Knidos or Cnidus ( / ˈ n aɪ d ə s / ; ‹See Tfd› Greek : Κνίδος , Ancient: [knídos] , Modern: [ˈkniðos] , Knídos ) was a Greek city in ancient Caria and part of the Dorian Hexapolis , in south-western Asia Minor , modern-day Turkey. It was situated on the Datça peninsula , which forms the southern side of the Sinus Ceramicus , now known as Gulf of Gökova . By the 4th century BC, Knidos was located at the site of modern Tekir , opposite Triopion Island. But earlier, it was probably at the site of modern Datça (at the half-way point of the peninsula).
21-450: It was built partly on the mainland and partly on the Island of Triopion or Cape Krio. The debate about it being an island or cape is caused by the fact that in ancient times it was connected to the mainland by a causeway and bridge. Today the connection is formed by a narrow sandy isthmus . By means of the causeway the channel between island and mainland was formed into two harbours, of which
42-592: A city on Corcyra Nigra in the Adriatic . They ultimately submitted to Cyrus , and from the battle of Eurymedon to the latter part of the Peloponnesian War they were subject to Athens . During the Hellenistic age , Knidos boasted a medical school ; however, the theory that this school already existed at the beginning of the classical age is an unwarranted extrapolation. In their expansion into
63-630: A minor character in the Shakespeare play “ Julius Caesar ", was also from Knidos. During the Byzantine period there must still have been a considerable population: for the ruins contain a large number of buildings belonging to the Byzantine style, and Christian sepulchres are common in the neighbourhood. Bishop Ioannes of Cnidus took part in the Council of Chalcedon in 451 CE and was one of
84-406: A narrow stretch of sea between two landmasses that connects two larger bodies of water. Isthmus and land bridge are related terms, with isthmus having a broader meaning. A land bridge is an isthmus connecting Earth's major land masses. The term land bridge is usually used in biogeology to describe land connections that used to exist between continents at various times and were important for
105-577: A particularly advantageous shortcut for marine transport. For example: Byzantine Emperor The foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD marks the conventional start of the Eastern Roman Empire , which fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD. Only the emperors who were recognized as legitimate rulers and exercised sovereign authority are included, to the exclusion of junior co-emperors ( symbasileis ) who never attained
126-590: The Catholic Church as a titular see . The first Western knowledge of the modern site was due to the mission of the Dilettante Society in 1812, and the excavations executed by C. T. Newton in 1857–1858. The agora , the theatre, an odeum , a temple of Dionysus , a temple of the Muses, a temple of Aphrodite and a great number of minor buildings have been identified, and the general plan of
147-702: The Greeks". Towards the end of the Empire, the standard imperial formula of the Byzantine ruler was "[Emperor's name] in Christ, Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans" (cf. Ῥωμαῖοι and Rûm ). Dynasties were a common tradition and structure for rulers and government systems in the Medieval period. The principle or formal requirement for hereditary succession was not a part of the Empire's governance; hereditary succession
168-598: The city has been very clearly made out. The most famous statue by Praxiteles , the Aphrodite of Knidos , was made for Cnidus. It has perished, but late copies exist, of which the most faithful is in the Vatican Museums . In a temple enclosure Newton discovered the fine seated statue of Demeter of Knidos , which he sent back to the British Museum , and about three miles south-east of the city he came upon
189-661: The imperial seat moving from Rome to Byzantium, the Empire's integration of Christianity, and the predominance of Greek instead of Latin. The Byzantine Empire was the direct legal continuation of the eastern half of the Roman Empire following the division of the Roman Empire in 395. Emperors listed below up to Theodosius I in 395 were sole or joint rulers of the entire Roman Empire. The Western Roman Empire continued until 476. Byzantine emperors considered themselves to be Roman emperors in direct succession from Augustus ;
210-405: The larger, or southern, was further enclosed by two strongly built moles that are still in good part entire. The extreme length of the city was little less than a mile, and the whole intramural area is still thickly strewn with architectural remains. The walls, both of the island and on the mainland, can be traced throughout their whole circuit; and in many places, especially round the acropolis, at
231-796: The migration of people and various species of animals and plants, e.g. Beringia and Doggerland . An isthmus is a land connection between two bigger landmasses, while a peninsula is rather a land protrusion that is connected to a bigger landmass on one side only and surrounded by water on all other sides. Technically, an isthmus can have canals running from coast to coast (e.g. the Panama Canal ), and thus resemble two peninsulas; however, canals are artificial features distinguished from straits . The world's major isthmuses include: Of historic importance were: The cities of Auckland , Madison , Manila , and Seattle are located on isthmuses. Canals are often built across isthmuses, where they may be
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#1732772098795252-460: The northeast corner of the city, they are remarkably perfect. Knidos was a Hellenic city of high antiquity. According to Herodotus ' Histories) (I.174), the Cnidians were Lacedaemonian colonists; however, the presence of demiurges there argues for foundation or later influence by other Doric Greeks , possibly Argives . Diodorus Siculus ( Bibliotheca Historica 5.53) claimed that Cnidus
273-561: The region, the Romans easily obtained the allegiance of Knidians, and rewarded them for help given against Antiochus III the Great by leaving them the freedom of their city. Eudoxus , the astronomer , Ctesias , the writer on Persian history , and Sostratus , the builder of the celebrated Pharos at Alexandria , are the most remarkable of the Knidians mentioned in history. Artemidorus ,
294-688: The ruins of a splendid tomb, and a colossal figure of a lion carved out of one block of Pentelic marble , ten feet in length and six in height, which has been supposed to commemorate the great naval victory, the Battle of Cnidus in which Conon defeated the Lacedaemonians in 394 BC. The Knidos Lion is now displayed under the roof of the Great Court in the British Museum. In 2022, the low tide revealed ruins of an ancient port near
315-575: The signatories of the letter that in 458 the bishops of the Roman province of Caria , to which Cnidus belonged, wrote to Byzantine Emperor Leo I the Thracian after the murder of Proterius of Alexandria . Bishop Evander was at the Second Council of Constantinople in 553 and Bishop Stauratius at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787. No longer a residential bishopric, Cnidus is today listed by
336-418: The site which is believed to have been the port of Knidos. Isthmus An isthmus ( / ˈ ɪ s m ə s , ˈ ɪ s θ m ə s / ; pl. : isthmuses or isthmi ) is a narrow piece of land connecting two larger areas across an expanse of water by which they are otherwise separated. A tombolo is an isthmus that consists of a spit or bar , and a strait is the sea counterpart of an isthmus,
357-429: The status of sole or senior ruler, as well as of the various usurpers or rebels who claimed the imperial title. The following list starts with Constantine the Great , the first Christian emperor, who rebuilt the city of Byzantium as an imperial capital, Constantinople, and who was regarded by the later emperors as the model ruler. Modern historians distinguish this later phase of the Roman Empire as Byzantine due to
378-656: The term "Byzantine" became convention in Western historiography in the 19th century. The use of the title "Roman Emperor" by those ruling from Constantinople was not contested until after the papal coronation of the Frankish Charlemagne as Holy Roman emperor (25 December 800). The title of all Emperors preceding Heraclius was officially " Augustus ", although other titles such as Dominus were also used. Their names were preceded by Imperator Caesar and followed by Augustus . Following Heraclius,
399-588: The title commonly became the Greek Basileus (Gr. Βασιλεύς), which had formerly meant sovereign , though Augustus continued to be used in a reduced capacity. Following the establishment of the rival Holy Roman Empire in Western Europe, the title " Autokrator " (Gr. Αὐτοκράτωρ) was increasingly used. In later centuries, the Emperor could be referred to by Western Christians as the "Emperor of
420-422: Was at first governed by an oligarchic senate , composed of sixty members, and presided over by a magistrate; but, though it is proved by inscriptions that the old names continued to a very late period, the constitution underwent a popular transformation. The situation of the city was favourable for commerce, and the Knidians acquired considerable wealth, and were able to colonize the island of Lipara , and founded
441-655: Was founded by both Lacedaemonians and Argives. Along with Halicarnassus (present day Bodrum , Turkey) and Kos, and the Rhodian cities of Lindos , Kamiros and Ialyssos it formed the Dorian Hexapolis , which held its confederate assemblies on the Triopian headland, and there celebrated games in honour of Apollo , Poseidon and the nymphs . This was also the site of the Temple of Aphrodite, Knidos . The city
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