CSAV ( Compañía Sudamericana de Vapores ) is a Chilean shipping company that is currently the largest company of its type in Latin America and also one of the oldest ones, having been founded in 1872.
91-599: Originally, the company's business consisted exclusively of coastal shipping, but had a rapid expansion from the west coast of South America to the Panama Canal when this was opened to regular traffic. Soon, its business expanded further to offer shipping to the rest of the world. Now, their main business is container shipping and offers others services like dry bulk, liquid bulk, refrigerated cargo and vehicle transport. CSAV, like its subsidiaries Libra, Libra Uruguay y CSAV Norasia, carry cargo mainly in containers. The company
182-557: A 1966 Toyota Corona , the first mass-produced car to be shipped in specialised car-carriers and used as the basis of RORO vessel size. 1 RT is approximately 4m of lane space required to store a 1.5m wide Toyota Corona) or in car-equivalent units ( CEU ). The largest RORO passenger ferry is MS Color Magic , a 75,100 GT cruise ferry that entered service in September 2007 for Color Line . Built in Finland by Aker Finnyards , it
273-529: A 660,000 car capacity which represents just over 17% of the global car transportation fleet capacity. Over 123 vessels are deployed worldwide transporting cars manufactured in Japan, US, EU towards Asia, Middle East, North & South America, Australia, Africa and Europe. In addition to brand new cars, High and Heavy cargo (such as excavators, mobile cranes, new and used trucks and buses, trailers, Mafi roll trailers ) and break bulk static pieces are carried all over
364-401: A binding merger agreement. In December 2014 the final permissions were granted and the merge carried forward. Roll-on Roll-on/roll-off ( RORO or ro-ro ) ships are cargo ships designed to carry wheeled cargo , such as cars , motorcycles , trucks , semi-trailer trucks , buses , trailers , and railroad cars , that are driven on and off the ship on their own wheels or using
455-422: A combined carrying capacity of about 1 million TEU s, transported cargo volume of nearly 7.5 million TEUs per year, and combined sales of nearly US$ 12 billion annually. The planned merger includes two capital increases in the combined HL entity totaling 740 million Euros. Of the first HL capital increase in the amount of 370 million Euros, 259 million Euros (ap-prox. 70%) would be subscribed by CSAV within 120 days of
546-598: A fleet of over 800 ships, which includes container ships , tankers , bulk and woodchip carriers, roll-on/roll-off car carriers, reefer vessels, LNG carriers , and cruise ships. It is a member of the Ocean Network Express and Mitsubishi Group . The company traces its history back to the Tsukumo Shokai shipping company founded by the Tosa clan in 1870. In 1875, as the renamed Mitsubishi Shokai ,
637-468: A high priority was assigned to the construction of LSTs that the previously laid keel of an aircraft carrier was hastily removed to make room for several LSTs to be built in her place. The keel of the first LST was laid down on 10 June 1942 at Newport News, Virginia , and the first standardized LSTs were floated out of their building dock in October. Twenty-three were in commission by the end of 1942. At
728-518: A line service to Seattle established in 1896 and to London in 1899. The company's Katori Maru was used by Chinese Muslims to travel to Singapore on their way to Makkah for the Hajj in 1925. From there, the company had the pilgrims travel on board other Japanese steamships to Suez and then to Makkah. The company promised to take responsibility for all the necessary formalities and helped contact other local transportation agencies that could take
819-455: A next step after operational turnaround would be merging CSAV with a partner. CSAV, one of the oldest shipping companies in the World, was founded in 1872 by the merger of Compañía Chilena de Vapores and Compañía Nacional de Vapores . The company's business initially consisted exclusively of coastal shipping services but these were rapidly extended along the whole west coast of South America to
910-513: A partner of the firm Grainger and Miller. The service commenced on 3 February 1850. It was called "The Floating Railway" and intended as a temporary measure until the railway could build a bridge, but this was not opened until 1890 , its construction delayed in part by repercussions from the catastrophic failure of Thomas Bouch's Tay Rail Bridge . Train-ferry services were used extensively during World War I . From 10 February 1918, high volumes of railway rolling stock, artillery and supplies for
1001-605: A passenger certificate, and was allowed to carry fifty passengers. Thus Empire Cedric became the first vessel in the world to operate as a commercial/passenger roll-on/roll-off ferry, and the ASN became the first commercial company to offer this type of service. The first RORO service crossing the English Channel began from Dover in 1953. In 1954, the British Transport Commission (BTC) took over
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#17327722457681092-433: A platform vehicle, such as a self-propelled modular transporter . This is in contrast to lift-on/lift-off (LoLo) vessels, which use a crane to load and unload cargo. RORO vessels have either built-in or shore-based ramps or ferry slips that allow the cargo to be efficiently rolled on and off the vessel when in port. While smaller ferries that operate across rivers and other short distances often have built-in ramps,
1183-672: A remarkable position within the Liner ranking, as one of top twelve companies in the number of containers carried, number one RORO Carrier, and one of the main player in LNG and break bulk transport fields, plus several prominent awards for its cruise service quality. In April 2014, eight container sister ships of a new series were commissioned, and two more units were inserted as options in the construction contract. Both options were converted into firm orders in July 2014. The building began in spring 2015 at
1274-822: A second train-ferry was established from the Port of Southampton on the South East Coast. In the first month of operations at Richborough, 5,000 tons were transported across the Channel, by the end of 1918 it was nearly 261,000 tons. There were many advantages of the use of train-ferries over conventional shipping in World War I. It was much easier to move the large, heavy artillery and tanks that this kind of modern warfare required using train-ferries as opposed to repeated loading and unloading of cargo. By manufacturers loading tanks, guns and other heavy items for shipping to
1365-401: A stern ramp as well as interior ramps, which allowed cars to drive directly from the dock, onto the ship, and into place. Loading and unloading was sped up dramatically. Comet also had an adjustable chocking system for locking cars onto the decks and a ventilation system to remove exhaust gases that accumulate during vehicle loading. During the 1982 Falklands War , SS Atlantic Conveyor
1456-456: A strategic decision to enter the shipping sector with its investment in CSAV, subsequently increased to 54.5% At the end of 2013, CSAV operated 50 container ships and 32 line services (plus feeder lines) across five continents, with approximately 2 million TEUs transported during 2013 CSAV invested about U.S. $ 1 billion in new ships, which entered into service within the past three years. Recently
1547-1326: A variety of ship names. Some names form series, as in those ships named after flowers , stars , star constellations , and provinces of pre- Meiji Japan. Flowers ACX Cherry (1994) ACX Hibiscus (1997) ACX Jasmine (1996) ACX Lily (1990) ACX Magnolia (1998) ACX Marguerite (1997) ACX Salvia (1997) Plumeria Leader (2022) Stars Altair Leader (2011) NYK Altair (2010) NYK Canopus (1998) NYK Deneb (2007) NYK Rigel (2009) NYK Sirius (1998) NYK Vega (2006) Rigel Leader (2011) Constellations Andromeda Leader (2007) Aphrodite Leader (2007) Apollon Leader (2007) Aries Leader (2014) Auriga Leader (2008) Cepheus Leader (2006) Cetus Leader (2005) Equuleus Leader (2005) NYK Antares (1997) NYK Leo (2002) NYK Orion (2008) NYK Pegasus (2003) NYK Phoenix (2003) NYK Virgo (2007) Volans Leader (2003) Provinces Iga Maru (1996) Izu Maru (1997) Izumo Maru (1997) Kaga Maru (1988) Sanuki Maru (1997) Settsu Maru (1997) Shima Maru (1997) Miscellaneous Asama Maru (1954) Astoria Maru (1952) Galaxy Leader (2002) Hakone Maru (1968) Hikawa Maru (1974) Zeus Leader (2009) By
1638-480: A vessel 300 ft (91 m) long a "craft" was considered a misnomer and the type was re-christened "Landing Ship, Tank (2)", or "LST (2)". The LST(2) design incorporated elements of the first British LCTs from their designer, Sir Rowland Baker, who was part of the British delegation. This included sufficient buoyancy in the ships' sidewalls that they would float even with the tank deck flooded. The LST(2) gave up
1729-513: Is 209.02 m (685 ft 9 in) long and 31.84 m (104 ft 6 in) wide, and can carry 1,342 cars/4,101 lane meters of cargo. The first cargo ships specially fitted for the transport of large quantities of cars came into service in the early 1960s. These ships still had their own loading gear and so-called hanging decks inside. They were, for example, chartered by the German Volkswagen AG to transport vehicles to
1820-405: Is 223.70 m (733 ft 11 in) long and 35 m (114 ft 10 in) wide, and can carry 550 cars, or 1,270 lane meters of cargo. The RORO passenger ferry with the greatest car-carrying capacity is Ulysses (named after a novel by James Joyce ), owned by Irish Ferries . Ulysses entered service on 25 March 2001 and operates between Dublin and Holyhead . The 50,938 GT ship
1911-635: Is a global company with a long history: The integration in 1999 of Brazilian Libra and Uruguayan Montemar Marítima S.A. consolidated CSAV's strong presence along the East Coast of South America. By integrating Norasia in June 2000, the company strengthened its main East-West routes. As a result, CSAV has direct departures from the main ports of Asia, Europe, India and the Middle East today. Hit hard by
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#17327722457682002-466: Is developing a new vessel class with a capacity of 12,800 CEU. The design has received Approval in Principle (AiP) from Lloyd's Register , which was granted in June 2024. The car carrier Auriga Leader , belonging to Nippon Yusen Kaisha, built in 2008 with a capacity of 6,200 cars, is the world's first partially solar powered ship. The seagoing RORO car ferry, with large external doors close to
2093-460: Is excluded from this proposed transaction. The proposed merger would make CSAV the largest shareholder of HL with a 30% initial stake. CSAV would sign a controlling agreement with the City of Hamburg and the entrepreneur Klaus Michael Kühne. Together, they would hold about 75.5% of a combined HL entity after the merger. The new company would become the world's fourth largest container shipping line with
2184-709: Is listed on the Santiago Stock Exchange since 1893. With over 140 years, CSAV has played a crucial role in the development of foreign trade in Latin America. Previously owned by the Claro Group, CSAV is now controlled by the Luksic Group since February 2012. Founded in 1872 and listed since 1893, CSAV (Compania Sud Americana de Vapores) is one of the oldest shipping lines. It is the largest shipping company in Latin America and number 20 in
2275-641: The Panama Canal before this was opened to regular traffic. In August 1914 the First World War broke out, removing CSAV's major competitor, the British-owned Pacific Steam Navigation Company , whose ships were needed for more urgent war traffic elsewhere. In the same month the Panama Canal was opened, giving CSAV direct access to the eastern USA. For the duration of the war CSAV flourished, and after
2366-470: The ASN under the Labour Governments nationalization policy. In 1955 another two LSTs where chartered into the existing fleet, Empire Cymric and Empire Nordic , bringing the fleet strength to seven. The Hamburg service was terminated in 1955, and a new service was opened between Antwerp and Tilbury. The fleet of seven ships was to be split up with the usual three ships based at Tilbury and
2457-471: The ASN were able to convince commercial operators to support the new route between Preston and the Northern Ireland port of Larne . The first sailing of this new route was on 21 May 1948 by Empire Cedric . After the inaugural sailing Empire Cedric continued on the Northern Ireland service, offering initially a twice-weekly service. Empire Cedric was the first vessel of the ASN fleet to hold
2548-555: The Atlantic and Pacific coasts of South America and the rest of the World. The growth in trade between the different regions of the World has been essential to the current and future development of all countries and other economic benefits. CSAV has therefore seized the opportunities generated by global sea trade, adapting its services to customer requirements and establishing new routes and services, managing to unite Latin America with
2639-558: The Chilean government introduced protection measures for Chilean companies operating shipping services along the country's 2,300-nautical-mile (4,300 km)-long coast, and in 1923 global shipping rates stabilised. In 1920 the company had been so keen to add to its fleet that it even bought the 47-year-old 1,971 GRT Itata , which had been built for CSAV in 1873 but which it had later sold. On 28 August 1922 Itata , with 322 people on board, foundered off Coquimbo after her rudder
2730-929: The Chinese coasts and upper Yangtze River . Ocean routes went east from Japan to Vancouver (Canada) or Seattle. Another way was to stop in Hawaii , which continued to San Francisco and the Panama Canal . The next commercial routes were south from Japan, across the East China Sea . These went to Southeast Asia, the China coasts, and towards India and the Indian Ocean, to Europe or Batavia ( Dutch Indies ), or Australia and New Zealand . The fastest services took 10 days from Yokohama to Seattle, and one month to Europe. Local sea routes connected 78 home seaports (38 open to foreign trade). Yokohama, Kobe, and Osaka had
2821-532: The Front were shipped to France from the "secret port" of Richborough , near Sandwich on the South Coast of England. This involved three train-ferries to be built, each with four sets of railway line on the main deck to allow for up to 54 railway wagons to be shunted directly on and off the ferry. These train-ferries could also be used to transport motor vehicles along with railway rolling stock. Later that month
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2912-613: The Japanese cruise market. In 2006 Asuka was replaced by the much larger Asuka II , formerly Crystal Cruises' Crystal Harmony . At the end of March 2008, the NYK Group was operating about 776 major ocean vessels, as well as fleets of planes, trains, and trucks. The company's shipping fleet includes around 155 containerships, 286 bulk carriers, 55 woodchip carriers, 113 car carriers, 21 reefer carriers, 78 tankers, 30 LNG carriers, and three cruise ships. NYK's revenue in fiscal 2007
3003-647: The NYK Line provided military transport and hospital ships for the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy. Many vessels were sunk by the Allied navies, and installations and ports were attacked from the air. Only 37 NYK ships survived the war. The company lost 185 ships in support of military operations in the Pacific. Before the war, NYK had 36 passenger ships; by the time of Japan's surrender only one,
3094-560: The U.S. and Canada. During the 1970s, the market for exporting and importing cars increased dramatically and correspondingly also did the number and type of ROROs . In 1970 Japan's K Line built the Toyota Maru No. 10 , Japan's first pure car carrier, and in 1973 built the European Highway , the largest pure car carrier (PCC) at that time, which carried 4,200 automobiles. Today's pure car carriers and their close cousins,
3185-518: The World's most important ports conveniently and efficiently. CSAV operates in the five continents, offering line services for which it is able to provide permanent traffic to certain ports, fixed itineraries and ships designed for carrying large numbers of containers and a wide variety of conventional cargo. The company therefore has especially designed vessels for frozen cargo, vehicles, bulk cargo and forestry products. Intermodal services, which combine different means of transport, have been introduced by
3276-445: The company inaugurated Japan's first passenger liner service, with a route from Yokohama to Shanghai ; in that same year, the company name was changed to Mitsubishi Mail Steamship Company. In 1885, a merger with Kyodo Unyu Kaisha (founded 1882) led to the adoption of the company's present name. The merged company had a fleet of 58 steamships and expanded its operations rapidly, first to other Asian ports and then worldwide, with
3367-467: The company ordered the construction of seven new ships of 9,300 TEUs each at an additional investment of U.S. $ 600 million. The last of these new ships will be delivered in 2015. Its new, expanded own fleet will allow CSAV to significantly reduce fuel costs and replace leases. In 2013, CSAV's sales amounted to approximately US$ 3.2 billion. The company has a presence in 115 countries, generating approximately 90% of total revenues with its own agencies. CSAV
3458-604: The company suspended the service and made over Aconcagua and Teno to Lithgows in lieu of payment for Toltén . CSAV had not told its shareholders, so when the deal became known there was an outcry in Chilean newspapers. But CSAV continued to lose money, and in August 1932 Aconcagua , Teno and Toltén all returned to Scotland. In the mid-1930s trade started to recover, so in June 1936 CSAV ordered three new diesel-powered cargo liners from Nakskov Skibsværft in Denmark . Each
3549-499: The company, as well as complementary services like port storage and services, etc. This door-to-door service, to any destination, is normally provided together with the CSAV subsidiaries. On January 22, 2014, CSAV signed a non-binding Memorandum of Understanding with Hapag-Lloyd AG (HL) that sets the frame for combining the container shipping business of CSAV with the businesses of HL. CSAV's business of car carrier, non-containerized refrigerated cargo, dry bulk and liquid bulk shipping
3640-522: The conflict was over. The Soviets flying Yakovlev Yak-38 fighters also tested operations using the civilian RORO ships Agostinio Neto and Nikolai Cherkasov . Nippon Yusen The Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha ( 日本郵船株式会社 , Nippon Yūsen kabushiki kaisha , lit. ' Japan Mail Ship Company ' ) , also known as NYK Line , is a Japanese shipping company. The company headquarters are located in Chiyoda, Tokyo , Japan . It operates
3731-718: The crew) at a speed of 18 knots, it could not have the shallow draught that would have made for easy unloading. As a result, each of the three ( Boxer , Bruiser , and Thruster ) ordered in March 1941 had a very long ramp stowed behind the bow doors. In November 1941, a small delegation from the British Admiralty arrived in the United States to pool ideas with the United States Navy 's Bureau of Ships with regard to development of ships and also including
CSAV - Misplaced Pages Continue
3822-409: The end of the first world war vehicles were brought back from France to Richborough Port drive-on-drive-off using the train ferry. During the war British servicemen recognised the great potential of landing ships and craft. The idea was simple; if you could drive tanks, guns and lorries directly onto a ship and then drive them off at the other end directly onto a beach, then theoretically you could use
3913-785: The first Japanese shipping firm to join the Sustainable Shipping Initiative 's Ship Recycling Transparency Initiative , which incorporates the Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships . On 19 November 2023, the NYK operated vessel Galaxy Leader , while sailing in Red Sea en route to India, was hijacked by the Iranian backed Houthi on
4004-527: The first purpose-built seagoing ships enabling road vehicles to roll directly on and off. The British evacuation from Dunkirk in 1940 demonstrated to the Admiralty that the Allies needed relatively large, seagoing ships capable of shore-to-shore delivery of tanks and other vehicles in amphibious assaults upon the continent of Europe. As an interim measure, three 4000 to 4800 GRT tankers, built to pass over
4095-536: The first ship, Aconcagua , on 11 February 1922 and completed her in August. Her sister ship Teno was launched on 5 September 1922, completed in December and reached Chile in January 1923. However, the Panama Canal equally gave shipping companies from the eastern USA access to the west coast of Latin America, so now CSAV faced new competition from Grace Line . CSAV reported losses in 1922 and 1923, but from 1922
4186-595: The front directly on to railway wagons, which could be shunted on to a train-ferry in England and then shunted directly on to the French Railway Network, with direct connections to the Front Lines, many man hours of unnecessary labour were avoided. An analysis done at the time found that to transport 1,000 tons of war material from the point of manufacture to the front by conventional means involved
4277-467: The global shipping crisis, CSAV incurred heavy losses in 2011, the worst year in its history. In this context, Quinenco came in as new shareholder and recapitalized CSAV with large investments Starting in May 2011, CSAV also embarked on a deep restructuring. The turnaround strategy had 4 pillars: Refocusing the business on Latin America; enlarging the own fleet; expanding alliances; and cutting cost throughout
4368-642: The greatest importance for trading with Japan. These ports had the third, fourth, and eighth place in net tonnage registered in the world. Coal passed from Moji to Osaka and Yokohama. Karafuto timber represented a third part of local trade. Soybean products from Dairen and Ryojun arrived at Yokohama. The sugarcane of the South Seas Mandate and Formosa , cotton, salt, and minerals represented other important parts of these transport transactions. In 1926, Toyo Kisen Line (TKK), with its fleet of nine ships, merged with NYK. The current funnel livery
4459-468: The grounds it was an Israeli owned vessel. In May 2024 the owners asked the Houthis to release the crew. On Monday, 31 October 2016, Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha , Mitsui OSK Lines and Nippon Yusen Kaisha agreed to merge their container shipping business by establishing a completely new joint venture company. The integration included their overseas terminal activities. The joint venture company operates under
4550-1547: The market for passenger liner travel. The evolution of the fleet mirrors some of those developments. In the following lists, the dates of maiden voyages are indicated with each ship's name. Amongst the many ships in the early NYK fleet, some names comprise serial categories. Some ships were named after Shinto shrines, and others were named after ancient provinces of Japan , cities of Japan , mountains of Japan or islands of Japan . Some ships had explicitly non-Japanese names, such as ships named after cities. Shinto shrines Chichibu Maru (1930). Hie Maru (1930). Heian Maru (1930). Hikawa Maru (1930). Kasuga Maru (1940). Kitano Maru (1909). Nitta Maru (1939). Tatsuta Maru (1930). Terukuni Maru (1930). Yawata Maru (1939) Provinces Awa Maru (1899). Awa Maru (1943). Kaga Maru (19__). Noto Maru (1934). Tango Maru (1905). Mountains Asama Maru (1929). Maya Maru (1925). Rokko Maru (1923). Cities Asuka Maru (1924). Calcutta Maru (1917). Dakar Maru (1920). Durban Maru (1920). Hakone Maru (1921) Lima Maru (1920). Lisbon Maru (1920). Lyons Maru (1920). Miscellaneous Korea Maru (1901). Kyushu Maru (1862). Rosetta Maru (1900). Siberia Maru (1901). Taiyo Maru (1911). Toyama Maru (1915). Yoshida Maru (1941). The modern NYK tonnage encompasses
4641-425: The merger transaction. This would increase CSAV's stake in a merged HL to close to 34%. In preparation of the planned merger with HL, the CSAV board on February 13, 2014, decided to proceed with two capital increases at CSAV itself. The second CSAV capital increase for up to US$ 400 million was to be carried out only if the merger of CSAV's container business with HL materialized. On April 16, 2014, CSAV and HL signed
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#17327722457684732-764: The mid-1950s NYK ships were again seen around the world. As the demand for passenger ships dwindled in the 1960s, NYK expanded its cargo operation, running Japan's first container ship Hakone Maru on a route to California in 1968 and soon establishing container ship routes to many other ports. NYK became a partner in Nippon Cargo Airlines in 1978, and in 1985, added United States container train service in cooperation with Southern Pacific . NYK revived its passenger ship business in 1989 with cruise ships operated by its newly formed subsidiary Crystal Cruises . In 1990 NYK resumed passenger services under its own name when MS Asuka entered service on
4823-658: The motor ship Hikawa Maru , survived. NYK's surviving vessels and equipment were confiscated by the Allied authorities as reparations , or taken by recently liberated Asian states in 1945-46. Shipping Control Authority for the Japanese Merchant Marine requisitioned Hikawa Maru as a transport ship to repatriate Japanese soldiers and civilians from territories that had been liberated from Japanese occupation. The NYK tonnage expanded in bursts, responding to changes economic conditions and perceived changes in
4914-531: The name " Ocean Network Express " (ONE), with the company headquarters in Japan (Tokyo), a global business operations headquarters in Singapore and regional headquarters in United Kingdom (London), United States (Richmond, VA), Hong Kong, and Brazil (São Paulo). The new company started its operations on 1 April 2018. NYK is also the world's largest roll-on/roll-off ocean carrier. NYK's RORO fleet has
5005-617: The name of White Star Line ships in combination with the "Empire" ship naming of vessels in government service during the war. On the morning of 11 September 1946 the first voyage of the Atlantic Steam Navigation Company took place when Empire Baltic sailed from Tilbury to Rotterdam with a full load of 64 vehicles for the Dutch Government. The original three LSTs were joined in 1948 by another vessel, LST 3041 , renamed Empire Doric , after
5096-500: The observation that "there was little merit in a simple conception of this kind, compared with a work practically carried out in all its details, and brought to perfection." The company was persuaded to install this train ferry service for the transportation of goods wagons across the Firth of Forth from Burntisland in Fife to Granton . The ferry itself was built by Thomas Grainger ,
5187-595: The organization. The company intends to remain operative in the Roll-on/roll-off sector until April 2020, with 5 services from and to South America. After this date, its services shall be discontinued, mainly focusing on the Container business. While market conditions remained unchanged, the restructuring reduced CSAV's net loss by 46% to US$ 169 million in the year 2013. In 2012, the company had lost US$ 313.6 million. Quiñenco pointed out already in 2011 that
5278-644: The others maintaining the Preston to Northern Ireland service. During late 1956, the entire fleet of ASN were taken over for use in the Mediterranean during the Suez Crisis , and the drive-on/drive-off services were not re-established until January 1957. At this point ASN were made responsible for the management of twelve Admiralty LST(3)s brought out of reserve as a result of the Suez Crisis too late to see service. The first roll-on/roll-off vessel that
5369-553: The pilgrims to Makkah. Chinese pilgrims were promised a 20% discount for their tickets. A third-class ticket that sold for £5/10/0 would be £4/8/0, while a second-class ticket sold for £14/0/0 would be sold for £11/5/0. The majority of Japanese merchant ships, tankers, and liners sailed under the NYK banner in this period. Regular services linked Kobe and Yokohama with South America, Batavia , Melbourne , and Cape Town , with frequent crossings to San Francisco and Seattle . Other routes connected local Chinese cabotage vessels on
5460-617: The possibility of building further Boxer s in the US. During this meeting, it was decided that the Bureau of Ships would design these vessels. As with the standing agreement these would be built by the US so British shipyards could concentrate on building vessels for the Royal Navy . The specification called for vessels capable of crossing the Atlantic and the original title given to them was "Atlantic Tank Landing Craft" (Atlantic (T.L.C.)). Calling
5551-829: The pure car/truck carrier (PCTC), are distinctive ships with a box-like superstructure running the entire length and breadth of the hull, fully enclosing the cargo. They typically have a stern ramp and a side ramp for dual loading of thousands of vehicles (such as cars, trucks, heavy machineries, tracked units, Mafi roll trailers , and loose statics), and extensive automatic fire control systems. The PCTC has liftable decks to increase vertical clearance, as well as heavier decks for "high-and-heavy" cargo. A 6,500-unit car ship, with 12 decks, can have three decks which can take cargo up to 150 short tons (136 t ; 134 long tons ) with liftable panels to increase clearance from 1.7 to 6.7 m (5 ft 7 in to 22 ft 0 in) on some decks. Lifting decks to accommodate higher cargo reduces
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#17327722457685642-416: The restrictive bars of Lake Maracaibo , Venezuela , were selected for conversion because of their shallow draft. Bow doors and ramps were added to these ships, which became the first tank landing ships. The first purpose-built LST design was HMS Boxer . It was a scaled down design from ideas penned by Churchill. To carry 13 Churchill infantry tanks , 27 vehicles and nearly 200 men (in addition to
5733-481: The route from Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company of Greenock in Scotland. CSAV intended to order a third sister ship in early 1921, but by then demand, and hence freight rates, had fallen. CSAV suffered an additional loss because delivery of the first two ships was delayed by the continuing backlog of orders. For this combination of reasons the company did not order the intended third ship. Scotts launched
5824-490: The same landing craft to carry out the same operation in the civilian commercial market, providing there were reasonable port facilities. From this idea grew the worldwide roll-on/roll-off ferry industry of today. In the period between the wars Lt. Colonel Frank Bustard formed the Atlantic Steam Navigation Company , with a view to cheap transatlantic travel; this never materialised, but during
5915-710: The ship unstable and causing it to capsize . Free surface water on the vehicle deck was determined by the court of inquiry to be the immediate cause of the 1968 capsize of the TEV ; Wahine in New Zealand. It also contributed to the wreck of MS Estonia . Despite these inherent risks, the very high freeboard raises the seaworthiness of these vessels. For example, the car carrier MV Cougar Ace listed 60 degrees to its port side in 2006, but did not sink, since its high enclosed sides prevented water from entering. In late January 2016 MV Modern Express
6006-417: The shipping industry, cargo is normally measured by tonnage or by the tonne , but RORO cargo is typically measured in lanes in metres (LIMs). This is calculated by multiplying the cargo length in metres by the number of decks and by its width in lanes (lane width differs from vessel to vessel, and there are several industry standards). On PCCs, cargo capacity is often measured in RT or RT43 units (based on
6097-463: The ships in 1943 and allocated them to the Army for conversion. All the ships were sold to Turkey after layup at the end of the war. Subsequently, CSAV extended the scope of its business to the Far East and Japan, South-East Asia/Pacific Islands and the east coast of South America. The company today offers services for general and bulk cargo, fresh and frozen products and vehicles, using its own and chartered ships, and establishing permanent links between
6188-407: The ships on return runs from Europe started to call at New York to load cargo and embark passengers to Chile. All three of the new diesel ships were offered by Chile as part of its contribution to the Allied effort in World War II and became troop ships operating as the United States Army Transports USAT Aconcagua , USAT Copiapo and USAT Imperial . The War Shipping Administration (WSA) purchased
6279-446: The shipyard Japan Marine United in Kure, Hiroshima . The first delivered ship of the ten units to be built within end of 2018, was mv NYK Blue Jay launched in 2016. All 10 vessels received names of bird species (therefore called the NYK-bird class ). The ships are used on the European Far East route and are the largest container ships built in Japan so far, having a maximum container capacity of 14,026 TEU. In May 2021 NYK Line became
6370-497: The signing of the Armistice on 11 November 1918, train ferries were used extensively for the return of material from the Front. Indeed, according to war office statistics, a greater tonnage of material was transported by train ferry from Richborough in 1919 than in 1918. As the train ferries had space for motor transport as well as railway rolling stock, thousands of lorries, motor cars and "B Type" buses used these ferries to return to England. During World War II , landing ships were
6461-453: The speed of HMS Boxer at only 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) but had a similar load while drawing only 3 ft (0.91 m) forward when beaching. In three separate acts dated 6 February 1942, 26 May 1943, and 17 December 1943, Congress provided the authority for the construction of LSTs along with a host of other auxiliaries, destroyer escorts , and assorted landing craft . The enormous building program quickly gathered momentum. Such
6552-456: The term RORO is generally reserved for large seagoing vessels. The ramps and doors may be located in the stern , bow , or sides, or any combination thereof. Types of RORO vessels include ferries , cruiseferries , cargo ships , barges , and RoRo service for air/ railway deliveries. New automobiles that are transported by ship are often moved on a large type of RORO called a pure car carrier (PCC) or pure car/truck carrier (PCTC). Elsewhere in
6643-422: The time of the crash, CSAV had a new refrigerated cargo ship on order from Lithgows in Scotland, the 5,348 GRT Toltén , launched in July 1930. By the time Lithgows completed her in October 1930 there was not enough work for CSAV's fleet, leaving the company unable to pay for the new ship, so in 1931 Lithgows repossessed her. CSAV's Valparaíso – New York route suffered the greatest loss, so in June 1931
6734-556: The total capacity. These vessels can achieve a cruising speed of 16 knots (18 mph; 30 km/h) at eco-speed, while at full speed can achieve more than 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h). As of 7 August 2024 , the largest LCTC was the Höegh Aurora , the inaugural vessel of a planned class of twelve, each with a capacity of 9,100 CEU. Meanwhile, the Marine Design & Research Institute of China (MARIC)
6825-426: The up-and-coming civil engineer Thomas Bouch who argued for a train ferry with a roll-on/roll-off mechanism to maximise the efficiency of the system. Ferries were to be custom-built, with railway lines and matching harbour facilities at both ends to allow the rolling stock to easily drive on and off. To compensate for the changing tides , adjustable ramps were positioned at the harbours and the gantry structure height
6916-531: The use of 1,500 labourers, whereas when using train-ferries that number decreased to around 100 labourers. This was of utmost importance, as by 1918, the British Railway companies were experiencing a severe shortage of labour with hundreds of thousands of skilled and unskilled labourers away fighting at the front. The increase of heavy traffic because of the war effort meant that economies and efficiency in transport had to be made wherever possible. After
7007-591: The war he observed trials on Brighton Sands of an LST in 1943 when its peacetime capabilities were obvious. In the spring of 1946 the company approached the Admiralty with a request to purchase three of these vessels. The Admiralty were unwilling to sell, but after negotiations agreed to let the ASN have the use of three vessels on bareboat charter at a rate of £13 6s 8d per day. These vessels were LSTs 3519 , 3534 , and 3512 . They were renamed Empire Baltic , Empire Cedric , and Empire Celtic , perpetuating
7098-549: The war it prioritised its new service between Valparaíso and New York . Foreign shipyards had a backlog of orders to replace tonnage destroyed in the war, so in January 1920 CSAV bought an existing ship from Toyo Kisen Kaisha and renamed her Renaico . However, Renaico was 22 years old and lost money on the New York route, so CSAV laid her up and in April 1920 ordered a pair of new steam turbine passenger and cargo liners for
7189-470: The war, a concept called the shipborne containerized air-defense system (SCADS) proposed a modular system to quickly convert a large RORO into an emergency aircraft carrier with ski jump, fueling systems, radar, defensive missiles, munitions, crew quarters, and work spaces. The entire system could be installed in about 48 hours on a container ship or RORO, when needed for operations up to a month unsupplied. The system could quickly be removed and stored again when
7280-424: The waterline and open vehicle decks with few internal bulkheads , has a reputation for being a high-risk design, to the point where the acronym is sometimes derisively expanded to "roll on/roll over". An improperly secured loading door can cause a ship to take on water and sink, as happened in 1987 with MS Herald of Free Enterprise . Water sloshing on the vehicle deck can set up a free surface effect , making
7371-563: The world, according to Alphaliner . CSAV, in the early years, was the only means of connectivity for Chile with distant regions in the far flung country CSAV's main business is container shipping, which accounts for approx. 90% of total sales. Other businesses are car carrier, non-containerized refrigerated cargo, dry bulk and liquid bulk transport. CSAV is focused on the Latin American market, which accounted for more than 70% of total traffic in 2013 In March 2011, Quinenco S.A. took
7462-578: Was about US$ 26 billion, and as a group NYK employs about 55,000 people worldwide. The company has offices in 240 places in 27 countries, warehouses on nearly every continent, and harbor operations in Asia, North America, and Europe. NYK head office is based in Tokyo, and has regional headquarters in London, New York, Singapore, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Sydney, and São Paulo. During the first decade of 2000s, NYK reached
7553-470: Was formed in 1842 and the company wished to extend the East Coast Main Line further north to Dundee and Aberdeen . As bridge technology was not yet capable enough to provide adequate support for the crossing over the Firth of Forth , which was roughly five miles across, a different solution had to be found, primarily for the transport of goods, where efficiency was key. The company hired
7644-461: Was introduced in 1929. The company also ran services connecting metropolitan Japan to its exterior provinces ( Chosen , Karafuto , Kwantung , Formosa and South Mandate ) of the Empire. From 1924, all new cargo ships for NYK were motor ships . NYK introduced its first passenger motor ships in 1929, but continued to buy a mixture of steam and motor passenger ships until 1939. In World War II,
7735-400: Was just over 7,200 GRT , had a speed of 17 knots (31 km/h), and refrigerated holds for the export of fruit to Europe. Each ship also had berths for 164 passengers: 32 in first class and 132 in tourist class. In March 1938 the first of the trio, Copiapó , started CSAV's trade with Europe. Nakskov completed her sister ships Aconcagua in April and Imperial in June. In October
7826-409: Was listing off France after cargo shifted on the ship. Salvage crews secured the vessel and it was hauled into the port of Bilbao, Spain. At first, wheeled vehicles carried as cargo on oceangoing ships were treated like any other cargo. Automobiles had their fuel tanks emptied and their batteries disconnected before being hoisted into the ship's hold, where they were chocked and secured. This process
7917-649: Was purpose-built to transport loaded semi trucks was Searoad of Hyannis , which began operation in 1956. While modest in capacity, it could transport three semi trailers between Hyannis in Massachusetts and Nantucket Island, even in ice conditions. In 1957, the US military issued a contract to the Sun Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company in Chester, Pennsylvania , for the construction of a new type of motorized vehicle carrier. The ship, USNS Comet , had
8008-499: Was requisitioned as an emergency aircraft and helicopter transport for British Hawker Siddeley Harrier STOVL fighter planes; one Harrier was kept fueled, armed, and ready to VTOL launch for emergency air protection against long range Argentine aircraft. Atlantic Conveyor was sunk by Argentine Exocet missiles after offloading the Harriers to proper aircraft carriers, but the vehicles and helicopters still aboard were lost. After
8099-572: Was smashed in a heavy sea. She launched three lifeboats but all capsized, and only 13 survivors reached land. The other 309 were either dead or missing and presumed dead. The Wall Street Crash of October 1929 started the Great Depression , which destroyed the export market for Chilean nitratine and sharply reduced demand for Chilean copper. The loss of export income significantly reduced Chile's ability to afford imports from overseas, so CSAV's trade both in and out of Chile fell rapidly. At
8190-568: Was tedious and difficult, and vehicles were subject to damage and could not be used for routine travel. An early roll-on/roll-off service was a train ferry , started in 1833 by the Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway , which operated a wagon ferry on the Forth and Clyde Canal in Scotland . The first modern train ferry was Leviathan , built in 1849. The Edinburgh, Leith and Newhaven Railway
8281-472: Was varied by moving it along the slipway. The wagons were loaded on and off with the use of stationary steam engines . Although others had had similar ideas, Bouch was the first to put them into effect, and did so with an attention to detail (such as design of the ferry slip ) which led a subsequent President of the Institution of Civil Engineers to settle any dispute over priority of invention with
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