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69-472: Martin Couney was born Michael Cohen (or Cohn) in 1869 in the town of Krotoszyn , which was then part of German Prussia and is now Poland . Couney's cultural and professional background remain contested as Couney repeatedly changed the details about his personal background throughout his life. The ambiguity of his early life has long impacted his work and reputation. The mystery Couney enforced on his background

138-492: A glass front. In order to fill the incubators with warm air, water boilers fed warm water into pipes that ran underneath where the babies rested and thermostats were placed inside the incubators to maintain and regulate temperatures. Couney was also concerned with the entrance of impurities into the air of the incubators. In order to filter out impurities in the air, the air fed into the pipes was first filtered through wool suspended in antiseptic, then again through dry wool. The air

207-631: A replica of Point du Sable's cabin was presented as part of the "background of the history of Chicago". Also on display was the "Lincoln Group" of reconstructions of buildings associated with the biography of Abraham Lincoln, including his birth cabin, the Lincoln-Berry General Store , the Chicago Wigwam (in reduced scale), and the Rutledge Tavern which served as a restaurant. Admiral Byrd's polar expedition ship

276-592: A result of the profitability of shows such as Couney's Infantorium. These shows often did not adhere to the same cleanliness and professional standards as the well-known Infantorium. As a result, medical journals at the time condemned the shows as risky and dangerous for the premature infants. The support of Julius Hess , who came to be known as the father of American neonatology, during the 1933 Chicago World Fair improved Couney's reputation. The exhibit ran for two consecutive summers, over 18 months from 1933–1934. The facility cost $ 75,000 ($ 1.4 million today) to construct and

345-410: A series of astronomical observatories and then transformed into electrical energy which was transmitted to Chicago. The fair buildings were multi-colored, to create a "Rainbow City" as compared to the "White City" of Chicago's earlier World's Columbian Exposition . The buildings generally followed Moderne architecture in contrast to the neoclassical themes used at the 1893 fair. One famous feature of

414-523: A total of 39,052,236. Much of the fair site is now home to Northerly Island park (since the closing of Meigs Field ) and McCormick Place . The Balbo Monument , given to Chicago by Benito Mussolini to honor General Italo Balbo 's 1933 trans-Atlantic flight, still stands near Soldier Field . The city added a third red star to its flag in 1933 to commemorate the Century of Progress Exposition (the Fair

483-464: A type of Polish smoked pork meat (as designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland ). Local traditions of meat production date back hundreds of years, and the first butchers' guilds were established shortly after granting town rights in the early 15th century. The main sports club of the town is Astra Krotoszyn with football and volleyball sections. Krotoszyn

552-469: A variation on the vertical (i.e., paternoster lift ) parking garage—all the cars were new Nashes; Lincoln presented its rear-engined "concept car" precursor to the Lincoln-Zephyr , which went on the market in 1936 with a front engine; Pierce-Arrow presented its modernistic Pierce Silver Arrow for which it used the byline "Suddenly it's 1940!" But it was Packard which won the best of show with

621-590: Is twinned with: Century of Progress A Century of Progress International Exposition , also known as the Chicago World's Fair , was a world's fair held in the city of Chicago , Illinois, United States, from 1933 to 1934. The fair, registered under the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE), celebrated the city's centennial. Designed largely in Art Deco style, the theme of

690-455: Is now on exhibit at Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry . Frank Buck furnished a wild animal exhibit, Frank Buck's Jungle Camp. Over two million people visited Buck's reproduction of the camp he and his native assistants lived in while collecting animals in Asia. After the fair closed, Buck moved the camp to a compound he had created at Amityville, New York . Planning for the design of

759-418: Is now represented by the fourth of four stars on the flag). In conjunction with the fair, Chicago's Italian-American community raised funds and donated a statue of Genoese navigator and explorer Christopher Columbus . It was placed at the south end of Grant Park, near the site of the fair. The Polish Museum of America possesses the painting of Pulaski at Savannah by Stanisław Kaczor-Batowski , which

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828-505: The City of New York was visited by President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he came to the fair on October 2, 1933. The City was on show for the full length of the exhibition. One of the highlights of the 1933 World's Fair was the arrival of the German airship Graf Zeppelin on October 26, 1933. After circling Lake Michigan near the exposition for two hours, Commander Hugo Eckener landed

897-582: The Fall of Communism in the 1980s. Some members of the Polish resistance movement were persecuted by the communists after the war. It was within Kalisz Voivodeship from 1975 to 1998. The dominant trade is in grain and seeds, and the headquarters of the Polish branch of Mahle GmbH is located there. The officially protected traditional food originating from Krotoszyn is wędzonka krotoszyńska ,

966-681: The Greater Poland Voivodeship . Krotoszyn was founded by local nobleman Wierzbięta Krotoski  [ pl ] , participant of the Battle of Grunwald , and was granted town rights in 1415 by King Władysław II Jagiełło . It was a private town owned by the Krotoski, Niewieski, Rozdrażewski and Potocki families, historically located in the Kalisz Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province . After

1035-560: The Greater Poland uprising (1918–19) , during which the town was liberated by the insurgents on 1 January 1919, nearly two months after Poland regained its independence. The Germans attacked Krotoszyn on 1 September 1939, the first day of the invasion of Poland and World War II . On 2 September they bombed a train with Polish civilians fleeing the Wehrmacht from Krotoszyn, killing 300 people and on 3 September they captured

1104-731: The underground resistance movement , which included secret Polish teaching , scout troops, a local branch of the Home Army , the Secret Military Organization and structures of the Polish Underground State . Independent underground Polish press was issued in the town. The town was liberated by Soviet troops and local Poles in January 1945 and restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which then stayed in power until

1173-631: The "Dawn-to-Dusk Dash". To cap its record-breaking speed run, the Zephyr arrived dramatically on-stage at the fair's "Wings of a Century" transportation pageant. The two trains launched an era of industrial streamlining. Both trains later went into successful revenue service, the Union Pacific's as the City of Salina , and the Burlington Zephyr as the first Pioneer Zephyr . The Zephyr

1242-607: The 776-foot airship at the nearby Curtiss-Wright Airport in Glenview . It remained on the ground for twenty-five minutes (from 1 to 1:25 pm) then took off ahead of an approaching weather front, bound for Akron, Ohio . The "dream cars" which American automobile manufacturers exhibited at the fair included Rollston bodywork on a Duesenberg chassis, and was called the Twenty Grand ultra-luxury sedan; Cadillac 's introduction of its V-16 limousine ; Nash 's exhibit had

1311-588: The Belgian Village (Burnham Brothers with Alfons De Rijdt), and the Streets of Paris (Andrew Rebori and John W. Root) where fan dancer Sally Rand performed. These buildings were constructed out of five-ply Douglas fir plywood, ribbed-metal siding, and prefabricated boards such as Masonite, Sheetrock, Maizewood, as well as other new man-made materials. The exhibited buildings were windowless (but cheerfully lighted) buildings. Structural advances also filled

1380-898: The Century of Progress fair in Chicago. The major archive for the Century of Progress International Exposition, including the official records from the event and the papers of Lenox Lohr, general manager of the fair, are housed in Special Collections at the University of Illinois, Chicago . A collection of materials including images is held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago . The Century of Progress Collection includes photographs, guidebooks, brochures, maps, architectural drawings , and souvenir items. Specific collections with material include

1449-560: The Coney Island 'Infantorium', Couney worked in tandem with established doctor Julius Hess and he employed a team of nurses who lived onsite, taking care of the premature infants at all hours. Couney is usually remembered for his Coney Island facility, but he also established a similar exhibit in Atlantic City which ran for 38 years, from 1905 to 1943. Couney's facilities were known for their professionalism and cleanliness. Couney

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1518-541: The Cook Family Singers, and the Andrews Sisters performed), and a recreation of important scenes from Chicago's history. The fair also contained exhibits that would seem shocking to modern audiences, including offensive portrayals of African Americans , a "Midget City" complete with "sixty Lilliputians ", and an exhibition of incubators containing real babies. The fair included an exhibit on

1587-565: The Diamond Jubilee in 1897. The Lancet editors visiting the infant exhibit noted that while the use of the incubators had "not yet become general in England", they further claimed that "any successful attempt to improve the construction of incubators and to render this life-saving apparatus available to the general public must be welcomed." Each Incubator at Couney's Infantorium measured around 1.5m high, with steel walls, framework and

1656-479: The Exposition began over five years prior to Opening Day. According to an official resolution, decisions regarding the site layout and the architectural style of the exposition were relegated to an architectural commission, which was led by Paul Cret and Raymond Hood . Local architects on the committee included Edward Bennett , John Holabird , and Hubert Burnham. Frank Lloyd Wright was specifically left off

1725-720: The Federal Building (Bennet, Burnham, and Holabird); corporate pavilions, including the General Motors Building (Albert Kahn) and the Sears Pavilion (Nimmons, Carr, and Wright); futuristic model houses, most popular was the twelve-sided House of Tomorrow (George Frederick Keck); as well as progressive foreign pavilions, including the Italian Pavilion (Mario de Renzi and Adalberto Libera); and historic and ethnic entertainment venues, such as

1794-558: The Federal Building for the fair. The frieze was composed of twelve murals depicting the influence of sea power on America, beginning with the settlement of Jamestown, Virginia , in 1607 when sea power first reached America and carrying through World War I. Another set of murals, painted for the Ohio State Exhibit by William Mark Young , was relocated afterwards to the Ohio Statehouse . Young also painted scenes of

1863-498: The German rule in the 19th century, the town was located in the Prussian province of Posen . The castle of Krotoszyn was the centre of a mediatised principality formed in 1819 out of the holdings of the Prussian crown and granted to the prince of Thurn und Taxis in compensation for his relinquishing control over the Prussian postal system and it was subjected to Germanisation . Famous Polish composer Fryderyk Chopin stopped in

1932-581: The US, including the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York in 1901. Originally, incubators were used by poultry farmers to hatch chicken eggs, with the original design being little more than a heated, enclosed box. Stéphane Tarnier , a prominent French obstetrician in the nineteenth century, has been widely recognised as the first to implement incubators in the care of human infants. At

2001-421: The babies and allowed visitors to identify the sex of the infants. The infants would be on show throughout the day in individual incubators, excluding two hours for feeding. The 'preemies' were fed breastmilk in three different ways, depending on the varying abilities of the infants to receive milk. Most were fed by either wet nurses or using bottles. However, some infants were administered breastmilk spooned through

2070-432: The babies that he and Hess had cared for in 1933. On July 25, 1934, 41 of the 58 babies, accompanied by their mothers, returned to Coney Island for a 'Homecoming' ceremony. Couney's reputation suffered after the 1911 Coney Island Fire. Despite all of the infants being rescued, the incident highlighted the dangers of caring for infants in amusement parks. Others decried the entire notion of infant incubators in fairgrounds. In

2139-549: The commission due to his inability to work well with others, but did go on to produce three conceptual schemes for the fair. Members of this committee ended up designing most of the large, thematic exhibition pavilions. From the beginning, the commission members shared a belief that the buildings should not reinterpret past architectural forms – as had been done at earlier fairs, such as Chicago's 1893 World's Columbian Exposition—but should instead reflect new, modern ideas, as well as suggest future architectural developments. Because

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2208-426: The efficacy of such efforts. The prominence of the eugenics movement led many doctors at the time to perceive Couney as farcical, and premature babies often left to die without medical intervention. Krotoszyn Krotoszyn [krɔˈtɔʂɨn] ( German : Krotoschin , Yiddish : קראטאשין Krotoshin ) is a town in west-central Poland with 29,485 inhabitants as of 2010 . It is the seat of Krotoszyn County in

2277-473: The entire debt paid by the time the fair closed in 1934. For the first time in American history, an international fair had paid for itself. In its two years, it had attracted 48,769,227 visitors. According to James Truslow Adams 's Dictionary of American History , during the 170 days beginning May 27, 1933, there were 22,565,859 paid admissions; during the 163 days beginning May 26, 1934, there were 16,486,377;

2346-714: The exhibition buildings. The first Major League Baseball All-Star Game was held at Comiskey Park (home of the Chicago White Sox ) in conjunction with the fair. In May 1934, the Union Pacific Railroad exhibited its first streamlined train, the M-10000 , and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad its famous Zephyr which, on May 26, made a record-breaking dawn-to-dusk run from Denver, Colorado, to Chicago in 13 hours and 5 minutes, called

2415-462: The fair was technological innovation , and its motto was "Science Finds, Industry Applies, Man Conforms", trumpeting the message that science and American life were wedded. Its architectural symbol was the Sky Ride , a transporter bridge perpendicular to the shore on which one could ride from one side of the fair to the other. One description of the fair noted that the world, "then still mired in

2484-634: The fair were the performances of fan dancer Sally Rand . Hal Pearl then known as "Chicago's Youngest Organist" and later "The King of the Organ" was the official organist of the fair. Mary Ann McArdle and her sister Isabel (from the UK) performed Irish Dancing. Other popular exhibits were the various auto manufacturers, the Midway (filled with nightclubs such as the Old Morocco, where future stars Judy Garland ,

2553-504: The fair. There were more than a thousand cases, resulting in 98 deaths. Joel Connolly of the Chicago Bureau of Sanitary Engineering brought the outbreak to an end when he found that defective plumbing permitted sewage to contaminate drinking water in two hotels. Originally, the fair was scheduled only to run until November 12, 1933, but it was so successful that it was opened again to run from May 26 to October 31, 1934. The fair

2622-468: The fairgrounds was on new man-made land that was owned by the state and not the city, the land was initially free from Chicago's strict building codes, which allowed the architects to explore new materials and building techniques. This allowed the design and construction of a wide array of experimental buildings, that eventually included large general exhibition halls, such as the Hall of Science (Paul Cret) and

2691-540: The fairgrounds. These included the earliest catenary roof constructed in the United States, which roofed the dome of the Travel and Transport Building (Bennet, Burnham and Holabird) and the first thin shell concrete roof in the United States, on the small, multi-vaulted Brook Hill Farm Dairy built for the 1934 season of the fair. From June to November 1933, there was an outbreak of amoebic dysentery associated with

2760-402: The history of Chicago. In the planning stages, several African American groups from the city's newly growing population campaigned for Jean Baptiste Point du Sable to be honored at the fair. At the time, few Chicagoans had even heard of Point du Sable, and the fair's organizers presented the 1803 construction of Fort Dearborn as the city's historical beginning. The campaign was successful, and

2829-468: The infants through the entrance fees during the exhibitions. The entrance fees covered not only the care of the infants, but also allowed Couney to pay his nurses a good wage and facilitated the frequent travel of the exhibit. Upon being admitted to Couney's care, infants would all undergo the same routine. The infants were first bathed in lukewarm water and, if they were capable, were given a small dose of brandy. Ribbons, either pink or blue, were tied around

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2898-446: The infants, one of Couney's long-time professional nurses at Coney Island, Madame Recht, would show a diamond ring to audiences before sliding it up the babies' arms to emphasize the tiny size of the infants. These performances however triggered outcry from child protection groups, claiming Couney objectified the infants for monetary gain. Indeed, in 1897 as Couney was starting his career in the field of neonatology, an anonymous source in

2967-466: The malaise of the Great Depression , could glimpse a happier not-too-distant future, all driven by innovation in science and technology". Fair visitors saw the latest wonders in rail travel, automobiles, architecture and even cigarette-smoking robots. The exposition "emphasized technology and progress, a utopia, or perfect world, founded on democracy and manufacturing." A Century of Progress

3036-468: The many unknowns of Couney's life, it is widely accepted that he was an apprentice under Budin in Paris, an established obstetrician, known as the founder of modern perinatal medicine. In 1896, Couney entered his first exhibition as Budin's intermediary to exhibit Budin's Kinderbrutanstalt, or 'child hatchery', to spectators at Berlin's Great Industrial Exposition . The exhibit was a success and in 1897, Couney

3105-483: The medical journal The Lancet condemned the exposition as “an unscrupulous way to make money”. Couney defended his sideshow, claiming his exhibits were the last resort for many 'preemies', and that his practice's survival rate was much higher in fact than many hospitals. In 1934, in order to demonstrate the importance and success rates of the incubators, Couney hosted a reunion at the Chicago World Fair for

3174-648: The medical journal The Lancet in 1897, an article titled "The Danger of Making a Public Show of Incubators for Babies" lamented the proximity of infant incubators to animal exhibits and peep shows, concerned that the unsanitary conditions of the animal exhibits would endanger the babies. It was also seen as inappropriate to house the infants so close to 'scandalous' peep shows, especially as the Infantorium shows attracted many families and children. The perceived dangers of 'preemie' fairground exhibits were accentuated by imposter shows, which began appearing in fairgrounds as

3243-538: The modernistic Federal Building. These were also printed in separate souvenir sheets as blocks of 25 (catalog listings 728–31). In 1935 the sheets were reprinted (Scott 766–67). From October 2010 through September 2011, the National Building Museum in Washington, D.C. opened an exhibition titled Designing Tomorrow: America's World's Fairs of the 1930s . This exhibition prominently featured

3312-451: The nose by Madame Recht, one of Couney's long-time employees. Couney placed strict diet restrictions on his wet nurses. While under his employment, wet nurses were not allowed to smoke, consume foods such as hamburgers, or drink alcohol, as Couney believed doing so would impact the quality of their breastmilk. Couney also encouraged his nurses to take the babies out of the incubators and cuddle them in front of audiences. In addition to holding

3381-522: The reintroduction of the Packard Twelve . An enduring exhibit was the 1933 Homes of Tomorrow Exhibition that demonstrated modern home convenience and creative practical new building materials and techniques with twelve model homes sponsored by several corporations affiliated with home decor and construction. Marine artist Hilda Goldblatt Gorenstein painted twelve murals for the Navy's exhibit in

3450-510: The same fairgrounds as exhibitions supporting the eugenics movement. Articles in medical journals at the time condemned Couney's treatment of premature babies, stating the babies would pass on their “deficiencies, deformities and vices” to the next generation. A film produced by an American doctor in the early 1900s was even tagged “Kill Defectives, Save the Nation” and articles in medical journals questioned efforts to save premature infants, doubting

3519-450: The time, his ideas were deemed unscientific. It was not until his assistant, Budin, exhibited the incubators at Berlin's World Fair that the incubators gained considerable attention. Couney's alleged apprenticeship under Budin allowed him the knowledge and ability to promote and spread the medical importance of these machines. The importance of the infant incubators was noted early on in Couney's career by medical journal The Lancet during

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3588-416: The topic was generally undiscussed. Couney's promotion of his Infantorium demonstrated that 'preemie' infant care could be successful, if expensive. The eugenics movement of the early twentieth century presented an ideological contrast to Couney's treatment of premature babies. The eugenics movement was reaching its peak at the beginning of the 20th century and Couney's 'Infantoriums' were often showcased in

3657-686: The town in 1829. During the Polish Greater Poland uprising (1848) Germans and Jews attacked the local Polish committee, and the Poles had to move their activities to Koźmin Wielkopolski . Later on, despite the Germanisation policies, Poles established a number of organizations, including an industrial society, a cooperative bank and a local branch of the "Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society . Many inhabitants took part in

3726-514: The town suffered a fire in 1453, King Casimir IV of Poland vested it with new privileges , establishing a weekly market and three annual fairs . It developed as a regional center of trade and crafts, located at the intersection of the Kalisz – Głogów and Toruń – Wrocław trade routes. During the Thirty Years' War , in 1628, Protestant refugees from German states settled in the town. It

3795-530: The town's deputy mayor, as well as several alumni of local schools, were also murdered by the Russians in the large Katyn massacre in April–May 1940. The Germans destroyed the memorial dedicated to local Polish insurgents of 1918–1919, while another monument plaque was hidden by Poles and thus preserved. Germany also established and operated a Nazi prison in the town. Nevertheless, local Poles managed to organize

3864-696: The town. The Germans established a transit camp for Polish prisoners of war and over 4,500 Polish soldiers passed through the camp. In mid-September 1939, the Einsatzgruppe VI entered the town to commit various crimes against the Polish population . During the German occupation the Polish population was subjected to mass arrests, Germanisation policies, discrimination, expulsions , executions and deportations to forced labour in Germany. Poles from Krotoszyn, including several local policemen and

3933-697: The visit of the German airship depicting (l to r) the fair's Federal Building, the Graf Zeppelin in flight, and its home hangar in Friedrichshafen , Germany. This stamp is informally known as the Baby Zep to distinguish it from the much more valuable 1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps (C13–15). Separate from this issue, for the Fair the Post Office also printed 1 and 3 cent commemorative postage stamps , showing respectively Fort Dearborn and

4002-463: The year of Couney's death in March 1950, incubators had been integrated into public hospitals. Couney is now recognised as a pioneer of early infant care. His exhibits worked against the claims of the then popular eugenics movement and helped introduce the issue of premature births to the general populace. Due to the high fatality rates of prematurely born infants in the first half of the twentieth century,

4071-434: Was 19 years old; however this casts doubt on his claims both of having completed a medical degree and of having studied under Budin, due to the inconsistencies in this timeline. In 1903, Couney married Annabelle Maye, a nurse employed in one of his 'Infantoriums'. In 1907, Couney's daughter, Hildegarde Couney, was born six weeks premature, weighing just three pounds (1.4 kilos). Couney's wife predeceased him in 1936. Despite

4140-512: Was compounded by his lack of an official medical licence. Couney stated he had studied in Leipzig and Berlin and that his medical licence was European, and therefore, that his doctorate was not applicable in America. However, there is no record of Couney ever studying medicine in any European institutions. There is some evidence to suggest that Couney immigrated to the United States in 1888 when he

4209-611: Was exhibited at the Century of Progress fair and where it won first place. After the close of the fair, the painting went on display at The Art Institute of Chicago where it was unveiled by Eleanor Roosevelt on July 10, 1934. The painting was on display at the Art Institute until its purchase by the Polish Women's Alliance on the museum's behalf. The U.S. Post Office Department issued a special fifty-cent Air Mail postage stamp, ( Scott catalogue number C-18) to commemorate

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4278-399: Was financed through the sale of memberships, which allowed purchases of a certain number of admissions once the park was open. More than $ 800,000 was raised in this manner as the country was in the Great Depression . A $ 10 million bond was issued on October 28, 1929, the day before the stock market crashed . By the time the fair closed in 1933, half of these notes had been retired, with

4347-477: Was formally opened on May 27, 1933, by U.S. Postmaster General James Farley at a four-hour ceremony at Soldier Field . The fair's opening night began with a nod to the heavens. Lights were automatically activated when the rays of the star Arcturus were detected. The star was chosen as its light had started its journey at about the time of the previous Chicago world's fair—the World's Columbian Exposition —in 1893. The rays were focused on photoelectric cells in

4416-528: Was fronted by a huge sign bearing the words, “Living Babies in Incubators”. By the end of the second summer, Chicago's health commissioner had become involved in Couney's efforts. It was not long after the end of the fair that Chicago became the first American city to officially implement policies for the explicit purpose of premature infant care. Throughout Couney's career, whenever a midway or fairground closed, Couney attempted to donate his incubators to local hospitals, though his donations were never accepted. By

4485-415: Was influenced by one of his employed nurses, and later wife, Annabelle Maye who insisted upon the importance of strict hygiene and systematic procedure. In 1903, the average cost for the care of one infant at Couney's facility was $ 15 ($ 405 today). The care costs of premature babies was expensive, however, Couney did not charge the parents of his patients for their care. Couney made up the costs of caring for

4554-439: Was invited by exposition promoter Samuel Schenkein to host an exhibit at the Diamond Jubilee Celebration for Queen Victoria in London to present his first infant incubator show. Following the European success of Couney's displays and a move to the United States, Couney held the American debut of his incubator show at the Trans-Mississippi Exposition in Omaha. Couney then began showcasing his Incubator shows in fairgrounds across

4623-414: Was organized as an Illinois nonprofit corporation in January 1928 for the purpose of planning and hosting a World's Fair in Chicago in 1934. City officials designated three and a half miles of newly reclaimed land along the shore of Lake Michigan between 12th and 39th streets on the Near South Side for the fairgrounds. Held on a 427 acres (1.73 km ) portion of Burnham Park , the $ 37,500,000 exposition

4692-446: Was plundered by the Swedes , during the Swedish invasion of Poland in 1656, but soon recovered and famous fairs were held there. It was annexed by Prussia in 1793 during the Second Partition of Poland . After the successful Greater Poland uprising of 1806 , it was regained by Poles and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw . In 1815 it was re-annexed by Prussia, and in 1871 it subsequently became part of Germany. During

4761-447: Was then cycled out of the incubators, constantly refreshing the infant's air. Couney's shows varied in name from fairground to fairground, including the 'Infantorium' and 'Baby Incubators'. Couney's slogan was 'All the world loves a baby' and he encouraged nurses to take the babies out and cuddle them in front of audiences. The babies were placed in incubators with glass doors to allow visitors to see in and contained warm, filtered air. At

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