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62-754: In the 1950s and 1960s, hundreds of hobbyist electronics projects based around the CK722 transistor were published in popular books and magazines. Raytheon also participated in expanding the role of the CK721/CK722 as a hobbyist electronics device by publishing "Transistor Applications" and "Transistor Applications – Volume 2" during the mid-1950s. The original CK722 were direct fallouts from CK718 hearing-aid transistors that did not meet specifications. These fallouts were later stamped with CK721 or CK722 numbers based on gain, noise and other dynamic characteristics. Early CK722s were plastic-encapsulated and had

124-550: A Qatari officials to influence defense purchases. In February 2020, Raytheon completed the first radar antenna array for the US Army's new missile defense radar, known as the Lower Tier Air and Missile Defense Sensor (LTAMDS), to replace the service's Patriot air and missile defense system sensor. In April 2020, the company merged with United Technologies Corporation to form Raytheon Technologies . The merged company

186-622: A black body. As Raytheon improved its production of hearing-aid transistors with the introduction of the smaller CK78x series, the body of the CK721/CK722s was changed to a metal case. Raytheon, however, kept the basic body size and used a unique method by taking the smaller CK78x rejects and inserting it into the larger body and sealing it. The first metal-cased CK721/CK722s were blue, and the later ones were silver. More details of this can be found in Jack Ward's website, Semiconductor Museum or

248-477: A contract to build 3DELRR, a next-generation long-range radar system, for the USAF worth an estimated $ 1 billion. The contract award was immediately protested by Raytheon's competitors, Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman. After re-evaluating the bids following the protests, the USAF decided to delay awarding the 3DELRR EMD contract until 2017 and was to issue an amended solicitation at the end of July 2016. In 2017

310-473: A few month, Raytheon began to manufacture magnetron tubes for use in radar sets, and then complete radar systems . During the war, Raytheon also pioneered the production of shipboard radar systems, particularly for submarine detection. Raytheon was also a contractor for the mass-production of miniature shock-resistant vacuum tubes used in proximity fuses . These tubes were difficult to manufacture and required rigorous attention to detail. At war's end in 1945,

372-687: A follow-on, the RAYCOM, which was never completed. In 1954, it entered into a joint venture with Honeywell to form the Datamatic corporation. However it sold its interest to Honeywell a year later, before introduction of the DATAmatic 1000 system. In 1958, Raytheon acquired the marine electronics company Applied Electronics Company to make commercial marine navigation and radio gear, as well as less-expensive Japanese suppliers of products such as marine/weather band radios and direction-finding gear . In

434-413: A letter of intent with Raytheon for a $ 5.6 billion deal to upgrade its Patriot missile-defence shield. In 2017, Saudi Arabia signed business deals worth billions of dollars with multiple American companies, including Raytheon. In July 2019, Qatar 's Ministry of Defense committed to acquire Raytheon's NASAM and Patriot missile defense systems. The company would later be fined for paying bribes to

496-487: A manufacturer of refrigerators and air conditioners . Using the Amana brand name and its distribution channels, Raytheon began selling the first countertop household microwave oven in 1967 and became a dominant manufacturer in the microwave oven business. In 1966, the company entered the educational publishing business with the acquisition of D.C. Heath and Company , marketing an influential physics textbook developed by

558-420: A much lower cost as a lower specification product. This concept help start a new market for transistors, the experimenter and hobby line. Seeing this window of opportunity Krim linked up with Radio Shack to market the hobby grade transistors. Other manufacturers followed soon after. Early- Before 1956 Later as transistor yield improved and size got smaller- After 1956 In the later runs Raytheon kept

620-467: A regulated, high voltage direct current for radios and thus eliminate the need for expensive, short-lived batteries. In 1925, the company changed its name to Raytheon Manufacturing Company and began marketing its rectifier, under the Raytheon brand name, with commercial success. In 1928 Raytheon merged with Q.R.S. Company, an American manufacturer of electron tubes and switches, to form the successor of

682-518: A substantial increase in sales for the company outside the United States. In an effort to establish leadership in the defense electronics business, Raytheon purchased in quick succession Dallas-based E-Systems (1995); Chrysler Corporation 's defense electronics and aircraft-modification businesses, which had previously acquired companies such as Electrospace systems (1996) (portions of these businesses were later sold to L-3 Communications ), and

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744-511: Is a developer of missiles and related missile defense systems. These include: Two lawsuits were filed against a Raytheon Company plant in St. Petersburg, Florida , due to concern with health risks, property values, and contamination in April 2008. Raytheon was given until the end of the month to independently test whether or not the groundwater that originated from its area was contaminated. According to

806-630: Is also heavily involved in the satellite sensor business. Much of its Space and Airborne Systems division in El Segundo , CA is devoted to this, a business it inherited from Hughes . Examples of programs include: As part of the company's growing homeland security business and strategic focus, Raytheon has teamed with other contractors to develop an Advance Spectroscopic Portal (ASP) to allow border officials to view and identify radioactive materials in vehicles and shipping containers more effectively. Raytheon also manufactures semiconductors for

868-620: Is composed of five major business divisions: Raytheon's businesses are supported by several dedicated international operations including: Raytheon Australia; Raytheon Canada Limited; operations in Japan ; Raytheon Microelectronics in Spain ; Raytheon UK (formerly Raytheon Systems Limited); and ThalesRaytheonSystems , France . In recent years, Raytheon has expanded into other fields while redefining some of its core business activities. Raytheon has identified five key 'Strategic Business Areas' where it

930-621: Is credited with inspiring the transistor hobbyist and experimenter market with the creation of the CK721 and CK722. As Jack Ward, curator of the Semiconductor Museum website, states: Many of the talented and dedicated professionals and amateurs who have been responsible for the tremendous rise of the electronics industry over the past four decades can still remember the time when, as a young hobbyist, they were able to scrape together enough money (maybe through saving allowance or cutting

992-581: Is focusing its expertise and resources: In March 2014, Thomas Kennedy was named CEO of Raytheon Company. Kennedy succeeded William H. Swanson , who was CEO since 2003. Swanson remained as Chairman through September 2014 when Kennedy became chairman as well as CEO. Other current and former members of the board of directors of Raytheon were: Vernon Clark , James E. Cartwright , John Deutch , Stephen J. Hadley , George R. Oliver, Frederic Poses, Michael Ruettgers, Ronald Skates, William Spivey, and Linda Stuntz. As of December 2014, according to filed reports,

1054-694: Is headquartered in Arlington, Virginia rather than UTC's base in Farmington, Connecticut . In July 2023, Raytheon Technologies renamed themselves to RTX Corporation and merged the Raytheon Intelligence & Space and Raytheon Missiles & Defense business segments to form a new Raytheon business segment. In August 2024, RTX agreed to pay a $ 200 million fine for the unauthorized export of defense technology to China, Russia, Iran, and elsewhere, to settle more than 750 violations of

1116-573: Is no longer taking on new orders, having been on the premises for 57 years. In the framework of Ground-Based Midcourse Defense , Raytheon is developing a Ground Based Interceptor (GBI) that includes a booster missile and a kinetic Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV), along with several key radar components, such as the Sea-Based X-Band Radar (SBX) and the Upgraded Early Warning Radar (UEWR). Raytheon

1178-660: The Arms Export Control Act and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations , or ITAR. The company was allowed to pay only half the fine to the government and to put half of the fine toward “remedial compliance measures to strengthen RTX’s compliance program.” In October 2024, RTX agreed to pay nearly $ 1 billion to settle allegations of defrauding the U.S. Defense Department and bribing a Qatari military official. Company officials said

1240-576: The Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), the groundwater contained carcinogenic contaminants, including trichloroethylene , 1,4-dioxane , and vinyl chloride . The DEP also reported that the clouds contained other toxins, such as lead and toluene . In 1995, Raytheon acquired Dallas-based E-Systems, including a site in St. Petersburg, Florida, In November 1991, prior to Raytheon's acquisition, contamination had been discovered at

1302-844: The Hawker 800XP and Hawker 4000 , the Beechjet 400A , and the Premier I ; the popular King Air series of twin turboprops; and piston-engine aircraft such as the Bonanza . Its special-mission aircraft included the single-turboprop T-6A Texan II , which the United States Air Force and United States Navy had chosen as their primary training aircraft . In 1991, during the Persian Gulf War , Raytheon's Patriot missile received great international exposure, resulting in

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1364-572: The Korean War . In later decades, it remained a major producer of missiles, such as the Patriot antimissile missile and the air-to-air Phoenix missile . Raytheon made a foray into computers, producing the RAYDAC computer for the U.S. Navy which became operational in 1953. "Unfortunately, the machine was technically obsolete by the time it was operational." Also in 1953, the company began work on

1426-698: The Physical Science Study Committee . Raytheon also manufactured the Apollo Guidance Computer , which was introduced that year and flew aboard all NASA Project Apollo missions. In the late 1970s, Raytheon acquired McGraw-Edison 's appliances division notable for the Speed Queen line of washers and dryers. In 1980, Raytheon acquired Beech Aircraft Corporation , a leading manufacturer of general aviation aircraft founded in 1932 by Walter H. Beech . In 1993,

1488-629: The Raytheon was a better radio (used 7 transistors vs 4 in the Regency), but quite a bit larger. Raytheon marketed only four models (8TP series, T-100 series, T-150 series and T-2500) and got out of the transistor radio market after 1956. Krim was married to the former Beatrice Barron (deceased in 1994) for 52 years. They had three children Robert, Arthur and Donald. For a brief time he left his VP position at Raytheon and served as CEO of Radio Shack from 1961 to 1963. He sold his interests to

1550-659: The Tandy Corporation in 1962. He returned to Raytheon until his retirement in 1997. During those years he was also part of a consulting firm. In later years he would act as Raytheon's in-house historian. Krim was a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE. He died in December 2011, in Newton, Massachusetts, at the age of 98. According to Jack Ward's Semiconductor Museum, Krim

1612-607: The personal rapid transit (PRT) business as it terminated its PRT 2000 system due to the high cost of development and the lack of interest. During the September 11 attacks of 2001, Raytheon had an office in the South Tower of the World Trade Center on the 91st floor. Their office, being 6 floors above where United Airlines Flight 175 collided with the building, was spared from the immediate collision, but

1674-476: The Belmont Boulevard did not sell well, he later was given another challenge by Laurence Marshall the head of Raytheon to start making semiconductor products. Under his direction Raytheon became a leader in making hearing aid transistors. A Time article in 1953 stated, "This little device, a single speck of germanium , is smaller than a paper clip and works perfectly at one-tenth the power needed by

1736-529: The CK721 and CK722 . Raytheon quickly moved into alloy junction transistor because of the lower noise, more rugged and lend itself to mass production, compared to point contact transistor. Establishing a tradition that would become a distinctive feature of early transistors, these (CK722) were production drop-outs from another transistor line, the CK721, that did not pass test criteria for the CK718 hearing aid transistor (the main product). However they could be sold at

1798-515: The CK722 Museum, see external link reference below. In the late 1930s, Norm Krim , then an engineer for Raytheon, was looking into subminiature tubes for use in consumer applications such as hearing aids and pocket radios. Krim's team developed the CK501X subminiature amplifier tube that could run on penlight A type batteries or small 22.5 V B-type batteries. Following World War II, Krim

1860-705: The Department of Electrical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), along with engineer and physicist Laurence K. Marshall, and scientist Charles G. Smith, founded the American Appliance Company in Cambridge, Massachusetts . Its focus, which was originally on new refrigeration technology, soon shifted to electronics . The company's first product was a gaseous ( helium ) voltage-regulator tube that

1922-515: The E-Systems site. Soil and groundwater had been contaminated with the volatile organic compounds trichloroethylene and 1,4-Dioxane. In 2005, groundwater monitoring indicated polluted groundwater was moving into areas outside the site. According to DEP documentation, Raytheon has tested wells on its site since 1996 but had not delivered a final report; therefore, it was given a deadline on May 31, 2008, to investigate its groundwater. Contamination in

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1984-504: The Special Tube Division. The proximity fuze was a small device on an artillery shell that would detonate the shell when close to the target, without requiring a difficult direct hit. Previously fuzes had releid on a time or altitude setting in the fuze and an estimated target height close enough that the shrapnel cloud would impact the target. Given the extremes of aircraft target range and speed, and of shell accuracy of

2046-570: The USAF again awarded the contract to Raytheon. In May 2015, Raytheon acquired cybersecurity firm Websense, Inc. from Vista Equity Partners for $ 1.9 billion and combined it with RCP, formerly part of its IIS segment to form Raytheon|Websense. In October 2015, Raytheon|Websense acquired Foreground Security for $ 62 million. In January 2016, Raytheon|Websense acquired the firewall provider Stonesoft from Intel Security for an undisclosed amount and renamed itself to Forcepoint. In July 2016, Poland's Defence Minister Antoni Macierewicz planned to sign

2108-671: The area has not affected anyone's drinking water supply or health, yet due to negative local media coverage lawsuits are being filed with claims against Raytheon citing decreases in property values. In another case, Raytheon was ordered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to treat groundwater at the Tucson Plant (acquired during the merger with Hughes) in Arizona since Raytheon used and disposed metals, chlorinated solvents , and other substances at

2170-684: The areas of sensing; effects; and command, control, communications and intelligence systems; as well as a broad range of mission support services. Raytheon's electronics and defense-systems units produce air-, sea-, and land-launched missiles , aircraft radar systems, weapons sights and targeting systems, communication and battle-management systems, and satellite components. Raytheon is a developer and manufacturer of radars (including AESAs ), electro-optical sensors, and other advanced electronics systems for airborne, naval and ground based military applications. Examples include: Raytheon, often in conjunction with Boeing , Lockheed Martin or Northrop Grumman,

2232-429: The bigger transistor case size for the CK721 and CK722. A possible reason was marketing. The size was like an identifying physical trademark. Many people who used these transistor still remembered what they looked like. Although Regency is credited of building and marketing the first Transistor Radio (Model TR-1 in 1954), Raytheon was only a few months behind with the 8TP1 through 4 "lunchbox" style radio. Norman Krim

2294-457: The capability of radar to detect enemy aircraft. American companies were then sought by the US government to perfect and mass-produce the magnetron for ground-based, airborne, and shipborne radar systems, and, with support from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 's Radiation Laboratory (recently formed to investigate microwave radar ), Raytheon received a contract to build the devices. Within

2356-528: The commercial market, but the high-powered market was solidly in the hands of larger, better-financed competitors such as Continental Electronics , General Electric and Radio Corporation of America . In 1946, the company expanded its electronics capability through acquisitions that included the Submarine Signal Company (founded in 1901), a leading manufacturer of maritime safety equipment. With its broadened capabilities, Raytheon developed

2418-481: The company and shifted his attention to the newly developed transistor. Carl Todd, a hobbyist and later engineer in GE’s transistor division, placed 6th in Raytheon's CK722 design contest. His hobby work with this early transistor inspired him to pursue electrical engineering as a career. As an engineer, he helped develop the 2N107 transistor, GE's alternative to the CK722. Norman Krim Norman B. Krim (1913–2011)

2480-665: The company expanded its aircraft activities by adding the Hawker line of business jets by acquiring Corporate Jets Inc., the business jet product line of British Aerospace (now BAE Systems ). These two entities were merged in 1994 to become the Raytheon Aircraft Company. In the first quarter of 2007 Raytheon sold its aircraft operations, which subsequently operated as Hawker Beechcraft , and since 2014 have been units of Textron Aviation . The product line of Raytheon's aircraft subsidiary included business jets such as

2542-574: The company had built about 80 percent of all magnetrons. Raytheon ranked 71st among U.S. corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts. In 1945, Raytheon's Percy Spencer invented the microwave oven by discovering that the magnetron could rapidly heat food. In 1947, the company demonstrated the Radarange microwave oven for commercial use. During the post-war years, Raytheon also made generally low- to medium-powered radio and television transmitters and related equipment for

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2604-440: The day, the proximity fuze dramatically increased the effectiveness of anti-aircraft fire. After World War Two ended, Norman Krim got the go ahead from Laurence Marshall head of Raytheon , to build the first pocket portable tube radio using and adapting subminiature tubes for commercial products. The radio was called the Belmont Boulevard designed by Niles Gowell (Raytheon had acquired Belmont Radio Corp for this purpose). Although

2666-467: The defense portion of Delco Electronics (Delco Systems Operations), and Magnavox Electronic Systems . Raytheon also divested itself of several nondefense businesses in the 1990s, including Amana Refrigeration , Raytheon Commercial Laundry (purchased by Bain Capital 's Alliance Laundry Systems ), and Seismograph Service Ltd (sold to Schlumberger - Geco-Prakla ). On October 12, 1999, Raytheon exited

2728-422: The defense unit of Texas Instruments , Defense Systems & Electronics Group (1997). Also in 1997, Raytheon acquired the aerospace and defense business of Hughes Aircraft Company from Hughes Electronics Corporation , a subsidiary of General Motors , which included a number of product lines previously purchased by Hughes Electronics, including the former General Dynamics missile business (Pomona facility),

2790-556: The electronics industry in sites in the US and UK. In the late 20th century it produced a wide range of integrated circuits and other components, but as of 2003 its US semiconductor business specializes in gallium arsenide (GaAs) components for radio communications as well as infrared detectors . It is also making efforts to develop gallium nitride (GaN) components for next-generation radars and radios. The UK arm specialized in CMOS on silicon carbide (SiC) development and foundry work but

2852-474: The first guidance system for a missile that could intercept a flying target. In 1948, Charles Francis Adams IV was appointed president of the company and served until 1960. In 1948, Raytheon began to manufacture guided missiles . In 1950, its Lark became the first such missile to destroy a target aircraft in flight. Raytheon then received military contracts to develop the air-to-air Sparrow and ground-to-air Hawk missiles, projects that received impetus from

2914-464: The misconduct mostly occurred before 2020 and pledged to improve its compliance programs. For the fiscal year 2017, Raytheon reported earnings of US$ 2.024 billion, with an annual revenue of US$ 25.348 billion, an increase of 5.1% over the previous fiscal cycle. Raytheon's shares traded at over $ 164 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$ 51.7 billion in November 2018. Raytheon

2976-751: The neighbor’s grass) to buy that first CK722 From the CK722 came articles in electronics magazines, and books and pamphlets on do-it-yourself building projects, as well as competition, notably General Electric who, following Krim's lead of recycling out-of-specification transistors, came up with the 2N107 transistor. Raytheon The Raytheon Company was a major U.S. defense contractor and industrial corporation with manufacturing concentrations in weapons and military and commercial electronics . Founded in 1922, it merged in 2020 with United Technologies Corporation to form Raytheon Technologies, which changed its name to RTX Corporation in July 2023. Raytheon

3038-578: The same name, Raytheon Manufacturing Company. By the 1930s, it had already grown to become one of the world's largest vacuum tube manufacturing companies. In 1933 it diversified by acquiring Acme-Delta Company, a producer of transformers , power equipment, and electronic auto parts . Early in World War II , physicists in the United Kingdom invented the magnetron , a specialized microwave -generating electron tube that markedly improved

3100-565: The same year, it changed its name to Raytheon Company . In the 1950s, Raytheon began manufacturing transistors , including the CK722 , priced and marketed to hobbyists. In 1961, the British electronics company A.C. Cossor merged with Raytheon, following its sale by Philips . The new company's name was Raytheon Cossor. The Cossor side of the organisation was still in the Raytheon group in 2010. In 1965, it acquired Amana Refrigeration , Inc.,

3162-415: The smallest vacuum tube. Today, much of Raytheon’s transistor output goes to America's hearing aid industry." The hearing aid was first mass-produced consumer electronics to be miniaturized. By 1948 Raytheon had 98% of the hearing aid tube market. Because of the invention transistor by Bell Labs in 1948, Raytheon, under Krim's direction started making transistors for hearing aids. Their first transistor product

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3224-408: The top ten institutional shareholders of Raytheon are Wellington Management Company , Vanguard Group , State Street Corporation , Barrow, Hanley, Mewhinney & Strauss, BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, BlackRock Advisors, Bank of America , Bank of New York Mellon , Deutsche Bank and Macquarie Group . Raytheon provides electronics, mission systems integration and other capabilities in

3286-720: Was an American electronics engineer and engineering executive. His drive to create a transistor product for the electronics experimenter-hobbyist market contributed to paving the path for a generation of American electronics engineers and technicians during the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union. "The result was that a whole generation of aspiring engineers — kids, really, working in their garages and basements — got to make all kinds of electronic projects. A lot of them went on to become engineers." — Harry Goldstein, editor for IEEE Spectrum magazine. Krim

3348-430: Was based on Charles Smith's earlier astronomical research of the star Zeta Puppis . The electron tube was christened with the name Raytheon (a compound of Old French and Greek meaning 'light from the gods') and was used in a battery eliminator , a type of radio-receiver power supply that plugged into the power grid in place of large batteries . This made it possible to convert household alternating current to

3410-471: Was born June 3, 1913, Manhattan, New York, one of four children of parents Abraham and Ida Krim. He graduated from George Washington High School at age 16 then attended Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) where he graduated 1934 in electrical engineering. He worked for most of his career for Raytheon , (over 75 years). He began as an engineer at Raytheon when he was hired in 1933 during his junior year at MIT for 50 cents an hour. His first success

3472-481: Was established in 1922, reincorporated in 1928, and adopted the Raytheon Company name in 1959. More than 90% of Raytheon's revenues were obtained from military contracts and, as of 2012, it was the fifth-largest military contractor in the world. As of 2015 , it was the third-largest defense contractor in the United States by defense revenue . It was the world's largest producer of guided missiles , and

3534-510: Was in the development of subminiature tubes, in the Special Tubes group. While working in the special tube division, before the outbreak of WW2, he wanted to use subminiature tubes in consumer products (hearing aids and radios). After Raytheon's success in subminiature tubes for wartime applications such as the proximity fuze , Raytheon became the leader in the design and production of subminiature tubes. Raytheon promoted Krim to be head of

3596-401: Was interested in developing the first pocket vacuum tube radio. Raytheon approved, and a team headed by Krim designed a set of subminiature tubes specifically for radios (2E32, 2E36, 2E42 and 2G22). Raytheon’s acquisition of Belmont Radio proved prescient, and the result was the Belmont Boulevard in 1945. The radio did not sell well, and Raytheon took a loss. Despite this setback, Krim remained at

3658-443: Was involved in corporate and special-mission aircraft until early 2007. In 2018, the company had around 67,000 employees worldwide and annual revenues of about US$ 25.35 billion. Over the years, Raytheon shifted its headquarters among various Massachusetts locations: Cambridge from 1922 to 1928; Newton until 1941; Waltham until 1961; and finally, Lexington until 2003. In 1922, Vannevar Bush , scientist and professor in

3720-577: Was involved in the early transistor radio designs. According to Krim, at the Chapel St labs, they made a six transistor superheterodyne radio in 1952-53. Transistor radio designs for mass production went to Belmont Radio Corporation headed by Henry F. Argento a division of Raytheon. Unlike Regency (IDEA Inc), Raytheon used their own transistors. Regency contracted with Texas Instruments , a young upcoming semiconductor manufacturer. According to Consumer Reports Magazine articles dated April and July 1955,

3782-454: Was the CK703 point contact transistor. His successes in Raytheon's Semiconductor Products allowed him to become Vice President of Receiving, Cathode Ray Tubes and Semiconductor Division. He is particularly known for developing the first mass-production alloy junction transistor and used the fallouts or transistors that did not meet specifications as transistors to be sold at a much lower cost,

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3844-486: Was utterly destroyed in the subsequent collapse of the South Tower. In November 2007, Raytheon purchased Sarcos for an undisclosed sum, seeking to expand into robotics research and production. In September 2009, Raytheon purchased Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc. as a wholly owned subsidiary. In December 2010, Applied Signal Technology agreed to be acquired by Raytheon for $ 490 million. In October 2014, Raytheon beat rivals Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman for

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