British Columbia gold rushes were important episodes in the history and settlement of European, Canadian and Chinese peoples in western Canada .
46-620: Cargojet Inc. ( TSX : CJT ) is a scheduled cargo airline based in Mississauga , Ontario , Canada. It operates cargo services in Canada and internationally, as well as full aircraft charters. Its main base is John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport . Cargojet is a public company with over 1,650 employees. In August 2001, Dr. Ajay Virmani formed Canada 3000 Cargo Inc., a joint venture with Canada 3000 Airlines . In 2002, Dr. Virmani acquired 100% of Canada 3000 Cargo Inc. and rebranded
92-783: A public company . In 2001, the Toronto Stock Exchange acquired the Canadian Venture Exchange, which was renamed the TSX Venture Exchange in 2002; this resulted in the creation of a parent to the TSX, the TSX Group . This ended 123 years of the usage of TSE as a Canadian stock exchange. On May 11, 2007, the S&;P/TSX Composite , the main index of the Toronto Stock Exchange, traded above
138-455: A 2 million ounce gold deposit was defined by exploratory drilling by major mining companies, Cominco, Kennco Explorations (a subsidiary of Kennecott) and Quintana Minerals. A junior exploration company continued drilling the project and a gold rush ensued from 1979-1981. The Specogna gold deposit remains an unmined deposit with over 3 million ounces of gold and is categorized as an epithermal type gold deposit. Gold discoveries are not reported in
184-599: A fjord that drains the west coast of Vancouver Island, tell a story of Spanish arriving then burning the valley searching for gold. Prospectors searching the valley have found old crude dug adits on the pass of the White River Valley and the Gold River Valley. Gold was first formally discovered by non-indigenous people at Gold Harbour on the west coast of Moresby Island in Haida Gwaii , near
230-719: A group formed by Toronto businessmen on July 26, 1852. No records of the group's transactions have survived. It is however known that on October 25, 1861, twenty-four brokers gathered at the Masonic Hall to create and participate in the Toronto Stock Exchange . Between 1852 and 1870, two other distinct, commodity-orientated, exchanges were founded : the Toronto Exchange in 1854 and the Toronto Stock and Mining Exchange in 1868. Initially
276-655: A new trading floor and headquarters in an Art Deco building, still on Bay. By 1936, the Toronto Stock Exchange grew to become the third largest in North America. In 1977, it launched the TSE 300 index and introduced the CATS (Computer Assisted Trading System), an automated trading system, and began to use it for the quotation of less liquid equities. In 1983, the TSE vacated its Art Deco headquarters on Bay Street and moved into
322-628: A record number of 331,000 shares changed hands on the TSE, with an overall loss of value of 20% (in Montreal, 525,000 shares and 25% loss). Meanwhile, a British Columbia gold rush in the 1890s stimulated the demand for start-up capital but Montreal and Toronto's exchanges deemed the ventures too risky. The boom was handled with the Toronto Stock and Mining Exchange, founded in 1896 and which merged with its rival Standard Stock and Mining Exchange in 1899. The SSME, after years of ups and downs,
368-517: A reference to the legendary king of a lost golden city, are known to have ever reached British Columbia, although archaeological remains point to a brief Spanish presence in the Okanagan and Similkameen regions of the province's Southern Interior . The Muchalaht, the Nuu-chah-nulth group in the area of the community of Gold River , on Vancouver Island, which is a community at the end of
414-808: A rival and hostile bid from the Canadian-based Maple Group took place. The bid was for up to CAD$ 3.7 billion in cash and shares, in the hope of preventing a takeover of TMX by the LSEG Group. The group included leading Canadian banks and financial institutions. In March 2015, a competing exchange, Aequitas Neo, opened for trading, listing 45 issues that were only listed on the TSX. The new exchange aimed to focus on fairness, particularly in relation to what it referred to as "predatory high-frequency trading practices". The exchange planned to list additional TSX-listed securities. On May 27, 2014, TMX Group officially opened financial operations in Canada,
460-630: A three-month period in 1914 when the exchange was shut down for fear of financial panic due to World War I . The day of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , Toronto's exchange was better connected to New York's and received the bad news before Montreal's (prior to 1931, exchanges communicated via telephone or by brokers' private wires, as they were not yet interconnected by ticker ). By the afternoon, its three most popular stocks were down by at least 8%: International Nickel , Hiram Walker & Sons and Brazilian Light & Power . The following day,
506-535: Is CEO of the LSE Group , would have headed the new enlarged company, while TMX Chief Executive Thomas Kloet would become the new firm president. Based on data from December 30, 2010 the new stock exchange would have been the second largest in the world with a market cap 48% greater than the Nasdaq . Eight of the 15 board members of the combined entity were to be appointed by LSE, 7/15 by TMX. The provisional name for
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#1732765915386552-637: Is a stock exchange located in Toronto , Ontario , Canada. It is the 10th largest exchange in the world and the third largest in North America based on market capitalization . Based in the EY Tower in Toronto's Financial District , the TSX is a wholly owned subsidiary of the TMX Group for the trading of senior equities. The Toronto Stock Exchange likely descended from the Association of Brokers,
598-474: Is home to all of Canada's Big Five commercial banks— Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC), Bank of Montreal (BMO), Bank of Nova Scotia (Scotiabank), Royal Bank of Canada (RBC), and the Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD)—making the exchange the centre for banking in the country. This was seen as being most evident during the proposed mergers of Royal Bank with Bank of Montreal, and CIBC with
644-627: The Exchange Tower . The old TSE building later became the Design Exchange , a museum and education centre. On April 23, 1997, the TSE's trading floor closed, making it the second-largest stock exchange in North America to choose a floorless, electronic (or virtual trading) environment. In 1999, through a major realignment plan, Toronto Stock Exchange became Canada's sole exchange for the trading of senior equities . The Bourse de Montréal /Montreal Exchange assumed responsibility for
690-805: The Haida village of Tasu on Mitchell Inlet , an arm of Gold Harbour (which is part of Tasu Sound ). A brief gold rush - the Queen Charlottes Gold Rush - ensued in the following year, leading to the declaration of the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands to prevent the archipelago from being overrun by Americans and so claimed by the United States. The extent of the ore body proved superficial, and there are various stories of American prospecting parties harassed by
736-472: The Haida people , who were still very numerous and powerful. In later times, Gold Harbour and Mitchell Inlet became the location of a modern mining operation, also called Tasoo or Tasu, but for iron rather than gold. In 1969, a local logger, Efrem Specogna and his brother-in-law, John Trinco made the initial gold discovery of the Specogna (Babe) Gold deposit west of Port Clements on Graham Island. By 1979,
782-660: The Nlaka'pamux , whose village was just north of Fort Yale. The mining population, split into thirds about evenly between Americans, Chinese, and a mix of Britons and Europeans who had been in California, many since the California Gold Rush ten years earlier, entered into conflict when two French miners violated a Nlaka'pamux girl near Lytton , then called "the Forks", and their beheaded bodies were seen floating down
828-518: The 14,000 point level for the first time ever. On December 17, 2008, for the first time in TSX history, the exchange was closed for an entire trading day due to a technical glitch. On February 9, 2011, the London Stock Exchange announced that it had agreed to merge with the TMX Group , Toronto Stock Exchange's parent, hoping to create a combined entity with a market capitalization of $ 5.9 trillion (£3.7 trillion). Xavier Rolet , who
874-652: The Cariboo among the vanguard of the movement to join Canada as the 1860s progressed. Many Americans returned to the United States at the opening of the Civil War. Others went on to the Fort Colvile Gold Rush , Idaho Gold Rush , and Colorado Gold Rush . Some went elsewhere in the Intermontane West , including other parts of British Columbia, in addition to those who had come and gone during
920-528: The S&;P/TSX 60 index, have a secondary listing on an American exchange such as the New York Stock Exchange . British Columbia gold rushes The presence of gold in what is now British Columbia is spoken of in many old legends that, in part, led to its discovery. The Strait of Anian , claimed to have been sailed by Juan de Fuca for whom today's Strait of Juan de Fuca is named,
966-578: The TSE had 13 listings but it grew to 18 in 1868 (a majority of bonds and bank's issues). Many banks of Upper Canada failed during 1869, which halted any sort of trading in the city as the market was just too small. A bull market in 1870 boosted investor's confidence and eight of the original 24 brokers joined again to re-establish the TSE. The exchange was incorporated by an act of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1878. The TSE grew continuously in size and in shares traded, save for
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#17327659153861012-420: The Toronto Stock Exchange had 1,811 listed issuers (including ETFs and other structured financial products) with a combined market capitalization of CAD $ 4.16 trillion. Up from 1,798 listed issuers and a combined market capitalization of CAD $ 4.0 trillion as of March 2023. By the end of January 2024, the total market capitalization of companies listed on TSX & TSXV reached CAD $ 4.23 trillion. The exchange
1058-484: The Toronto-Dominion Bank in 1998. Then-Finance Minister Paul Martin blocked the mergers to preserve competition. The exchange is the primary listing for a number of energy companies including; Enbridge , Suncor , TC Energy , Canadian Natural Resources , Imperial Oil , Pembina and Cenovus all within the S&P/TSX 60 index. Many of the large companies listed on the TSX, especially those on
1104-656: The United Kingdom, and the United States. On January 12, 2021, Cargojet announced its intent to add additional Boeing 767F as well as Boeing 777F aircraft to its fleet. On January 15, 2024, Cargojet subsequently announced it would no longer take delivery of its 4 B777s on order, due to softening cargo demand. As of January 2024, Cargojet has the following aircraft registered with Transport Canada . [REDACTED] Media related to Cargojet Airways at Wikimedia Commons Toronto Stock Exchange The Toronto Stock Exchange ( TSX ; French : Bourse de Toronto )
1150-554: The United States, the United Kingdom and Australia under the name TSX Financial.. The exchange has a normal trading session from 09:30am to 04:00pm ET and a post-market session from 4:15pm to 5:00pm ET on all days of the week except Saturdays, Sundays and holidays declared by the Exchange in advance. 0–9 - A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z As of January 2024,
1196-640: The advent and wane of the Cariboo rush. To preserve British authority and retain control over the traffic of gold out of the region, the Governor commissioned the building of the Cariboo Road , a.k.a. the Queen's Highway, and a route from Lillooet and also established the Gold Escort , although that government agency never proved viable and private expressmen dominated the shipment of goods and mail into
1242-491: The combined group would be LTMX Group plc. About two weeks after Maple Group launched a competing bid the LSEG-TMX deal was terminated after failing to receive the minimum 67% voter approval from shareholders of TMX Group. The rejection came amidst new concerns raised by Bank of Canada governor Mark Carney regarding foreign control of clearing systems and opposition to the deal by Ontario's finance minister. On June 13, 2011,
1288-506: The company as Cargojet Canada Ltd. In July 2002, it acquired Winnport Logistics. In 2005, Cargojet became a public company. In May 2019, Cargojet announced a partnership with Canadian rapper Drake , naming him an ambassador of the brand. Cargojet operates a domestic scheduled cargo service to 15 Canadian destinations. Cargojet also operates an international scheduled cargo network which includes routes to several countries and territories, including Bermuda , Cuba , Germany, Japan, Mexico ,
1334-649: The course of the next winter. Also while at Yale, Douglas decreed the creation of subscriptions by which parties of men could pay for the right to construct a new route to the "Upper Fraser" via the Lakes Route , as a way around the dangers of the canyon trail and continued fears about the Nlaka'pamux. the "Upper Fraser" was the area of Lillooet and Fountain and several thousand miners had arrived in that region via overland routes through Oregon and Washington Territory, despite an injunction from Douglas that all access to
1380-472: The finds in what was then known as New Caledonia hit California at a time of economic depression, when the gold fields were depopulated and many miners were in San Francisco, where the news hit like wildfire and overloaded steamers full of men equipped with not much more than gold pans and the clothes on their back headed north, along with entrepreneurs of all kinds and others seeking to profit not from
1426-694: The gold fields, and gold out of it (see Francis Jones Barnard and B.X. Express ). Among other events associated with the Cariboo Gold Rush was the Chilcotin War of 1864, provoked by an attempt to build a wagon road from Bute Inlet to Cariboo via the Homathko River . In addition to the gold rush's capital and destination of the Cariboo Road Barkerville , dozens of small towns and mining camps sprang up across
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1472-517: The gold find so as to provoke a gold rush so as to force Britain's hand on the status of the British mainland north of the 49th parallel , which since the Oregon Treaty had remained unincorporated and had remained solely the domain of the fur company and its native clientele. American miners had been appearing more frequently on British soil and Douglas felt he had to take action. News of
1518-534: The goldfields would be through Victoria only. Those who came by those routes, the busiest but war-ridden Okanagan Trail , also spread farther afield in the Interior, leading to gold discoveries further and further afield and a string of small and large gold rushes including what would become the largest and most famous, the Cariboo Gold Rush . Not for nothing that among the most common sobriquet used at
1564-696: The good judgement of the Chief Trader , kept news of such discoveries quiet until a large trove was brought into Fort Kamloops in 1856 by members of the nearby Tranquille tribe of the Secwepemc . When news of the find and a large poke of gold dust brought to James Douglas , Chief Factor of the Columbia Department at Fort Victoria and also Governor of Vancouver Island , decided to ship it to San Francisco for smelting. Some historians have suggested he did so deliberately to spread news of
1610-429: The governor's journey upriver had travelled in advance, the Governor and his troops were greeted by the war parties or "Companies" that had engaged in the war, flying the British flag and greeting the Governor with a formal welcome. Admonishing them that the colony had been established and the Queen's Law would prevail, the governor appointed officials who would later lead to a series of events known as McGowan's War over
1656-527: The journals of the early fur traders, and it became policy on the part of the fur companies to not advertise the presence of gold as the protection of the fur trade was the main corporate interest of their enterprise. Governor Etolin of Russian America expressly forbade news of gold discoveries as a serious crime against the state. Small quantities of gold were reported by traders in the 1830s and at some posts became current in local trading, though not common or in quantity. but Hudson's Bay Company policy, or
1702-534: The largest on the river, was at Hill's Bar about 15 kilometers south of Fort Yale , which had become the epicenter of the gold rush as it was at the head of river navigation and at the foot of the Fraser Canyon and its difficult trails and rich gold-bearing bars. Hill's Bar's first claim, known as the "Boatmen of San Francisco", worked the bar alongside Chief Kowpelst and his people, the Spuzzum tribe of
1748-496: The meantime and Governor Douglas was forced to take action to enforce British authority and sovereignty on the mainland and set out by steamer with Royal Marines and the newly arrived first contingent of Royal Engineers for the gold fields. En route, the party stopped at Fort Langley , then still located at Derby , where Douglas declared the Colony of British Columbia and was sworn in as its first Governor, on August 1, 1858. Proceeding without much incident to Yale, where news of
1794-455: The mines, but from the miners. Victoria, until then a "sleepy English village" of a few hundred people, was transformed into a tent city of some 30,000 within weeks in the spring of 1858, among them 4000 were Chinese. After initial complaints of a "humbug", because high water levels prevented mining, thousands returned to California, only to be replaced by others as water levels dropped and mining began in earnest. The first major find, and among
1840-404: The rainy, swampy hills of the Cariboo, some such as Bullion and Antler Creek attaining mining fame in their own right. The Cariboo gold fields have remained active to this day, and have also yielded other boomtowns , such as Wells , a one-time company town of 3,000 in the 1920s just a few kilometres west of Barkerville, which today is a museum town , and one of the larger deep-rock mines in
1886-664: The remoteness of the country, the Cariboo Rush did not begin in earnest until 1862 after the discovery of Williams Creek in 1861 and the relocation of the focus of the rush to the creek valleys in the northern Cariboo Plateau forming the headwaters of the Willow River and the north slope of the basin of the Quesnel. The rush, though initially discovered by American-based parties, became notably Canadian, Maritimer and British in character, with those who became established in
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1932-656: The river. In the ensuing unrest, known as the Fraser Canyon War , most of the mining population fled the Canyon for Spuzzum and Yale, and war parties composed of Americans, Germans, French and others (many who had been mercenaries in Nicaragua, or in service of France in Mexico), forayed up the canyon and made a peace with the Nlaka'pamux , though many were killed on both sides. News of the war had reached Victoria in
1978-541: The time for the new Mainland Colony was "the Gold Colonies". By 1860, there were gold discoveries in the middle basin of the Quesnel River around Keithley Creek and Quesnel Forks , just below and west of Quesnel Lake . Exploration of the region intensified as news of the discoveries got out, and because of the distances and times involved in communications and travel in those times, moreover because of
2024-652: The trading of derivatives and the Vancouver Stock Exchange and Alberta Stock Exchange merged to form the Canadian Venture Exchange (CDNX) handling trading in junior equities. The Canadian Dealing Network, Winnipeg Stock Exchange , and equities portion of the Montreal Exchange later merged with CDNX. In 2000, the Toronto Stock Exchange became a for-profit company. In 2002 its acronym was rebranded to TSX and it became
2070-510: Was amalgamated into the Toronto Stock Exchange in 1934. While a durable surge in mining trading was recorded in Toronto (either securities ) or other publicly listed assets, in Montreal the volume of the equity -centric market was going down. Toronto found itself a reputation as a financial centre for mining and from 1934, the total trading volume on the TSE surpassed that of Montreal's. The TSE moved on Bay Street in 1913 and in 1937 opened
2116-444: Was described as passing through a land (Anian) "rich in gold, silver, pearls and fur". Bergi (meaning "mountains"), another legendary land near Anian, was also said to be rich in gold as well. Speculative maps of northwestern North America published before the area was mapped placed the legendary golden cities of Quivira and Cibola in the far inland northwest. No Spanish exploration parties in search of El Dorado , "the golden one"
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