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38-941: CLS may refer to: Academic fields [ edit ] Critical legal studies , school of legal philosophy Constrained least square statistical estimator CLs method to set bounds on particle physics model parameters The .cls file extension, used to hold LaTeX manuscripts - see LaTeX § Compatibility and converters Education [ edit ] California Labor School , San Francisco, US 1942–57 City of London School , UK Covington Latin School , Kentucky, US Crystal Lake South High School , Illinois, US Chicago Law School at The University of Chicago, US Columbia Law School at Columbia University, US Cornell Law School at Cornell University, US Coalition of Latino and Latina Scholars at Teachers College, Columbia University, US Critical Language Scholarship Program of

76-547: A "combination of neoliberal orthodoxy, state capitalism, and compensatory redistribution by tax and transfer." Critical legal scholars challenged that consensus and sought to use legal theory as a means to explore alternative forms of social and political organization. In accordance with the Critical rationalism the German jurist Reinhold Zippelius uses Popper's method of "trial and error" in his 'Legal Philosophy'. Although

114-462: A critical legal theory based LLM at Birkbeck's School of Law. Various research centers and institutions offer CLS-based taught and research courses in a variety of legal fields including human rights, jurisprudence, constitutional theory and criminal justice. In New Zealand , the University of Otago Legal Issues Centre was established at the university's law faculty in 2007. Law and Critique

152-458: A global financial market utility Celestica , New York Stock Exchange symbol CLS Communication , translation services CLS Holdings , UK investment company Core Labor Standards , ILO Construction [ edit ] Canadian Lumber Standard Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title CLS . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

190-456: A scholarly literature: [C]ritical legal studies has two aspects. It’s a scholarly literature and it has also been a network of people who were thinking of themselves as activists in law school politics. Initially, the scholarly literature was produced by the same people who were doing law school activism. Critical legal studies is not a theory. It’s basically this literature produced by this network of people. I think you can identify some themes of

228-475: A synchrotron light source Clinical laboratory science , another name for Medical Technology or Medical Laboratory Science Combat lifesaver , US non-medical military role Music [ edit ] City of London Sinfonia CLS Music , a record label Transportation and vehicles [ edit ] Capsule launch system for space capsules Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class , automobile models Business and finance [ edit ] CLS Group ,

266-491: A vision of human personality devoid of the hidden interests and class domination that CLS scholars argued are at the root of liberal legal institutions in the West. According to CLS scholars Duncan Kennedy and Karl Klare, critical legal studies was "concerned with the relationship of legal scholarship and practice to the struggle to create a more humane, egalitarian, and democratic society." During its period of peak influence,

304-614: Is a type and standard/grade of processed and sawn lumber (timber) used in many countries. CLS was originally a product of Canada used in the construction of sturdy timber-framed houses as rated by the Canadian Lumber Standards Accreditation Board (CLSAB). Following the end of the Cold War it was increasingly used by manufacturers in Baltic countries as a reference grade for export to

342-810: Is one of the few UK journals that specifically identifies itself with critical legal theory. In America, The Crit and Unbound: Harvard Journal of the Legal Left are the only journals that continue to explicitly position themselves as platforms for critical legal studies. However, other journals such as Law, Culture and the Humanities , the Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review , The National Lawyers Guild Review , Social and Legal Studies , and The Australian Feminist Law Journal all published avowedly critical legal research. The stance "law

380-469: Is politics" of Critical legal studies has been criticized for rejecting the distinction between political argument and legal argument. Critical legal studies has been criticized as attacking the rule of law and separation of powers . The indeterminacy thesis stance by Critical legal studies has been criticized to not distinguish between the strong and weak indeterminacy thesis. The strong indeterminancy thesis has been argued by some to be incorrect due to

418-476: Is very commonly employed in conventional timber frames for roofs, lofts and attics. It is typically used in the UK for timber wall studs. For use outside, CLS timber should be treated for external use. CLS timber is kiln-dried and is white wood. Tree sources include Fir , Pine and Spruce . CLS is planed and fished with eased or rounded edges. CLS timber is commonly graded at two strengths, C16 or C24. C24

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456-790: The Court of Cassation , the Conseil d'Etat , and the Ecole Nationale de la Magistrature, famed sociologist Pierre Bourdieu caused an uproar when he released his "La Force de la loi, élements pour une sociologie du champ juridique" in 1986 - translated as "The Force of Law: Toward a Sociology of the Juridical Field", in the Hastings Law Journal (1987). It heralded the beginning of continental Critical Legal Studies. Critical legal studies had its intellectual origins in

494-563: The University of Glasgow , the University of East London among others. In the American legal academy its influence and prominence seems to have waned in recent years. However, offshoots of CLS, including critical race theory continue to grow in popularity. Associated schools of thought, such as fem-crit, contemporary feminist theory and ecofeminism and critical race theory now play a major role in contemporary legal scholarship. An impressive stream of CLS-style writings has also emerged in

532-774: The Yale Law Journal , included dozens of authors and hundreds of works. A 2011 collection of four volumes edited by Costas Douzinas and Colin Perrin, with the assistance of J-M Barreto, compiles the work of the British Critical Legal Studies, including their philosophical mentors. It showcases scholarship elaborated since its origins in the late 1980s in areas such as legal philosophy , literature, psychoanalysis , aesthetics , feminism , gender , sexuality , post-colonialism , race , ethics , politics and human rights . Prominent participants in

570-570: The "basic institutional arrangements of the market economy, of democratic politics, and of civil society outside the market and the state". Reasoned elaboration was a pernicious influence for several reasons, Unger and others argued: it de-emphasized the contingent nature of law as a product of deals and compromise, instead treating it as containing a coherent prescriptive system that needed simply to be uncovered by legal interpretation; it obscured how judges usurp authority by denying their own role in making law; and finally, reasoned elaboration inhibited

608-444: The "inbuilt legal content of a ... free society", the method of reasoned elaboration treated law materials as containing an "ideal element", an inherent legal substance underlying the contradictions and ambiguities in the law's text. Under the practice of reasoned elaboration, this inherent legal substance forms a prescriptive system that judges gradually uncover by reasoning through the policies and principles of law without questioning

646-427: The 1930s and the emergence of critical legal studies in the late 1970s has been a series of unsuccessful attempts to recover from the shock of realism some basis for a legal theory which articulates an image of the objectivity of the legal process, even though the explanation offered by post-realism had to be more complex than that provided by a doctrine of rule-following." The critical legal studies movement emerged in

684-468: The American legal realist movement in the 1930s. Prior to the 1930s, American jurisprudence had been dominated by a formalist account of how courts decide cases, an account which held that judges decide cases on the basis of distinctly legal rules and reasons that justify a unique result. The legal realists argued that statutory and case law is indeterminate, and that appellate courts decide cases not based upon law, but upon what they deem fair in light of

722-508: The CLS (like most schools and movements) has not produced a single, monolithic body of thought, several common themes can be generally traced in its adherents' works. These include: Increasingly, however, the traditional themes are being superseded by broader and more radical critical insights. Interventions in intellectual property law , human rights , jurisprudence , criminal law , property law , international law , etc., have proved crucial to

760-466: The CLS movement include Derrick Bell , Drucilla Cornell , Mary Joe Frug , Mark Kelman , Alan Hunt , Catharine MacKinnon , Paul O'Connell, Peter Fitzpatrick, Morton Horwitz , Jack Balkin , Costas Douzinas , Karl Klare , Peter Gabel , Roberto Unger , Renata Salecl , Mark Tushnet , Louis Michael Seidman , John Strawson and Martha Fineman . Roberto Unger, a key member of critical legal studies whose influence had continued to be far-reaching in

798-523: The National Critical Lawyers Group. There remain a number of fault lines in the community; between theory and practice, between those who look to Marxism and those who worked on Deconstruction , between those who look to explicitly political engagements and those who work in aesthetics and ethics. In France, where the legal tradition had been closely guarded by law faculties and watched over by Napoleonic institutions such as

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836-497: The UK and other Western European countries. For these reasons, Latvian CLS, Swedish CLS and other European graded timber are now available, despite not originating from Canada. Most CLS now originates from Europe, including Scandinavia . CLS is primarily used in internal construction because of is strength and durability. As such, CLS is widely utilised as a general standard for timber suitable for wall studs , DIY and other construction projects, including housebuilding . It

874-973: The US State Department Societies and associations [ edit ] Caribbean Labour Solidarity , based in London, UK Chicago Linguistic Society Christian Legal Society Communist League of Struggle , US, 1931-1937 Software and technology [ edit ] Cable landing station , where a submarine cable comes ashore Common Language Specification , Microsoft CLS (command) to clear computer screen in several environments CLS (CONFIG.SYS directive) , in DR-DOS Creative Lighting System , in Nikon speedlights Medical and science [ edit ] Computational Science , an academical research discipline Canadian Light Source ,

912-401: The critical legal studies movement caused considerable controversy within the legal academy. Members such as Roberto Mangabeira Unger have sought to rebuild these institutions as "fragmentary and imperfect expressions of an imaginative scheme of human coexistence rather than just as provisional truce lines in a brutal and amoral conflict." Such members were seen as the most powerful voices and

950-469: The decades following the movement's decline, has written that the founders of critical legal studies "never meant it to become an ongoing school of thought or genre of writing. They wanted to intervene in a particular circumstance ..." That circumstance was the dominant practice of legal analysis which Unger calls the "method of reasoned elaboration". A close descendant of nineteenth-century doctrinal formalism, which sought through legal analysis to identify

988-776: The development of those discourses. Equally, CLS has introduced new frameworks to the legal field, such as postmodernism , queer theory , literary approaches to law, psychoanalysis , law and aesthetics , and post-colonialism . Critical legal studies continues as a diverse collection of schools of thought and social movements. The CLS community is an extremely broad group with clusters of critical theorists at law schools and socio-legal studies departments such as Harvard Law School , Georgetown University Law Center , Northeastern University , University at Buffalo , Chicago-Kent College of Law , Birkbeck, University of London , University of New South Wales , University of Melbourne , University of Kent , Carleton University , Keele University ,

1026-499: The existence of easy legal cases where some outcomes cannot be legally correct. Constitutionalism argues that the authority of government is limited by constitutional law ", in contrast to Critical legal studies, which disputes the constraints by constitution. Further information on the title subject, presented in inverse order of date of publication, and alphabetical by author, within year: Canadian Lumber Standard Canadian Lumber Standard , typically abbrievated as CLS ,

1064-425: The experiences of the civil rights movement, women's rights movement, and the anti-war movement of the 1960s and 1970s. What started off as a critical stance towards American domestic politics eventually translated into a critical stance towards the dominant legal ideology of modern Western society. Drawing on both domestic theory and the work of European social theorists, the "crits" sought to demystify what they saw as

1102-399: The facts of a case. Considered "the most important jurisprudential movement of the 20th century", American legal realism sent a shock through American legal scholarship by undermining the formalist tenets that were long considered a bedrock of jurisprudence . The influence of legal realism unsettled American jurisprudence for decades. Alan Hunt writes that the period "between the realism of

1140-427: The last two decades in the areas of international and comparative law. In addition, CLS has had a practical effect on legal education, as it was the inspiration and focus of Georgetown University Law Center's alternative first year curriculum, (Termed "Curriculum B", known as "Section 3" within the school). In the UK both Kent and Birkbeck have sought to draw critical legal insights into the legal curriculum, including

1178-440: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CLS&oldid=1241666144 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Critical legal studies Despite wide variation in the opinions of critical legal scholars around

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1216-617: The literature, themes that have changed over time. Scholars affiliated with critical legal studies often identified with the movement in several ways: by including in their articles an opening footnote mentioning the Conference on Critical Legal Studies and providing the organization's contact information, by attending conferences of the CCLS, and by citing the work of fellow critical legal studies scholars. A 1984 bibliography of CLS works, compiled by Duncan Kennedy and Karl Klare and published in

1254-479: The mid-1970s as a network of leftist law professors in the United States who developed the realist indeterminacy thesis in the service of leftist ideals. According to Roberto Unger, the movement "continued as an organized force only until the late 1980s. Its life as a movement lasted for barely more than a decade." Duncan Kennedy, a Harvard law professor who along with Unger, was one of the key figures in

1292-417: The movement, has said that, in the early days of critical legal studies, "just about everyone in the network was a white male with some interest in 60s style radical politics or radical sentiment of one kind or another. Some came from Marxist backgrounds — some came from democratic reform ." Kennedy has emphasized the twofold nature of critical legal studies, as both a network of leftist scholar/activists and

1330-493: The numerous myths at the heart of mainstream legal thought and practice. The "crits" include Duncan Kennedy , Roberto Unger , Morton Horwitz , Mark Kelman , and Catharine MacKinnon . The British critical legal studies movement started roughly at a similar time as its American counterpart. However, it centered around a number of conferences held annually, particularly the Critical Legal Conference and

1368-514: The only way forward for the movement. Unger and other members of the movement continue to try to develop it in new directions, e.g., to make legal analysis the basis of developing institutional alternatives. Although the intellectual origins of the critical legal studies (CLS) can be generally traced to American legal realism , as a distinct scholarly movement CLS fully emerged only in the late 1970s. Many first-wave American CLS scholars entered legal education, having been profoundly influenced by

1406-471: The use of law as a mechanism of social change. In addition to the context of legal interpretation, critical legal studies also emerged in response to its political context, namely a setting in which the social-democratic settlement that was finalized after World War II had become canonical, and active dispute over the organization of society severely declined, effectively enshrining a reigning consensus about social organization that Unger describes as including

1444-488: The world, there is general consensus regarding the key goals of critical legal studies: The abbreviations " CLS " and " Crit " are sometimes used to refer to the movement and its adherents. Considered "the first movement in legal theory and legal scholarship in the United States to have espoused a committed Left political stance and perspective," critical legal studies was committed to shaping society based on

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