CT2 is a cordless telephony standard that was used in the early 1990s to provide short-range proto-mobile phone service in some countries in Europe and in Hong Kong. It is considered the precursor to the more successful DECT system. CT2 was also referred to by its marketing name, Telepoint .
49-508: CT2 is a digital FDMA system that uses time-division duplexing technology to share carrier frequencies between handsets and base stations. Features of the system are: Unlike DECT, CT2 was a voice-only system, though like any minimally-compressed voice system, users could deploy analog modems to transfer data; in the early 1990s, Apple Computer sold a CT2 modem called the PowerBop to make use of France's Bi-Bop CT2 network. Although CT2
98-459: A carrier wave at the subchannel's frequency. It is used in satellite communication systems and telephone trunklines. FDMA splits the total bandwidth into multiple channels. Each ground station on the earth is allocated a particular frequency group (or a range of frequencies). Within each group, the ground station can allocate different frequencies to individual channels, which are used by different stations connected to that ground station. Before
147-536: A Luxembourgish fixed line and mobile telecommunications services provider operating in Latin America operating under the Tigo brand. Its main shareholder is Xavier Niel , a French billionaire who owns 40% of the company. As of December 31, 2020, Millicom operating subsidiaries and joint ventures employed more than 21,000 people and provided mobile services to approximately 55 million customers, with
196-712: A Merger Framework Agreement signed in 2013 with UNE EPM Telecomunicaciones, of the Empresas Publicas de Medellin group. Millicom also has a growing portfolio online in retail and services. Equity holding is 50 percent plus one share. Exclusive Channels of Tigo Colombia include Tigo Sports. It was first launched on 7 April 2014. The Colombian Second Sports Channel with sports broadcasting rights including: Categoria Primera C (seven games per match day), Copa Colombia (three matches per round), Premier League (up to six games per match day), Greek Super League (four games per match day). Millicom purchased 80% of Cable Onda,
245-650: A Panamanian cable TV provider and ISP for US$ 1460 Million, in October 2018. It phased out the Cable Onda brand in 2020, replacing it with its Tigo brand. In February 2019 Tigo announced the purchase of the Panamanian, Costa Rican and Nicaraguan operations of the Spanish company Telefónica for US$ 650 Million, US$ 570 Million, and US$ 430 Million respectively, totaling US$ 1650 Million, with Tigo planning to phase out
294-578: A cable footprint of more than 12 million homes passed. Millicom International Cellular SA was established on December 14, 1990, by Shelby Bryan , Jan Stenbeck , Telma Sosa, and Olvin Galdamez, combining the cellular telephone properties owned by Industriförvaltnings AB Kinnevik and Millicom Incorporated. Millicom is headquartered in Luxembourg with a United States corporate office in Miami . Through
343-549: A joint-venture with Racal Electronics was awarded a cellular license for the United Kingdom. To enable Millicom to earn its 10% royalty from Racal-Millicom, a controlling shareholder, Stenbeck commissioned a startup with three employees, Technophone , to develop the world's first pocket-sized mobile phone. Highlighting its plans to offer the Voice and Data phone (predecessor to the smartphone), his Racal-Millicom joint-venture
392-474: A mobile-phone and a mobile phone base station ). Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) is also distinct from FDMA. FDM is a physical layer technique that combines and transmits low-bandwidth channels through a high-bandwidth channel, like in a car radio . FDMA, on the other hand, is an access method in the data link layer . FDMA also supports demand assignment in addition to fixed assignment. Demand assignment allows all users apparently continuous access of
441-588: A per-minute rate which was higher than if they made calls from home, but not as high as conventional cellular charges. The advantages to the user were that the rates were generally lower than cellular, and that the same handset could be used at home and away from home. The disadvantages, compared to cellular, were that many networks did not deliver incoming calls to the phones (Bi-Bop was an exception), and that their areas of use were more limited. There are no known open CT2 networks still running. Japan's Personal Handyphone System , another system based upon microcells,
490-499: A standard cordless phone, for both incoming and outgoing calls. Once out of range of the home, the CT2 user could find signs indicating a network base station in the area, and make outgoing calls (but not receive calls) using the network base station. Base stations were in a variety of places, including high-streets and other shopping areas, gas stations, and transport hubs such as rail stations. In this configuration, callers would be charged
539-620: Is 100 percent. (Q1 2014) Tigo launched in 2004 to replace the former national brand CELTEL. It is now the leading mobile service provider in a country of eight million, with an estimated 4.8 million customers. Its mobile market share is placed at 66 percent. Tigo Honduras also offers broadband, cable, business, satellite, and financial services. Millicom equity holding is 66.7 percent. Millicom provides mobile and cable and other fixed services in Paraguay through various subsidiaries which it fully owns. Millicom has operated in Paraguay since 1992 and
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#1732782702783588-410: Is a channel access method used in some multiple-access protocols. FDMA allows multiple users to send data through a single communication channel , such as a coaxial cable or microwave beam, by dividing the bandwidth of the channel into separate non-overlapping frequency sub-channels and allocating each sub-channel to a separate user. Users can send data through a subchannel by modulating it on
637-569: Is a direct analog of CT2 and has achieved a much greater level of success. PHS is a full microcellular system with hand-off, better range, and more features. The DECT system is CT2's successor, and also supports full microcellular service and data. However, to date DECT has been used to provide commercial mobile-phone like service only in Italy in 1997-8 (the FIDO network). Canada adopted an enhanced version of CT2, known as CT2Plus, in 1993, operating in
686-511: Is a microcellular system, fully capable of supporting handoff , unlike DECT it does not support "forward handoff", meaning that it has to drop its former radio link before establishing the subsequent one, leading to a sub-second dropout in the call during the handover. CT2 was deployed in a number of countries, including Britain and France. In Britain, the Ferranti Zonephone system was the first public network to go live in 1989, and
735-547: Is based in Fernando de la Mora and is among the best equipped studios in the region with 2 studios of 400 sq mts. Tigo Sports owns its own fleet of OB Vans and has over 150 employees. Sports rights that were part of the grid included: Launched in 1992 as a pay-per-view channel Sportive events of Tigo Max Launched in January 1995 as a 24-hour variety Pay TV channel. Telenovelas broadcast on Tigo SAT Network Unicanal
784-481: Is now the largest mobile operator with 3.8 million subscribers from a population of 6.7 million (World Bank 2012). Tigo Home has become market leader for pay TV and fixed broadband services since its launch in 2014, alongside Millicom's first DTH satellite service. Tigo's mobile market share is 56.4 percent. Tigo Paraguay has exclusive rights to broadcast Paraguay's national league championship games through 2023, and has exclusive sponsorship rights in telecommunications for
833-526: Is the country's largest mobile operator with more than nine million customers and market share of 53.4 percent. Mobile penetration is estimated at 112 percent (as measured by GSMA, 2017) with internet penetration at 27 percent (World Bank, 2015). Tigo also provides mobile financial services through Tigo Money, as well as broadband, cable and business Services. Millicom provides mobile and cable and other fixed services in El Salvador through Telemovil, which
882-644: Is the country's leading pay TV operator with more than 30 years of service under different brand names dating back to Millicom's acquisition of Amnet in 2008. Millicom provides mobile and cable and other fixed services in Bolivia through TELECEL (a native Bolivian brand) which it fully owns and operates under the Tigo brand. Tigo Bolivia is now the second largest mobile operator in Bolivia (population 10.5 million – World Bank 2012) with more than 3.9 million customers. Tigo Bolivia competes with Entel and Nuevatel PCS (under
931-429: Is wholly owned by Millicom. Tigo El Salvador has operated in the country since 1993. It is now the country's largest mobile operator with three million customers and a market share of 37.8 percent (2015). Tigo is also El Salvador's largest broadband and cable service provider and offers satellite DTH services, mobile financial services under the brand Tigo Money, as well as corporate and B2B services. Millicom equity holding
980-849: The NASDAQ Stock Market in the United States under the symbol TIGO. The new listing complemented the company's existing Swedish Depository Receipt (SDR) listing on NASDAQ Stockholm. In October 2020, Millicom became the first mobile operator in Latin America to introduce Amazon Prime Video Mobile Edition. In April 2021, Millicom partnered with Amazon Web Services to expand and integrate its managed and professional services into its cloud services portfolio in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia. That same month, Millicom announced
1029-637: The brand name Greenhopper, with at one time over 60,000 subscribers. In Finland, the Pointer service was available for a short time in the 1980s before being superseded by Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT). Since 31 December 2008, CTA1 and CTA2 based phones are forbidden in Germany. Outside Europe, the system achieved a certain amount of popularity in Hong Kong with three operators offering service from 1991, until licenses were terminated in 1996. A CT2 service
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#17327827027831078-454: The radio spectrum by assigning carrier frequencies on a temporary basis using a statistical assignment process. The first FDMA demand-assignment system for satellite was developed by COMSAT for use on the Intelsat series IVA and V satellites. There are two main techniques: Millicom Millicom International Cellular SA (NASDAQ U.S.: TIGO, NASDAQ Stockholm : TIGO_SDB) is
1127-453: The 1.7 to 2.1 GHz band as spectrum expansion for the crowded 800 MHz cellular band. The FCC used the acronym PCS to designate Personal Communications Services , separate and distinct from cellular service which was 800 MHz analog at the time. PCS was to be digital-only, and has progressed through several "generations" (mostly marketing designations) such as G3 and G4. FDMA Frequency-division multiple access ( FDMA )
1176-463: The 944–948.5 MHz band. CT2Plus class 2 systems benefited from the use of common signalling channels and offered multi-cell hand-off as well as tracking of devices. Incoming calls could be received anywhere within a multi-cell system. Nortel Networks offered a private branch exchange system based on the standard which was specified in Department of Communication document RSS-130 Annex 1. In
1225-634: The Movistar brand (operated by Telefónica) from those markets within a year after its purchase. The transaction was completed in August the same year. As of March 2021, Millicom maintains operations across nine Latin American countries: Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama and Paraguay. Millicom (TIGO) previously held operations in Chad , Democratic Republic of
1274-556: The Paraguayan National Soccer Team through 2023. Millicom equity holding is 100 percent. Launched in 1994 as a Pay TV Channel and Digital sports content provider, this was the first sports media launched in all operations in Millicom. Originally known as Teledeportes Paraguay, a sports producing company that evolved into broadcast of events and programs 24/7. Its headquarters named "Tigo Sports Media House"
1323-584: The Singapore and Hong Kong markets. GPT and Motorola both provided CT2 equipment for the Rabbit system rollout (GPT handset and charger shown above). All the testing was under an FCC Experimental license. The ACT/Cellular 21 "Petition for Rulemaking" (RM-7152), along with a later petition by Millicom , became the basis of the FCC's PCS initiative (FCC GEN Docket 90-314) which resulted in the allocation of frequencies in
1372-774: The TIGO brand. In 2008, Millicom acquired AMNET for fixed Internet and TV services, leading to the company's formal cable business entrance. Millicom completed the sale of its Asian business segment in 2011 with the sale of Laos. It previously operated in Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam. With the sale of its last remaining Asian operation, Millicom shifted its focus to Latin America and Africa. Millicom launched its first 4G high-speed internet services in Colombia in 2014, followed by Bolivia later in
1421-423: The Tigo and Tigo Business brands, Millicom provides digital services, including high-speed data, broadband, mobile, cable TV , voice and SMS, Mobile Financial Services, and business communications. Millicom operates in nine Latin American markets, including Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama and Paraguay. After two years of planning, the company began operations when
1470-605: The US. ACT built two active test systems which were located in Monticello, New York (outdoor), and outside and inside the South Street Seaport complex in lower Manhattan. The Monticello public field trials used Timex technology which was incompatible with the trans-European standard, while the South Street Seaport indoor test used equipment from Ferranti, GPT, and Motorola, which at the time manufactured CT2 equipment for
1519-640: The United States, a system similar to DECT and PHS called PACS was developed but never deployed commercially. CT2, as used in Europe and Hong Kong, required adherence to the MPT 1322 and MPT 1334 technical standards. Most striking was the use of TDD (time-division duplex) channels where one radio channel carried both sides of a duplex telephone conversation. This solved the problem of different propagation paths between two widely separated channels (up to 45 MHz in some cellular systems), but also placed an upper limit on
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1568-488: The brand name Viva). Branded services include Tigo Money, Tigo Star and Tigo Sports, Tigo Business and Tigo Smart. In 2014, Bolivia launched Millicom's first satellite DTH service. Millicom equity holding is 100 percent. Tigo Colombia launched in 2006 and is Colombia's third largest mobile service provider with more than ten million customers. Its services include Tigo Money and UNE internet and broadband, with significant further market penetration anticipated in 2014 following
1617-582: The company's COO. This appointment introduced a new management style to the group: significant headcount reductions, lower capital expenditure, standardization of network and frequency usage charges. Millicom has operated in Guatemala since 1990. It owns a 100% equity interest in the operation after acquiring the remaining 45% stake from its local joint venture partner in an $ 2.2 billion deal in November 2021. The Tigo brand launched in 2004, replacing former national brands COMCEL and Amigo de COMCEL. Tigo Guatemala
1666-460: The country, based on the number of subscribers. As of December 31, 2020, Millicom served 3.5 million mobile subscribers in the country through its Tigo brand. Prior to 2019, Millicom had a very small presence in Nicaragua, where it provided mostly B2B fixed services. Since 2018, Tigo Nicaragua Millicom has also provided cable services to a small but rapidly-growing customer base. Tigo Costa Rica
1715-550: The first Next Generation TV (NGTV) service for LATAM customers, integrating traditional linear television content with over-the-top platforms, as well as video on-demand. In 2018, Millicom acquired Cable Onda in Panama. In 2019, Millicom expanded its Latin American presence, acquiring subsidiaries of Telefónica in Central America (Panama and Nicaragua). In addition, in 2019, Millicom common shares started trading on
1764-593: The founders completed a $ 131,000 share purchase in May 1982. The firm took over paging company Meta Systems in October 1982 and then raised $ 9 million in its first round of financing, managed by chief executive officer, Orhan Sadik-Khan and Kevin Kimberlin . Since 92% of the world population had no phone service at the time, Millicom promoted mobile technology on a global basis. To do this, Millicom created joint-ventures with local and strategic partners. On 13 December 1982,
1813-542: The much larger Rabbit network – backed by Hong Kong's Hutchison Telecommunications – operated from 1992 to 1993. In France, the Bi-Bop network ran from 1991 to 1997. In the Netherlands, Dutch incumbent PTT deployed a CT2-based network called Greenpoint from 1992 to 1999; in the first year it used the name and mascot Kermit but royalties proved prohibitively large and the mascot was dropped. The service continued under
1862-417: The range of CT-2 signaling, since the speed of light (and radio signals) prevented long transmission paths. However, the use of TDD made available many frequency bands for CT-2 use, since a "paired" return path was not needed. An American company, Cellular 21, Inc. (later to become Advanced Cordless Technologies, Inc.) headed by broadcaster Matt Edwards, petitioned the FCC to permit the use of CT2 technology in
1911-599: The sale of its operations in Tanzania and for its stake in the AirtelTigo joint venture in Ghana, completing its multi-year plan to divest its African operations and focus on its Latin American markets. In 2023, Apollo Global Management and Marcelo Claure held discussions with Millicom regarding a potential acquisition of all outstanding shares of the company. The discussions have been terminated on June 16, 2023. At
1960-511: The same time, French billionaire Xavier Niel built a 25.02% stake in Millicom through his company Atlas Investissement , making him the company's main shareholder. Following the acquisition of the stake in the company, three new directors appointed by Atlas Investissement joined the company's board of directors in May 2023: Michaël Golan, former CEO of Iliad , Nicolas Jaeger, CFO of Iliad , and Thomas Reynaud, CEO of Iliad . In September 2023, former Iliad SA CEO Maxime Lombardini became
2009-406: The theoretical OSI model . Disadvantage: Crosstalk may cause interference among frequencies and disrupt the transmission. FDMA is distinct from frequency division duplexing (FDD). While FDMA allows multiple users simultaneous access to a transmission system, FDD refers to how the radio channel is shared between the uplink and downlink (for instance, the traffic going back and forth between
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2058-438: The transmission begins, the transmitting ground station looks for an empty channel within the frequency range that is allocated to it and once it finds an empty channel, it allocates it to the particular transmitting station. Alternatives include time-division multiple access (TDMA), code-division multiple access (CDMA), or space-division multiple access (SDMA). These protocols are utilized differently, at different levels of
2107-730: The year, and the remaining markets soon after. In 2014, Millicom launched the TIGO Sports Television channel in Paraguay and Bolivia . In 2012, Millicom partnered with UNICEF to protect children's rights, later renewing the partnership in 2020 to cover child online protection, and as virtual education gained prominence during the COVID-19 global pandemic. In 2016, Millicom partnered with Microsoft to provide cloud services to its Tigo Business customers in eight markets in Latin America. In 2017, Millicom launched TIGO ONEtv,
2156-562: Was a 24-hour Pay TV cable purchased in October 2012 by the merger with Cablevision Paraguay (property of Grupo Clarin Argentina). It began operations on 15 December 1989, when it started broadcasting at 5:45 AM. During its time as propriety of Tigo Paraguay, genres included in the grid included News, Entertainment, Realities, Health, Magazines, alternating between local content and Argentinian content provided by El Trece Argentina (also part of Grupo Clarin) In February 2014, local soccer broadcast
2205-464: Was awarded a personal communication network (PCN) license to compete with Vodafone in the United Kingdom, a service launched on 28 April 1994 under its brand name, Orange . This venture was acquired in October 1999, at which time Orange and its new parent, Mannesmann , were in turn both taken over by Vodafone. At a value of $ 202 billion, the takeover of Mannesmann by Vodafone was the largest transaction in corporate history. Orange (formerly Microtel)
2254-406: Was offered in Singapore from 1993 to 1998 by Telecommunications Equipment under the brand name Callzone , using Motorola's Silverlink 2000 Birdie handset. Typical CT2 users were sold a handset and base station which they could connect to their own home telephone wiring. Calls via the home base station would be routed via the home telephone line and in this configuration the system was identical to
2303-590: Was renamed Vodafone . On 12 October 1983, Millicom Inc. created China Telecom Systems (HK), a joint-venture with partners China Resources Ltd. and Comvik , a Swedish mobile firm also controlled by Jan Stenbeck. China Telecom Systems (HK) held the first cellular telephone contract in China, making its service available to the public on 20 May 1985. In December 1989, Millicom set up Microtel Communications Ltd. by teaming up with Pacific Telesis and British Aerospace (later bought out by Hutchison Telecom .) Microtel
2352-527: Was then sold to France Telecom , which subsequently changed its corporate name to Orange. To better manage their respective mobile interests, Millicom Inc. combined with Comvik's international cellular operations to become Millicom International Cellular SA in 1990, which now operates under the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg . In 2000, Millicom started investing in three continents: Asia, Africa, and Latin America . In 2004, Millicom conceptualized
2401-402: Was translated from Unicanal to Tigo's new Pay TV cable, Tigo Sports, dedicated to sports 24/7. In February 2015, Tigo sold the operations of Unicanal to JBB Group, a company owner of Radio Disney, specialized in media, entertainment, distribution and in real estate. In 2019, Millicom purchased Telefonía Celular de Nicaragua, S.A. ("Telefonía Nicaragua"), the leading provider of Mobile services in
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