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67-607: CSS General Earl Van Dorn was a cottonclad warship used by the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War . General Earl Van Dorn was purchased for Confederate service at New Orleans, Louisiana , in early 1862 to serve with the River Defense Fleet . She was converted into a cottonclad warship by installing an iron-covered framework of timbers to her bow that served as

134-503: A ram , and protecting her machinery with timber bulkheads packed with cotton. A sidewheel steamer , she was 182 feet (55 m) long and was armed with a single 32-pounder cannon on the bow. Having been assigned to defend the upper Confederate-held portion of the Mississippi River , General Earl Van Dorn left New Orleans in late March 1862 and arrived at Memphis, Tennessee , early the next month. On May 10, she fought with

201-477: A Confederate colonel, as well as Joseph E. Johnston who wore a Colonel's insignia with a larger six pointed star in the center, similar to the stars worn by George Washington during the American Revolution. Wade Hampton additionally wore shoulder straps with general stars to denote his specific general's rank, and was apparently the only Confederate general to ever do so. The only visible difference

268-405: A general staff for the army was authorized, consisting of four positions: an adjutant general , a quartermaster general , a commissary general , and a surgeon general . Initially, the last of these was to be a staff officer only. The post of adjutant general was filled by Samuel Cooper (the position he had held as a colonel in the U.S. Army from 1852 until resigning) and he held it throughout

335-501: A position at Liverpool Landing, Mississippi , where they defended a log barrier designed to protect the location where the ironclad CSS Arkansas was under construction upriver at Yazoo City, Mississippi . On June 26, Monarch and the ram USS Lancaster advanced up the Yazoo River. The Confederate commander at Liverpool Landing ordered General Earl Van Dorn , General Polk , and Livingston burned to prevent their capture. By

402-666: The American Revolutionary War , consistent with the U.S. Militia Act of 1792. They went by various names such as state "militia", "armies", or "guard" and were activated and expanded when the Civil War began. These units were commanded by "militia generals" to defend their particular state and sometimes did not leave the state to fight for the Confederate Army. The Confederate militias used the brigadier and major general officer ranks. The regulations in

469-454: The Battle of Chancellorsville on the night of May 2, 1863. Replacing these fallen generals was an ongoing problem during the war, often having men promoted beyond their abilities (a common criticism of officers such as John Bell Hood and George Pickett , but an issue for both armies), or gravely wounded in combat but needed, such as Richard S. Ewell . The problem was made more difficult by

536-677: The Confederate States Army (CSA) were the senior military leaders of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. They were often former officers from the United States Army (the regular army ) before the Civil War, while others were given the rank based on merit or when necessity demanded. Most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate States Congress , much like prospective generals in

603-717: The Second Corps (following the reassignment of Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell to other duties) and led the Corps as an army into the third Confederate attack on the United States in July 1864 during the Battle of Monocacy near Frederick, Maryland and the Battle of Fort Stevens outside the U.S. capital city, Washington, D.C. , until December 1864, when he too reverted to a major general. Likewise, both Stephen D. Lee and Alexander P. Stewart were appointed to fill vacancies in

670-704: The United States Ram Fleet consisting of four rams. On the morning of June 6, the Union forces attacked, bringing on the First Battle of Memphis . General Earl Van Dorn and General Bragg attempted to escape after the rest of the Confederate fleet was destroyed or captured. The heavy guns of the ironclads and the ramming tactics of the United States Ram Fleet was decisive at Memphis. The cotton cladding on General Bragg caught fire and she

737-647: The War of 1812 (1812–1815), and led an army in the field during the Mexican–American War (1846–1849), received a promotion to brevet lieutenant general by a special Act of Congress in 1855. Gen. Grant was the only U.S. Army lieutenant general in active service at the time of his promotion on March 9, 1864. Grant became General-in-Chief, commander of the United States Army (" Union Army "), answering directly to President Abraham Lincoln and charged with

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804-539: The Western Theater as "temporary" lieutenant generals and also reverted to their prior grades as major generals as those assignments ended. However, Lee was nominated a second time for lieutenant general on March 11, 1865. Originally five officers in the Confederate States Army were appointed to the rank of general, and only two more would follow. These generals occupied the senior posts in

871-518: The Civil War, as well as the army's inspector general . Initially, the Confederate States Army commissioned only brigadier generals in both the volunteer and regular services; however, the Congress quickly passed legislation allowing for the appointment of major generals as well as generals, thus providing clear and distinct seniority over the existing major generals in the various state militias. On May 16, 1861, when there were only five officers at

938-653: The Confederacy had at least 88 men who had held this rank, all in the PACS. The Confederate States Congress authorized divisions on March 6, 1861, and major generals would command them. These generals were to be nominated by Davis and confirmed by the Confederate Senate. Major generals outranked brigadiers and all other lesser officers. This rank was not synonymous with use in the U.S. Army, where major generals led divisions, corps, and entire armies. This rank

1005-454: The Confederacy's depleting workforce, especially near the war's end. The last Confederate general in the field, Stand Watie , surrendered on June 23, 1865, and the war's last surviving Confederate full general, Edmund Kirby Smith , died on March 28, 1893. James Longstreet died on January 2, 1904, and was considered "the last of the high command of the Confederacy". The Confederate States Army's system of using four grades of general officers

1072-529: The Confederate Army, mostly entire army or military department commanders and advisers to Jefferson Davis. This rank was equivalent to the general in the modern U.S. Army. The grade is often referred to in modern writings as "full general" to help differentiate it from the generic term "general", meaning simply "general officer". All Confederate generals were enrolled in the ACSA to ensure that they outranked all militia officers, except for Edmund Kirby Smith , who

1139-757: The Confederate Congress. This was in response to debates on February 17 about whether confirmations made by the provisional legislature needed re-confirmation by the permanent legislature, which was done by an Act of Congress issued two days later. The position of General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States was created on January 23, 1865. Gen. Robert E. Lee , the only officer appointed to it, served from February 6 until April 12. The Confederate states had maintained militias since

1206-508: The Confederate States Army and resented the ranks that President Davis had authorized. However, his previous position in the U.S. Army was staff , not line , which was a criterion for Davis regarding establishing seniority and rank in the subsequent Confederate States Army. On February 17, 1864, Congress passed legislation to allow President Davis to appoint an officer to command the Trans-Mississippi Department in

1273-401: The Confederate States Army had four grades of general officers; they were (in order of increasing rank) brigadier general, major general, lieutenant general, and general. As officers were appointed to the various grades of general by Jefferson Davis (and were confirmed), he would create the promotion lists himself. The dates of rank, as well as seniority of officers appointed to the same grade on

1340-576: The Confederate commander at the Battle of Pea Ridge . The vessels of the River Defense Fleet were intended to be used as rams , and they were known as cottonclads . Their conversion into warships involved adding 1 inch (2.5 cm) of iron plating backed by 4 inches (10 cm) of oak planking on a framework of one-foot-square timbers to the bow . The engines and boilers were protected by an inner bulkhead of one-foot-square timbers with an outer bulkhead of six-by-twelve timbers. In between

1407-466: The Confederate generals wore uniforms like this regardless of their general grade, and all with gold-colored embroidering. The general officers of the Confederate States Army were paid for their services, and exactly how much (in Confederate dollars (CSD) ) depended on their rank and whether they held a field command or not. On March 6, 1861, when the army only contained brigadier generals, their pay

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1474-525: The Confederate lieutenant generals were in the PACS. The Confederate Congress legalized the creation of army corps on September 18, 1862, and directed that lieutenant generals lead them. These generals were to be nominated by President Davis and confirmed by the C.S. Senate. Lieutenant generals outranked major generals and all other lesser officers. Most were graduates of the United States Military Academy and were former officers in

1541-485: The Confederate strategy at the Battle of Galveston in which Confederate forces demanded the surrender of the important Texas port. Major General John Magruder equipped the two cottonclads with weapons and officers, appointing Capt. Leon Smith to utilize these ships in seizing the wharf. The cottonclads attacked from the rear of the Union squadron, resulting in the sinking of the CS ; Neptune as it attempted to ram

1608-651: The Confederates along with two other Confederate ships to prevent their capture by approaching Union vessels. In 1862, the Confederate States of America purchased 14 civilian vessels for conversion into military ships. These constituted the River Defense Fleet , which was commanded by Captain James E. Montgomery. The ships were intended to defend the Confederate-held part of the Mississippi River . The purchases occurred at New Orleans, Louisiana . The fleet

1675-528: The Far West, with the rank of general in the PACS. Edmund Kirby Smith was the only officer appointed to this position. Braxton Bragg was appointed a general in the ACSA with a date of rank of April 6, 1862, the day his commanding officer Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston died in combat at Shiloh/Pittsburg Landing . The Confederate Congress passed legislation in May 1864 to allow for "temporary" general officers in

1742-646: The PACS, to be appointed by Davis and confirmed by the C.S. Senate and given a non-permanent command by Davis. John Bell Hood was appointed a "temporary" general on July 18, 1864, the date he took command of the Army of Tennessee in the Atlanta Campaign , but the Congress did not later confirm this appointment, and he reverted to his rank of lieutenant general in January 1865. Later in March 1865, shortly before

1809-524: The River Defense Fleet against the Union Navy in the Battle of Plum Point Bend , where she rammed and sank the ironclad USS Mound City . On June 6, General Earl Van Dorn was the only vessel of the River Defense Fleet to escape destruction or capture at the First Battle of Memphis . After withdrawing up the Yazoo River to Liverpool Landing, Mississippi , General Earl Van Dorn was burnt by

1876-507: The Union ship Harriet Lane . However, the Bayou City managed to board the Union vessel despite the immense damage it had taken during the battle, leading to the retreat of the remaining Union forces and the successful acquisition of Galveston for the Confederates. However, in the end, every single one of the cottonclad warships were either sunk, burned, or captured by Union forces. Major General (CSA) The general officers of

1943-692: The United States Army when the Confederate States Congress established the Confederate States War Department on February 21, 1861. The Confederate States Army was composed of three parts; the Army of the Confederate States of America (ACSA, intended to be the permanent, regular army), the Provisional Army of the Confederate States (PACS, or "volunteer" Army, to be disbanded after hostilities), and

2010-403: The United States Army throughout the war, in the ratio of about 5-to-1 for the Confederacy compared to roughly 12-to-1 for the United States. The most famous of them is General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson , among the best-known Confederate commanders, after General Robert E. Lee. Jackson's death was the result of pneumonia which emerged subsequently after a friendly fire incident had occurred at

2077-496: The United States Army, with the exceptions of Richard Taylor , Wade Hampton , and Nathan Bedford Forrest . This rank was not synonymous with the U.S. Army's use of it; Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) was one of only two U.S. lieutenant generals during the war, the other being Winfield Scott (1786–1866), General-in-Chief of the United States Army 1841–1861, at the beginning of the American Civil War who also served in

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2144-404: The act of 1792 provided for two classes of militia, divided by age. Class one included men from 22 to 30 years old, and class two consisted of men from 18 to 20 years and from 31 to 45 years old. The various Confederate states used this system during the war. All Confederate generals wore the same uniform insignia regardless of their general rank, except for Robert E. Lee, who wore the uniform of

2211-636: The bulkheads was cotton. General Earl Van Dorn was placed under the command of Captain Isaac Fulkerson, and she left New Orleans for Memphis, Tennessee , on March 25. Competing strategic goals had led to the split of the River Defense Fleet. The Confederate States War Department desired that the ships serve in the Tennessee , Kentucky , and Missouri area to protect this portion of the Mississippi River, but local interests pushed for

2278-465: The captured ship would be towed back into shallow waters, where the cottonclad’s crew would scavenge its cannons, weapons, and other provisions. If the captured ship could not be towed to safety, its prisoners were transferred to the cottonclad and the captured ship was burned to prevent it from being recaptured by the Federals. Two cottonclads, CS Bayou City and CS Neptune , played key roles in

2345-519: The deck. Often, the sharpshooters' fire was so effective that the Federal crewmen, especially gun crews, ran for cover below the deck. Once the more maneuverable cottonclad rammed or entangled the Federal warship, the ropes suspending the cottonclad's gangplanks above the enemy deck would be cut. The gangplanks would fall onto the enemy deck, and the awaiting "horse marines" would board the Federal ship, proceeding to kill or capture its crew. If possible,

2412-557: The development of a new type of warship, later classified as a cottonclad warship. Cottonclads were various kinds of steamboats transformed into warships in places such as Buffalo Bayou, near Houston. In this process, the upper deck, called the Texas deck, was removed. As a result of this, many of these ships developed "the rakish look of an ironclad ram, if not the potency." Five hundred-pound cotton bales were placed, on their sides, three bales high, with another row of bales lying flat behind

2479-431: The eight ships he had at Fort Pillow. On May 10, 1862, the Confederates attacked, bringing on the Battle of Plum Point Bend . Seven of the Confederate vessels involved were arranged in order of speed with the fastest vessels at the front; General Earl Van Dorn was fourth in the column. She fired on the Union mortar boat during the attack, hitting it twice, before ramming the Union ironclad USS Mound City . The Union ship

2546-658: The end of the war, Hood's status was spelled out by the Confederate States Senate , which stated: Resolved, That General J. B. Hood, having been appointed General, with temporary rank and command, and having been relieved from duty as Commander of the Army of Tennessee, and not having been reappointed to any other command appropriate to the rank of General, he has lost the rank of General, and therefore cannot be confirmed as such. During 1863, Beauregard, Cooper, J. Johnston, and Lee all had their ranks re-nominated on February 20 and then re-confirmed on April 23 by

2613-767: The end of the work, what were once dainty river steamers were now turned into what one observer deemed as "savage looking gunboats." Having been converted into these makeshift battleships, the cottonclads were now ready to deploy at Galveston. Their mission was to retake the city from the Union forces, which now possessed several warships, including the USS Harriet Lane , USS Owasco , USS Corypheus , and USS Sachem , all anchored in Galveston Harbor . Cottonclads fought larger, better-armed/armored Federal gunships by steaming directly at them, subsequently using their various offensive measures to take down

2680-502: The first row; these bales served as platforms for sharpshooters . All of the bales would be held in place with iron straps fastened to the bulwarks . To provide additional protection for the sharpshooters, heavy 14 x 14” timbers were fastened to the floor in the hold of the ship; these extended through the boiler deck to form a breastwork . A typical sharpshooter force on a cottonclad would consist of about 100 men arranged behind their bales of cotton. A refurbished thirty-two-pound cannon

2747-399: The grade of brigadier general, this legislation was passed, which stated in part: That the five general officers provided by existing laws for the Confederate States shall have the rank and denomination of 'general', instead of 'brigadier-general', which shall be the highest military grade known to the Confederate States ... As of September 18, 1862, when lieutenant generals were authorized,

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2814-492: The ironclad USS Cincinnati had been sunk but were later salvaged . The Confederates abandoned Fort Pillow in early June after the Siege of Corinth ended in a Confederate defeat, and General Earl Van Dorn and the other Confederate vessels helped cover the withdrawal. Montgomery's ships reached Memphis on June 5, but there was a shortage of coal for their fuel. At a council of war , Montgomery and his captains decided to fight

2881-399: The modern U.S. armed forces. Like all of the Confederacy's military forces, these generals answered to their civilian leadership, in particular Jefferson Davis , the president of the Confederate States of America and therefore commander-in-chief of the military forces of the Confederate States . Much of the design of the Confederate States Army was based on the structure and customs of

2948-433: The new cottonclads proved to be a difficult task. A motley of guns had to be scavenged for and affixed to the steamers, as no standard armament could be found. However, much of the time, a lack of ammunition forced these guns to be used purely for morale boosters for the men onboard. The brunt of the offense had to be shifted over to the sharpshooters and rams on the tips of the ships. These rams would be built onto many of

3015-403: The newly-converted cottonclads, and would consist of a 4-inch oak sheath covering a 1-inch layer of iron plating. The rams would be affixed to the bow of the ship, extending below the water level. The cottonclad would steam at full power towards an enemy ship, and the ram would collide with the ship’s hull, sinking or at least severely impairing the boat. The cotton bales would be compressed into

3082-618: The organization of regiments into brigades on March 6, 1861. Brigadier generals commanded them, and these generals were nominated by Davis and confirmed by the Confederate Senate. Though close to the U.S. Army in assignments, Confederate brigadiers mainly commanded brigades, while U.S. brigadiers sometimes led divisions and brigades, particularly in the first years of the war. These generals also often led sub-districts within military departments, with command over soldiers in their sub-district. These generals outranked Confederate States Army colonels , who commonly led infantry regiments. This rank

3149-453: The pursuing Union forces rather than scuttle their ships and retreat overland with the army, or scuttle a portion of the fleet and use the remaining coal to escape with the rest. Montgomery arranged his ships in three rows of two vessels with General Sterling Price in the rear and CSS Little Rebel not having an assigned position. General Earl Van Dorn was in the third row along with General Bragg . The Union had five ironclads as well as

3216-561: The same day, were determined by Davis, "usually following the guidelines established for the prewar U.S. Army." These generals were most often infantry or cavalry brigade commanders, aides to other higher-ranking generals, and War Department staff officers. By the war's end, the Confederacy had at least 383 different men who held this rank in the PACS and three in the ACSA: Samuel Cooper , Robert E. Lee , and Joseph E. Johnston . The Confederate States Congress authorized

3283-408: The ship. The Federal ship would engage the cottonclad as soon as it was spotted, but the dense cotton bales absorbed most of the fire. Meanwhile, the cottonclad’s smaller caliber cannon would begin firing at the Federal ship as soon as it was within the cannon’s range, which was fairly limited. At an even closer range, sharpshooters behind the bales would produce a steady stream of fire at any enemies on

3350-511: The ships to remain at New Orleans. Rather than sending all of the ships upriver, the Confederate commander at New Orleans, Major General Mansfield Lovell , held part of the fleet at New Orleans after a river barrier defending New Orleans failed. General Earl Van Dorn reached Memphis on April 3. A week later, her cottonclad conversion was completed by the finishing of the ironwork. She was sent to Fort Pillow along with CSS General Sterling Price and CSS General Bragg . General Earl Van Dorn

3417-504: The space between the double pine bulwarks. Some of the vessels that were converted into cottonclads included the former mail packet Neptune , and others such as John F. Carr , Lucy Gwinn , Josiah Bell , Uncle Ben , Bayou City , Governor Moore , Stonewall Jackson , General Sterling Price , Little Rebel , General Bragg , and the Beauregard . Although the retrofitting of these ships into cottonclads took time, at

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3484-521: The task of leading the U.S. Army to victory over the Confederate States Army. The CSA lieutenant general rank is also roughly equivalent to lieutenant general in the modern U.S. Army. The Confederate Congress passed legislation in May 1864 to allow for "temporary" general officers in the PACS, to be appointed by President Jefferson Davis and confirmed by the Confederate Senate and given a non-permanent command by Davis. Under this law, Davis appointed several officers to fill open positions. Richard H. Anderson

3551-520: The time Arkansas , which was on a trial cruise, arrived, it was too late to save the three ships. The wreckage was removed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers in 1878 and 1879. Cottonclad Around 1863, Confederate Commander John B. Magruder realized that Texas did not possess the funding and resources—such as iron mills—to produce impressive and potent vessels such as the ironclad CSS Virginia , thus inspiring

3618-483: The various state militias. Graduates from United States Military Academy and Mexican–American War veterans were highly sought after by Jefferson Davis for military service, especially as general officers. Like their U.S. Army counterparts, the Confederate Army had both professional and political generals within it. Ranks throughout the CSA were roughly based on the U.S. Army in design and seniority. On February 27, 1861,

3685-406: Was Samuel Cooper , Albert Sidney Johnston , Robert E. Lee , Joseph E. Johnston , and Pierre G.T. Beauregard , with their seniority in that order. This ordering caused Cooper, a staff officer who would not see combat, to be the senior general officer in the CSA. That seniority strained the relationship between Joseph E. Johnston and Jefferson Davis. Johnston considered himself the senior officer in

3752-565: Was $ 301 CSD monthly, and their aide-de-camp lieutenants would receive an additional $ 35 CSD per month beyond regular pay. As more grades of the general officer were added, the pay scale was adjusted. By June 10, 1864, a general received $ 500 CSD monthly, plus another $ 500 CSD if they led an army in the field. Also, by that date, lieutenant generals got $ 450 CSD and major generals $ 350 CSD, and brigadiers would receive $ 50 CSD in addition to regular pay if they served in combat. The Confederate States Army lost more general officers killed in combat than

3819-559: Was abandoned. Two of the rams, USS Switzerland and USS Monarch , pursued General Earl Van Dorn and the supply ship Paul Jones , but the Confederate vessels escaped. The historian Mark K. Christ and the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships attribute General Earl Van Dorn ' s escape to her "superior speed". Fulkerson took General Earl Van Dorn up the Yazoo River . On the Yazoo River, General Earl Van Dorn along with CSS General Polk and CSS Livingston took up

3886-578: Was appointed a "temporary" lieutenant general on May 31, 1864, and given command of the First Corps in the Army of Northern Virginia commanded by Gen. Lee (following the wounding of Lee's second-in-command, Lt. Gen. James Longstreet on May 6 in the Battle of the Wilderness .) With Longstreet's return that October, Anderson reverted to a major general. Jubal Early was appointed a "temporary" lieutenant general on May 31, 1864, and given command of

3953-465: Was appointed general late in the war and into the PACS. Pierre G.T. Beauregard , had also initially been appointed a PACS general, was elevated to ACSA two months later with the same date of rank. These generals outranked all other grades of generals and lesser officers in the Confederate States Army. All were graduates of the United States Military Academy and were former officers in the United States Army. The first group of officers appointed to general

4020-450: Was armed with a single 32-pounder cannon on her bow, which was a common naval gun that was smoothbore and muzzleloading . General Earl Van Dorn was present on the morning of April 13 when the Confederates made an abortive attempt at a surprise attack against Union Navy ships upriver from Fort Pillow. The Union fleet fell into a pattern of having one mortar boat downriver guarded by one ironclad, and Montgomery decided to attack with

4087-670: Was equivalent in most respects to a major general in the modern U.S. Army. Not further promoted Evander McIver Law was promoted to the rank of major general on March 20, 1865, on the recommendation of generals Johnston and Hampton just before the surrender. The promotion was too late to be confirmed by the Confederate Congress however. There were 18 lieutenant generals in the Confederate States Army, and these general officers were often corps commanders within armies or military department heads in charge of geographic sections and all soldiers in those boundaries. All of

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4154-399: Was equivalent to brigadier general in the modern U.S. Army. These generals were most commonly infantry division commanders, aides to other higher-ranking generals, and War Department staff officers. They also led the districts that made up military departments and had command over the troops in their districts. Some Major generals also led smaller military departments. By the end of the war,

4221-414: Was mounted to the bow. Gangplanks were then suspended from their upper decks; they could be dropped onto the decks of nearby ships for boarding by teams of soldiers called "horse marines" - they were usually cavalrymen whose horses had been left ashore. Once protected by layers of both wood and cotton, the ships needed some way to fight back; they needed weapons. However, finding any heavy guns to place on

4288-509: Was operated by the Confederate States Army . To emphasize that this force was distinct from the Confederate States Navy , many of the vessels were named after army officers. Some Confederate naval officers believed that the purchase and conversion of these vessels was a waste of resources that should have been focused on ironclads or other existing vessels. Some sources state that the vessel that became General Earl Van Dorn

4355-406: Was previously known as Junius Beebe , while other sources state that Junius Beebe instead became CSS General Sumter . General Earl Van Dorn was a sidewheel steamer . She was 182 feet (55 m) long, and had similar dimensions to General Sumter , with a beam of 28 feet 3 inches (8.61 m), and a 10-foot-7-inch (3.23 m) depth of hold . She was named after Earl Van Dorn ,

4422-426: Was struck on her starboard side near the bow and was badly damaged. General Earl Van Dorn then ran aground and came under Union fire. The Union fire did little damage, although Fulkerson was wounded and one sailor killed. After General Earl Van Dorn was freed, she returned to the rest of the Confederate fleet. The Confederates broke off the fighting when other Union ironclads arrived on the scene; Mound City and

4489-469: Was the button groupings on their uniforms; groups of three buttons for lieutenant and major generals and two for brigadier generals. In either case, a general's buttons were also distinguished from other ranks by their eagle insignia. To the right is a picture of the CSA general's full uniform, in this case, of Brigadier General Joseph R. Anderson of the Confederate Bureau of Ordnance. All of

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