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50-674: CQC may refer to: Close Quarters Combat , a type of warfare Caiga Quien Caiga , an Argentine television show Custe o Que Custar , a Brazilian television show Care Quality Commission , a United Kingdom health and social care service regulator Catoctin Quaker Camp , Maryland, United States, a summer camp Centre for Quantum Computation , an alliance of quantum information research groups Central Queensland Aviation College 's ICAO airline designator Complete Quadratic Combination , see Seismic analysis Topics referred to by

100-496: A facility operated by a government agency that has hired their security services, or to provide protection for VIPs in combat zones. For instance, the U.S. Department of State employed such security teams in Iraq. Private military and security companies known to maintain units that are trained in, or are capable of training other units in, CQB include Blackwater and SCG International Risk . Point shooting Point shooting

150-401: A finger at it, the finger aligns itself on the point of focus of the eyes with no conscious effort on the part of the individual. When a Marine looks at an object and simultaneously brings his rifle to his shoulder, the rifle in effect becomes an extension of the pointed finger. Consequently, it aligns itself naturally with the object on which the shooter is focusing. Walter J. Dorfner SSgt VSP,

200-424: A firm, consistent shooting position that allows the student to consistently hit where he is looking. While Applegate did cover firing handguns from the hip (from a position he called the "1/2 hip" position), he was careful to point out that this method only worked on targets at the same level as the shooter, and only at very close range. For one hand shooting, the gun is held in a low ready position and on center of

250-556: A handgun before receiving point shooting training, maintained the high average established by the first group. Similar methods were in use as early as the 1920s and continue to this day, for example the FBI facility called Hogan's Alley . A method of point shooting with a rifle was developed by Lucky McDaniel and taught by the US Army beginning in 1967. It was called "Quick Kill", and it was taught using an air rifle . The Quick Kill method

300-423: A martial art he called " defendu ". The aim of defendu was to be as brutally effective as possible, while also being relatively easy for recruits and trainees to learn compared to other martial arts. The method incorporated both less-lethal and lethal fighting tactics, such as point shooting , firearm combat techniques, and the use of more ad hoc weapons such as chairs or table legs. During World War II , Fairbairn

350-507: A miss, while turning at the waist keeps everything aligned correctly. Another of Applegate's training innovations was the use of particularly intense combat firing ranges, which he called the "house of horrors". A cross between an obstacle course , a haunted house , and a shooting range , it used a three dimensional layout with stairs and tunnels, pop-up targets, deliberately poor lighting, psychologically disturbing sounds, simulated cobwebs and bodies, and blank cartridges being fired towards

400-756: A police anti-gang unit may be trained in CQB against multiple enemies that may be difficult to identify. Unlike their military counterparts, PTUs, as law enforcement officers, are tasked with ideally apprehending suspects alive; for this reason, they are often trained in arrest procedures, non-lethal takedowns, and standoff negotiation instead of solely combat. They may be equipped with less-lethal weaponry such as tasers , pepper spray , and riot guns to fire tear gas , rubber bullets , plastic bullets , or beanbag rounds . Private security and private military companies may maintain units that are trained in CQB. These teams may be responsible for responding to an incident at

450-493: A room, and using different types of grenades. Police tactical units (PTU) are the primary units that engage in CQB domestically. Situations involving the potential for CQB generally involve threats outside of conventional police capabilities, and thus PTUs are trained, equipped, and organized to handle these situations. Additionally, police action is often within what can be considered "close quarters", so members of PTUs are often well-trained in or already experienced with CQB, to

500-413: A shooter can develop a subconscious hand-eye coordination utilizing proprioceptive reflex , minimizing the concentration required for effective shooting. One point shooting method, referred to as aimed point shooting, has been used and discussed since the early 19th century. The method employs the use of the index finger along the side of the gun to aim the gun, and the middle finger is used to pull

550-435: A single shot or burst. He keeps both eyes open and uses his instinct and peripheral vision to line up the rifle with the target. Using this technique, a target at 15 meters or less may be engaged in less than one second. Reflexive fire is a method currently used by the US Army to teach short-range marksmanship with a rifle or carbine, but it is considered to be the least accurate of the techniques taught. The "Israeli method"

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600-412: A target, the soldier brings the rifle up to his shoulder and quickly fires a single shot. His firing eye looks through or just over the rear sight aperture. He uses the front sight post to aim at the target. Using this technique, a target at 25 meters or less may be accurately engaged in one second or less. Pointed. When presented with a target, the soldier keeps the rifle at his side and quickly fires

650-674: A training facility in Scotland, and adopted the program for the training of Allied operatives at Camp X in Ontario, Canada. Applegate published his work in 1943, called Kill or Get Killed . During the war, training was provided to British Commandos , the First Special Service Force , OSS operatives, U.S. Army Rangers , and Marine Raiders . Other military martial arts were later introduced elsewhere, including European Unifight , Chinese sanshou , Soviet sambo , and

700-410: A way that the shooter can use that ability to hit targets with a firearm. The following is from Chap. 2, Sect. II, US Army Field Manual 23-25, Combat Training With Pistols & Revolvers: When a soldier points, he instinctively points at the feature on the object on which his eyes are focused. An impulse from the brain causes the arm and hand to stop when the finger reaches the proper position. When

750-532: Is a point shooting system devised by the Israel Defense Forces for use in training personnel to use rifles, submachine guns , and handguns. In its initial stages of training, it closely resembles the FSA method. In later stages, training in the rapid acquisition of the sights is taught, as well as a more advanced method of point shooting. Instinct shooting, referred to as "Quick Kill", was taught to

800-418: Is also a technique used by trained archers and marksmen to improve general accuracy when using a bow , crossbow , firearm or other ranged weapon . By developing a muscle memory for a given weapon, the shooter can become so accustomed to the weapon's weight and balance in its typical shooting position as to remain relatively accurate without needing to focus on the sights to aim. With sustained practice,

850-454: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Close Quarters Combat Close-quarters battle ( CQB ), also called close-quarters combat ( CQC ), is a close combat situation between multiple combatants involving ranged (typically firearm -based) or melee combat. It can occur between military units, law enforcement and criminal elements, and in other similar situations. CQB

900-479: Is often referred to as the Fairbairn, Sykes, and Applegate method, or FSA (though sometimes the order is altered to FAS ). By 1976, it was into its fifth edition, and was re-published in 1991 as Fleet Marine Force Reference Publication FM12-80, Kill or Get Killed . This book covers a wide range of topics, from armed and unarmed combat to prisoner control and riot control techniques. Chapter 5, "Combat Use of

950-550: Is typically defined as a short duration, high intensity conflict characterized by sudden violence at close range. Close-quarters battle has occurred since the beginning of warfare, in the form of melee combat, the use of ranged weaponry (such as slings , bows , and muskets ) at close range, and the necessity of bayonets . During World War I , CQB was a significant part of trench warfare , where enemy soldiers would fight in close and narrow quarters in attempts to capture trenches. The origins of modern close-quarters battle lie in

1000-1306: The War in Afghanistan , a proper approach to infantry in urban warfare became crucial, and CQB tactics began to be more widely taught to infantry. According to scholar Anthony King, some special forces units express disdain at regular infantry being taught CQB, especially in organizational politics and internal matters such as securing budgets; a unit with CQB training requires expensive equipment and training facilities, using up funding that could be used for other units or purposes. Military uses of close-quarters battle vary by unit type, branch, and mission. Military operations other than war (MOOTW) may involve peacekeeping or riot control . Specialized forces may adapt MOUT tactics to their own needs, such as marine naval boarding teams being trained specifically to search ships and fight CQB within them. Hostage rescue or extraction units may involve even more esoteric adaptations or variations, depending on environments, weapons technology, political considerations, or personnel. Armies that often engage in urban warfare operations may train most of their infantry in basic CQB doctrine as it relates to common tasks such as building entry, clearing

1050-771: The slide stop : the slide stop pin protrudes out from the right side of the pistol, and if depressed when the gun is fired, the M1911 can jam. Similar cautionary language is repeated in many other military manuals published from 1912 and up until the 1940s: 1915, 1917, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1926, 1927, 1929, and 1941. Several US patents have drawings showing the method used with firearms: US Patent # 694969 issued Mar. 11, 1902, US Patent # 896099 issued Aug. 18, 1908, US Patent # 2270707 issued Jan. 20, 1942, US Patent # 5166459 issued Nov. 1992. Early 20th century shooting experts such as William E. Fairbairn and Rex Applegate advocated point shooting, while many experts later in

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1100-414: The 1980 Iranian Embassy siege . CQB tactics soon reached police tactical units and similar paramilitaries , such as American SWAT teams, by the 1980s and 1990s. However, CQB was still not widely taught to regular infantry , as it was considered a hostage rescue tactic. As late as the 1990s, some infantry manuals on urban combat described close-quarters room clearing essentially the same basic way it

1150-417: The 1980s. Point firing is similar to Quick Kill, with the sights not being used. The target is usually in close range, between 1–21 feet, in a life-or-death situation. Chuck Klein defines instinctive combat shooting as "the act of operating a handgun by focusing on the target and instinctively coordinating the hand and mind to cause the handgun to discharge at a time and point that ensures interception of

1200-516: The Hand Gun", covers the basic use of a handgun in a combat situation, while chapter 6, "Combat Firing with Shoulder Weapons", covers techniques for submachine guns , rifles and shotguns . While aimed fire techniques are covered in both chapters, along with topics such as use of cover and different firing positions, the point shooting techniques generally attract the most attention. Much of Applegate's instruction on point shooting involves developing

1250-896: The Israeli kapap and Krav Maga . For a lengthy period following World War II, urban warfare and CQB had barely changed in infantry tactics. Modern firearm CQB tactics were developed in the 1970s as "close-quarters battle" by Western counterterrorist special forces units following the 1972 Munich massacre . The units trained in the aftermath of the massacre, such as the Special Air Service , Delta Force , GSG 9 , GIGN , and Joint Task Force 2 , developed CQB tactics involving firearms to quickly and precisely assault structures while minimizing friendly and hostage casualties; these CQB tactics were shared between these special forces units, who were closely-knit and frequently trained together. The Special Air Service used CQB tactics during

1300-416: The U.S. Army using rifles by Lucky McDaniel as far back as the 1960s. McDaniel also taught his point shooting techniques to the police, but using BB guns. Point firing, or instinctive shooting, with rifles developed as a result of direct combat experiences. It is taught by the Israeli, British and French militaries. Instinct shooting with a handgun has been taught at most police academies worldwide since

1350-929: The Vice Chair of the Use of Force Committee of the Vermont Criminal Justice Training Council at the Vermont Police Academy in Pittsford, Vermont , wrote a paper that details his experimentation with using that method of aiming and shooting. He also was the lead firearms instructor for the VSP. Point shooting is often included in military tactical training, alongside other topics such as combatives and urban warfare . A variety of point shooting methods have entered military doctrine at various times and places. Soon after

1400-403: The body, and with the wrist and arm locked. The arm stays locked (stiff), as the pistol is then raised from the shoulder. And when on target, a convulsive squeeze is used to fire. To reduce error in the stance , targets not directly in front of the shooter are engaged by turning the upper body at the hips, since turning the arm at the shoulder, elbow, or wrist will result in a loss of control and

1450-424: The century advocated the use of sights. Later sight-reliant methods include Jeff Cooper's modern technique method which became popular after World War II . The modern technique is also known as "sight-reliant shooting" or "sight shooting". The issue of using sight-reliant shooting, which relies on the use of the sights for aiming in close-quarters combat situations, versus point shooting, which does not rely on

1500-627: The combat methods pioneered by Assistant Commissioner William E. Fairbairn of the Shanghai Municipal Police , the police force of the Shanghai International Settlement (1854–1943). After the 1925 May Thirtieth Movement , Fairbairn was tasked with developing a dedicated auxiliary squad for riot control and aggressive policing. After absorbing the most appropriate elements from a variety of martial arts experts, Fairbairn condensed these arts into

1550-535: The creation of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in 1942, then Second Lieutenant Rex Applegate was given the task of adapting the training being given to British Commando forces for use by OSS agents. Applegate's methodology was published in his book, Kill or Get Killed which was first printed in 1943, and based on his training program for the OSS developed with William E. Fairbairn and Eric A. Sykes . This method

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1600-436: The decision to shoot is made, and can be seen in peripheral vision. Between the point at which one decides to shoot and completion of the shot(s), full concentration, oblivious to everything else, is required. The time in which the shooter is engaged in tunnel vision only lasts a matter of milliseconds. Race car driver Phil Hill says, "True concentration is not aware of itself." There are no rigid requirements for positioning

1650-452: The eyes are shifted to a new object or feature, the finger, hand, and arm also shift to this point. It is this inherent trait that can be used by the soldier to rapidly and accurately engage targets. Further the U.S. Marine Corps Warfighting Publication on Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain (MOUT) states: Pointing Quick Fire. The pointing system is based on the phenomenon that when a person looks at an object and simultaneously points

1700-579: The house of horrors after standard, bullseye-type, introductory target pistol training with no gun handling instruction, and then again (with modifications in the layout) after training in Applegate's approach to point shooting and basic gun handling. The average number of hits in the first group was four out of twelve targets hit (with two shots per target). After point shooting, the average jumped to ten out of twelve targets hit. Further shooters trained only in point shooting, including those who had never fired

1750-438: The pistol is gripped and pointed at a target much like a person would point their finger. "When you point, you naturally do not attempt to sight or aim your finger. It will be somewhat below your eye level in your peripheral vision, perhaps 2-4 inches below eye level." The same applies when pointing a gun at a target. Just as with pointing their finger, the user will "...see the end of the barrel and/or front sight while looking at

1800-448: The point that some PTUs may train military service members in CQB principles such as breaching and room clearing. Police CQB doctrine is often specialized by unit type and mission. Depending on the unit or agency's jurisdiction or scope, PTUs may have different goals with different tactics and technology; for example, prison guards may maintain a unit trained in CQB in compact indoors areas such as cells without using lethal force, while

1850-417: The quick kill method works is that the shooter learns to sight above the barrel , rather than along the barrel. While focusing on the target, the muzzle is placed about 2 inches (51 mm) below the target (the distance being measured at the muzzle), which places the barrel nearly parallel to the line of sight of the shooter. To hit the aerial targets, or other targets above eye level, the shooter focuses on

1900-517: The rifle seated against it, instead of just following it with the eyes. The Daisy company commercially sold sightless BB guns and target throwers for a number of years under the name Quick Skill , along with an instruction book that was a demilitarized version of the aerial target portion of the "quick kill" course. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Robin Brown (a former student of Lucky McDaniel) popularized Pistol Quick Kill. With Pistol Quick Kill,

1950-403: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title CQC . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CQC&oldid=1194582384 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

2000-418: The shooter. The range was designed to have the greatest possible psychological impact on the shooter, to simulate the stress of combat as much as possible, and no targets were presented at distances of greater than 10 feet (3.0 m) from the shooter. Applegate also used his house of horrors as a test of the point shooting training. Five hundred men with no previous handgun shooting experience were run through

2050-507: The sights for aiming in close quarters combat situations, has been debated since as early as 1835. The one thing that point shooting methods have in common is that they do not rely on the sights, and they strive to increase the shooter's ability to hit targets at short range under the less-than-ideal conditions expected in close quarters, life-threatening situations, self-defense , and combat situations. Aimed point shooting employs humans' innate ability to point accurately at targets in such

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2100-474: The student's head. After an 80% hit rate is attained firing at these disks, the student is then presented with 2.5-inch (64 mm) diameter disks. Once proficiency is attained with the aerial targets, it shows the student has mastered the fundamentals, and training moves on to stationary targets on the ground, first with the BB gun and then with a service rifle having its front and rear sights taped over. The reason

2150-402: The target with the projectile." The shooter should focus on a small point, like a button, stain or corner, not the attacker or target in general. This intense focus is tunnel-vision, which is widely discouraged, but is mandatory for the brief moment when the shooter transitions from deciding to shoot to the completion of shooting. Additional threats and innocents who may be hurt are scanned before

2200-427: The target...You have not looked at the gun or front sight, just the target." "With Quick Kill, the focus is always on the target, never having to adjust one's gaze or focus even remotely on the near object [the gun or sights]." Quick fire is a method previously used by the US Army for teaching point shooting. It is described in the following excerpt from US Army Field Manual FM 3-22.9: Aimed. When presented with

2250-420: The top edge of the target. When shooting at targets on the ground or below eye level, the shooter focuses on the bottom of the target. One of the points emphasized in quick kill is that it is essential to focus on a single spot on the target, such as the top edge of a thrown disc, or the bottom edge of a can on the ground. A key to hitting the target is for the shooter to track the target by moving their head with

2300-454: The trigger. Mention of the use of the middle finger can be found in books from the early 1800s up through the 20th century: 1804, 1810, 1816, 1829 1835, 1885, 1898, 1900, 1908, 1912, and in many other military manuals on the M1911. The United States Army 's first instructional manual on the use of the M1911 pistol specifically mentions it, but in a cautionary way due to the design of

2350-435: The watershed moments for infantry CQB, when U.S. Marines , under pressure to capture the city of Fallujah , Iraq from insurgents , used conventional combined arms and fire support against the city, and lacked proper CQB training and equipment to effectively clear buildings, causing numerous civilian and allied casualties and severely damaging the city. With similar struggles in towns and cities among ABCA Armies during

2400-651: Was described 60 years prior: a grenade being thrown into an enclosed area, followed by an infantry assault with automatic fire. The special forces "monopoly" on CQB was broken following the experiences of urban warfare and close-quarters battles in the 1990s, during the Battle of Mogadishu , the Bosnian War , and the First Chechen War . The First and Second Battles of Fallujah during the Iraq War were

2450-507: Was fully detailed in-step-by-step fashion in Principles of Quick Kill . It was taught starting with a special Daisy BB gun that had no sights. The slow moving steel BB was visible in flight on sunny days, making it an inexpensive tracer round . The students began by firing at 3.5-inch (89 mm) diameter metal disks thrown in the air slightly in front of the student and 2 to 4 meters (6 ft 7 in to 13 ft 1 in) above

2500-472: Was recruited to train Allied special forces in defendu. During this period, he expanded defendu's lethality for military purposes, calling it the "Silent Killing Close Quarters Combat method"; this became standard combat training for British special forces. He also published a textbook for CQB training called Get Tough . U.S. Army officers Rex Applegate and Anthony Biddle were taught Fairbairn's methods at

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