Pap smear results may be reported using the Bethesda system (see above). The sensitivity and specificity of this test were variable in a systematic review looking at accuracy of the test. An abnormal Pap smear result may lead to a recommendation for colposcopy of the cervix, an in office procedure during which

2490-456: Is very similar to the original squamous epithelium when mature. The new squamocolumnar junction is therefore internal to the original squamocolumnar junction, and the zone of unstable epithelium between the two junctions is called the transformation zone of the cervix. Histologically, the transformation zone is generally defined as surface squamous epithelium with surface columnar epithelium or stromal glands/crypts, or both. After menopause,

2573-458: Is when active pushing and contractions push the baby along the birth canal leading to the birth of the baby. The number of past vaginal deliveries is a strong factor in influencing how rapidly the cervix is able to dilate in labour. The time taken for the cervix to dilate and efface is one factor used in reporting systems such as the Bishop score , used to recommend whether interventions such as

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2656-468: The Creighton Model and Billings method . Cervical mucus changes in consistency throughout women's menstrual periods , which may signal ovulation . During vaginal childbirth , the cervix must flatten and dilate to allow the foetus to progress along the birth canal. Midwives and doctors use the extent of the dilation of the cervix to assist decision-making during childbirth. The cervix

2739-548: The anogenital area and have different probabilities of causing malignant changes. A test for HPV called the Digene HPV test is highly accurate and serves as both a direct diagnosis and adjuvant to the Pap smear , which is a screening device that allows for an examination of cells but not tissue structure, needed for diagnosis. A colposcopy with directed biopsy is the standard for disease detection. Endocervical brush sampling at

2822-400: The cervical canal . The lower part of the cervix, known as the vaginal portion of the cervix (or ectocervix), bulges into the top of the vagina. The endocervix borders the uterus. The cervical canal has at least two types of epithelia (lining): the endocervical lining is glandular epithelium that lines the endocervix with a single layer of column-shaped cells ; while the ectocervical part of

2905-470: The combined oral contraceptive pills , work mainly by preventing ovulation . They also thicken cervical mucus and thin the lining of the uterus, enhancing their effectiveness. In 2008, cervical cancer was the third-most common cancer in women worldwide, with rates varying geographically from less than one to more than 50 cases per 100,000 women. It is a leading cause of cancer-related death in poor countries, where delayed diagnosis leading to poor outcomes

2988-470: The menstrual cycle ; mucus is composed of around 93% water, reaching 98% at midcycle. These changes allow it to function either as a barrier or a transport medium to spermatozoa. It contains electrolytes such as calcium, sodium, and potassium; organic components such as glucose, amino acids, and soluble proteins; trace elements including zinc, copper, iron, manganese, and selenium; free fatty acids; enzymes such as amylase ; and prostaglandins . Its consistency

3071-642: The squamocolumnar junction of the cervix, a transitional area between the squamous epithelium of the vagina and the columnar epithelium of the endocervix . It can also occur in vaginal walls and vulvar epithelium. CIN is graded on a 1–3 scale, with 3 being the most abnormal (see classification section below). Human papillomavirus ( HPV ) infection is necessary for the development of CIN, but not all with this infection develop cervical cancer. Many women with HPV infection never develop CIN or cervical cancer. Typically, HPV resolves on its own. However, those with an HPV infection that lasts more than one or two years have

3154-455: The vaginal epithelium are derived from Müllerian duct tissue and that phenotypic differences might be due to other causes. The endocervical mucosa is about 3 mm (0.12 in) thick and lined with a single layer of columnar mucous cells. It contains numerous tubular mucous glands, which empty viscous alkaline mucus into the lumen. In contrast, the ectocervix is covered with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, which resembles

3237-561: The Greek word for "head" ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : κορυφή koruphe ), and the Welsh and Romanian words for "deer" ( Welsh : carw , Romanian: cerb ). The cervix was documented in anatomical literature in at least the time of Hippocrates ; cervical cancer was first described more than 2,000 years ago, with descriptions provided by both Hippocrates and Aretaeus . However, there was some variation in word sense among early writers, who used

3320-562: The National Cancer Institute developed "The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical/Vaginal Cytologic Diagnoses ". This system provides a uniform way to describe abnormal epithelial cells and determine specimen quality, thus providing clear guidance for clinical management. These abnormalities were classified as squamous or glandular and then further classified by the stage of dysplasia: atypical cells, mild, moderate, severe, and carcinoma. Depending on several factors and

3403-909: The Official Charts Company Children in Need , an annual UK Telethon Fundraiser shown on the BBC The Crime & Investigation Network The Caribbean International Network (CIN TV) Places [ edit ] Cincinnati, Ohio The Cincinnati Reds , the city's Major League Baseball team The Cincinnati Bengals , the city's National Football League team The Amtrak code for Cincinnati Union Terminal People [ edit ] Kadir Cin , Turkish volleyball player Tice Cin , British writer Other uses [ edit ] Critical Information Needs , information that people need to live safe and healthy lives. Craft Identification Number ,

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3486-418: The abnormal cervical cells by cryocautery , electrocautery , laser cautery , loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP), or cervical conization . While these surgical methods effectively reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer, they cause an increased risk of premature birth in future pregnancies. Surgical techniques that remove more cervical tissue come with less risk of the cancer recurring but

3569-607: The adjective cervical may refer either to the neck (as in cervical vertebrae or cervical lymph nodes ) or to the uterine cervix (as in cervical cap or cervical cancer ). Latin cervix came from the Proto-Indo-European root ker- , referring to a "structure that projects". Thus, the word cervix is linguistically related to the English word " horn ", the Persian word for "head" ( Persian : سر sar ),

3652-518: The ages of 25 and 35. The estimated annual incidence of CIN in the United States among persons who undergo screening is 4% for CIN 1 and 5% for CIN 2 and CIN 3. Transformation zone The cervix ( pl. : cervices ) or cervix uteri is a dynamic fibromuscular sexual organ of the female reproductive system that connects the vagina with the uterine cavity . The human female cervix has been documented anatomically since at least

3735-475: The anogenital tract as LSIL or HSIL as follows below: CIN 1 is referred to as LSIL. CIN 2 that is negative for p16 , a marker for high-risk HPV, is referred to as LSIL. Those that are p16-positive are referred to as HSIL. CIN 3 is referred to as HSIL. The two screening methods available are the Pap smear and testing for HPV. CIN is usually discovered by a screening test, the Pap smear . The purpose of this test

3818-459: The anterior of the body. The support the cervix provides to the fetal head starts to give way when the uterus begins its contractions . During childbirth, the cervix must dilate to a diameter of more than 10 cm (3.9 in) to accommodate the head of the fetus as it descends from the uterus to the vagina. In becoming wider, the cervix also becomes shorter, a phenomenon known as effacement . Along with other factors, midwives and doctors use

3901-554: The boar's corkscrew-shaped penis during copulation. The word cervix ( / ˈ s ɜːr v ɪ k s / ) came to English from the Latin cervīx , where it means "neck", and like its Germanic counterpart, it can refer not only to the neck [of the body] but also to an analogous narrowed part of an object. The cervix uteri (neck of the uterus) is thus the uterine cervix, but in English the word cervix used alone usually refers to it. Thus

3984-614: The cervical and uterine contractions during orgasm draw semen into the uterus. Although the "upsuck theory" has been generally accepted for some years, it has been disputed due to lack of evidence, small sample size, and methodological errors. Some methods of fertility awareness , such as the Creighton model and the Billings method involve estimating a woman's periods of fertility and infertility by observing physiological changes in her body . Among these changes are several involving

4067-406: The cervical epithelium, particularly in the transformation zone, which is the most common area for cervical cancer to start. HPV vaccines , such as Gardasil and Cervarix , reduce the incidence of cervical cancer, by inoculating against the viral strains involved in cancer development. Potentially precancerous changes in the cervix can be detected by cervical screening , using methods including

4150-473: The cervix . Cervical cytology tests can detect cervical cancer and its precursors, and enable early successful treatment. Ways to avoid HPV include avoiding heterosexual sex, utilising penile condoms, and receiving the HPV vaccination . HPV vaccines, developed in the early 21st century, reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer by preventing infections from the main cancer-causing strains of HPV. The conduit of

4233-401: The cervix becomes softer and rises to open in response to the higher levels of estrogen present. These changes are also accompanied by changes in cervical mucus, described below. As a component of the female reproductive system , the cervix is derived from the two paramesonephric ducts (also called Müllerian ducts), which develop around the sixth week of embryogenesis . During development,

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4316-446: The cervix by the descending branch of the uterine artery and drains into the uterine vein . The pelvic splanchnic nerves , emerging as S2 – S3 , transmit the sensation of pain from the cervix to the brain. These nerves travel along the uterosacral ligaments , which pass from the uterus to the anterior sacrum . Three channels facilitate lymphatic drainage from the cervix. The anterior and lateral cervix drains to nodes along

4399-453: The cervix is examined under magnification. A biopsy is taken of any abnormal appearing areas. Colposcopy is usually very painful and so researchers have tried to find which pain relief is best for women with CIN to use. Research suggests that the injection of a local anaesthetic and vasoconstrictor (medicine that causes blood vessels to narrow) into the cervix may lower blood loss and pain during colposcopy. HPV testing can identify most of

4482-421: The cervix is referred to as cervicitis . This inflammation may be of the endocervix or ectocervix. When associated with the endocervix, it is associated with a mucous vaginal discharge and sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia and gonorrhoea . As many as half of pregnant women having a gonorrheal infection of the cervix are asymptomatic. Other causes include overgrowth of the commensal flora of

4565-467: The cervix is the organ that allows for blood to flow from a woman's uterus and out through her vagina at menstruation , which occurs in the absence of pregnancy. Several methods of contraception aim to prevent fertilization by blocking this conduit, including cervical caps and cervical diaphragms , preventing the passage of sperm through the cervix. Other approaches aiming to prevent contraception include methods that observe cervical mucus, such as

4648-413: The cervix travels to different sets of pelvic nodes in some people. This has implications in scanning nodes for involvement in cervical cancer. After menstruation and directly under the influence of estrogen , the cervix undergoes a series of changes in position and texture. During most of the menstrual cycle, the cervix remains firm, and is positioned low and closed. However, as ovulation approaches,

4731-399: The conduit contains squamous epithelium. Squamous epithelium line the conduit with multiple layers of cells topped with flat cells . These two linings converge at the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ). This junction changes location dynamically throughout a woman's life. Cervical infections with the human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause changes in the epithelium, which can lead to cancer of

4814-523: The diaphragm will undergo an unintended pregnancy, and with optimal use this falls to 6%. Efficacy rates are lower for the cap, with 18% of women undergoing an unintended pregnancy, and 10–13% with optimal use. Most types of progestogen-only pills are effective as a contraceptive because they thicken cervical mucus, making it difficult for sperm to pass along the cervical canal. In addition, they may also sometimes prevent ovulation. In contrast, contraceptive pills that contain both oestrogen and progesterone,

4897-409: The ectocervix and the external opening (external os) can vary according to age, hormonal state, and whether childbirth has taken place. In women who have not had a vaginal delivery, the external opening is small and circular, and in women who have had a vaginal delivery, it is slit-like. On average, the ectocervix is 3 cm (1.2 in) long and 2.5 cm (1 in) wide. Blood is supplied to

4980-401: The ectocervix is known as the exocervix. The cervix has an inner mucosal layer, a thick layer of smooth muscle , and posteriorly the supravaginal portion has a serosal covering consisting of connective tissue and overlying peritoneum . In front of the upper part of the cervix lies the bladder , separated from it by cellular connective tissue known as parametrium , which also extends over

5063-400: The effects of progesterone. Thick mucus also prevents pathogens from interfering with a nascent pregnancy. A cervical mucus plug , called the operculum, forms inside the cervical canal during pregnancy. This provides a protective seal for the uterus against the entry of pathogens and against leakage of uterine fluids. The mucus plug is also known to have antibacterial properties. This plug

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5146-401: The extent of cervical dilation to assist decision making during childbirth . Generally, the active first stage of labour, when the uterine contractions become strong and regular, begins when the cervical dilation is more than 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in). The second phase of labor begins when the cervix has dilated to 10 cm (4 in), which is regarded as its fullest dilation, and

5229-691: The general population according to the 2012 updated ASCCP consensus guidelines. It used to be thought that cases of CIN progressed through grades 1–3 toward cancer in a linear fashion. However most CIN spontaneously regress. Left untreated, about 70% of CIN 1 will regress within one year; 90% will regress within two years. About 50% of CIN 2 cases will regress within two years without treatment. Progression to cervical carcinoma in situ (CIS) occurs in approximately 11% of CIN 1 and 22% of CIN 2 cases. Progression to invasive cancer occurs in approximately 1% of CIN 1, 5% of CIN 2, and at least 12% of CIN 3 cases. Progression to cancer typically takes 15 years with

5312-514: The high-risk HPV types responsible for CIN. HPV screening happens either as a co-test with the Pap smear or can be done after a Pap smear showing abnormal cells, called reflex testing. Frequency of screening changes based on guidelines from the Society of Lower Genital Tract Disorders (ASCCP). The World Health Organization also has screening and treatment guidelines for precancerous cervical lesions and prevention of cervical cancer. HPV vaccination

5395-407: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cin&oldid=1258433718 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia CIN most commonly occurs at

5478-468: The location of the lesion, CIN can start in any of the three stages and can either progress or regress. The grade of squamous intraepithelial lesion can vary. CIN is classified in grades: The College of American Pathologists and the American Society of Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology came together in 2012 to publish changes in terminology to describe HPV-associated squamous lesions of

5561-436: The mucus dries, the salts crystallize, resembling the leaves of a fern. The mucus has a stretchy character described as Spinnbarkeit most prominent around the time of ovulation. At other times in the cycle, the mucus is thick and more acidic due to the effects of progesterone. This "infertile" mucus acts as a barrier to keep sperm from entering the uterus. Women taking an oral contraceptive pill also have thick mucus from

5644-414: The outer parts of the two ducts fuse, forming a single urogenital canal that will become the vagina , cervix and uterus . The cervix grows in size at a smaller rate than the body of the uterus, so the relative size of the cervix over time decreases, decreasing from being much larger than the body of the uterus in fetal life , twice as large during childhood, and decreasing to its adult size, smaller than

5727-421: The quality of her cervical mucus: the sensation it causes at the vulva , its elasticity ( Spinnbarkeit ), its transparency, and the presence of ferning . Several hundred glands in the endocervix produce 20–60 mg of cervical mucus a day, increasing to 600 mg around the time of ovulation. It is viscous because it contains large proteins known as mucins . The viscosity and water content varies during

5810-610: The same day. As a screening test, VIA is comparable to cervical cytology in accurately identifying precancerous lesions. A result of dysplasia is usually further investigated, such as by taking a cone biopsy , which may also remove the cancerous lesion. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is a possible result of the biopsy and represents dysplastic changes that may eventually progress to invasive cancer. Most cases of cervical cancer are detected in this way, without having caused any symptoms. When symptoms occur, they may include vaginal bleeding, discharge, or discomfort. Inflammation of

5893-400: The sides of the cervix. To the rear, the supravaginal cervix is covered by peritoneum, which runs onto the back of the vaginal wall and then turns upwards and onto the rectum , forming the recto-uterine pouch . The cervix is more tightly connected to surrounding structures than the rest of the uterus. The cervical canal varies greatly in length and width between women or over the course of

5976-431: The squamous epithelium lining the vagina. The junction between these two types of epithelia is called the squamocolumnar junction. Underlying both types of epithelium is a tough layer of collagen . The mucosa of the endocervix is not shed during menstruation. The cervix has more fibrous tissue, including collagen and elastin , than the rest of the uterus. In prepubertal girls, the functional squamocolumnar junction

6059-512: The squamous epithelium of the ectocervix becomes columnar; cancers such as clear cell adenocarcinomas ; cervical ridges and hoods; and development of a cockscomb cervix appearance, which is the condition wherein, as the name suggests, the cervix of the uterus is shaped like a cockscomb . About one third of women born to diethylstilbestrol -treated mothers (i.e. in-utero exposure) develop a cockscomb cervix. Enlarged folds or ridges of cervical stroma (fibrous tissues) and epithelium constitute

6142-479: The standard mathematical symbol is "Cin" Chemical formula of Cyanogen iodide Organizations [ edit ] Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience The ICAO-code of Constellation Airlines , a defunct Belgian airline Corporação Industrial do Norte , Portuguese-owned company that is the Iberian market leader for paint & coating products Chart Information Network , now known as

6225-408: The time of Hippocrates , over 2,000 years ago. The cervix is approximately 4 cm long with a diameter of approximately 3 cm and tends to be described as a cylindrical shape, although the front and back walls of the cervix are contiguous. The size of the cervix changes throughout a woman's life cycle. For example, during the fertile years of a woman's reproductive cycle , females tend to have

6308-416: The time of Pap smear to detect adenocarcinoma and its precursors is necessary along with doctor/patient vigilance on abdominal symptoms associated with uterine and ovarian carcinoma . The diagnosis of CIN or cervical carcinoma requires a biopsy for histological analysis. Historically, abnormal changes of cervical epithelial cells were described as mild, moderate, or severe epithelial dysplasia . In 1988

6391-407: The transformation zone. The cervical canal is a pathway through which sperm enter the uterus after being induced by estradiol after penile-vaginal intercourse , and some forms of artificial insemination . Some sperm remains in cervical crypts, infoldings of the endocervix, which act as a reservoir, releasing sperm over several hours and maximising the chances of fertilisation. A theory states

6474-481: The uterine arteries, travelling along the cardinal ligaments at the base of the broad ligament to the external iliac lymph nodes and ultimately the paraaortic lymph nodes . The posterior and lateral cervix drains along the uterine arteries to the internal iliac lymph nodes and ultimately the paraaortic lymph nodes , and the posterior section of the cervix drains to the obturator and presacral lymph nodes . However, there are variations as lymphatic drainage from

6557-577: The uterine structures involute and the functional squamocolumnar junction moves into the cervical canal. Nabothian cysts (or Nabothian follicles) form in the transformation zone where the lining of metaplastic epithelium has replaced mucous epithelium and caused a strangulation of the outlet of some of the mucous glands. A buildup of mucus in the glands forms Nabothian cysts, usually less than about 5 mm (0.20 in) in diameter, which are considered physiological rather than pathological. Both gland openings and Nabothian cysts are helpful to identify

6640-427: The uterus, after puberty. Previously, it was thought that during fetal development, the original squamous epithelium of the cervix is derived from the urogenital sinus and the original columnar epithelium is derived from the paramesonephric duct. The point at which these two original epithelia meet is called the original squamocolumnar junction. New studies show, however, that all the cervical as well as large part of

6723-473: The vagina. When associated with the ectocervix, inflammation may be caused by the herpes simplex virus. Inflammation is often investigated through directly visualising the cervix using a speculum , which may appear whiteish due to exudate, and by taking a Pap smear and examining for causal bacteria. Special tests may be used to identify particular bacteria. If the inflammation is due to a bacterium, then antibiotics may be given as treatment. Cervical stenosis

6806-546: The vulva and vagina can cause genital warts or be asymptomatic. The cause of CIN is chronic infection of the cervix with HPV, especially infection with high-risk HPV types 16 or 18. It is thought that the high-risk HPV infections have the ability to inactivate tumor suppressor genes such as the p53 gene and the RB gene, thus allowing the infected cells to grow unchecked and accumulate successive mutations, eventually leading to cancer. Some groups of women have been found to be at

6889-567: Was developed by Aurel Babes in 1927. In some parts of the developed world including the UK, the Pap test has been superseded with liquid-based cytology . An inexpensive, cost-effective and practical alternative in poorer countries is visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA). Instituting and sustaining cytology-based programs in these regions can be difficult, due to the need for trained personnel, equipment and facilities and difficulties in follow-up. With VIA, results and treatment can be available on

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