92-570: Courtenay Place may refer to: In New Zealand [ edit ] Courtenay Place, Rotorua , Rotorua Courtenay Place, Wellington , one of the main streets in Wellington In the United Kingdom [ edit ] Courtenay Place, London , Waltham Forest , a street in northeast London Courtenay Place, Teignmouth , the town centre of Teignmouth , Devon Topics referred to by
184-605: A Treaty of Waitangi claim with the Ngāti Whakaue people to honour their broken contract, by agreeing to return the gifted lands that were no longer required for their original use. The town was connected to Auckland with the opening of the Rotorua Branch railway and commencement of the Rotorua Express train in 1894, resulting in the rapid growth of the town and tourism from this time forward. Guidebooks about
276-564: A territorial authority encompassing Rotorua and several other nearby towns. It has an estimated resident population of 58,800, making it the country's 13th largest urban area , and the Bay of Plenty's second-largest urban area behind Tauranga . Māori first settled in Rotorua in the 14th century, and a thriving pā was established at Ohinemutu by the people who would become Ngāti Whakaue . The city became closely associated with conflict during
368-554: A 10-kilometre-high (6.2 mi) ash column , earthquakes, lightning, and explosions heard as far away as Blenheim in the South Island – more than 500 kilometres (310 mi) away. A 17 kilometres (11 mi) long rift formed across the mountain and surrounding area during the eruption, starting from the Wahanga peak at the mountain's northern end and extending in a southwesterly direction, through Lake Rotomahana and forming
460-575: A Māori- and English-medium special character school from years 1–10. It currently has around 100 students. Students here need to attend a mainstream secondary school or Kura Kaupapa Māori for their senior secondary schooling. Rotorua has four Kura Kaupapa Māori : Rotorua has several media organisations, including the Rotorua Daily Post , More FM Rotorua and The Hits Rotorua . Rotorua's sister cities are: 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera The 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera
552-711: A Ngāpuhi-led coalition invaded Rotorua. The force, which also included Ngāti Whātua and some Waikato Tainui , landed at Tauranga and headed up the Pongakawa valley to attack Mokoia Island Te Arawa fell back after the loss of 170 men and were defeated by Ngāpuhi, and utu was satisfied. The first European in the area was probably Phillip Tapsell who was trading from the Bay of Plenty coast at Maketu from 1828. He later married into Te Arawa and became highly regarded by them. Missionaries Henry Williams and Thomas Chapman visited in 1831 and Chapman and his wife established
644-407: A VEI of 5. The basalt melt was not mantle-derived, as it had already undergone prior crystallisation. At Waimangu only phreatomagmatic and hydrothermal eruptions occurred, while across the whole area there is no evidence that significant amounts of faulting took place during the eruption. The eruption of Mount Tarawera is the deadliest volcanic eruption in recorded New Zealand history. While
736-402: A cross-section of the eruption phases. While forest regeneration did occur, this happened at different paces in different locations. This initially included plants such as bracken , tutu , and tree ferns , as well as introduced species such as the blue gum and prickly acacia , but later began to include traditional species such as pōhutukawa, kamahi and rewarewa . Today, the mountain
828-404: A distinctive pink hue of the silica. In the years before the eruption, the area around Mount Tarawera was home to several settlements of Māori belonging to Tūhourangi and Ngāti Rangitihi , two iwi (tribes) which formed part of Te Arawa , a confederation of various tribes who trace their whakapapa (genealogy) to the migratory waka (canoe) of the same name . Settlement did not extend to
920-664: A mission at Te Koutu in 1835. This was abandoned within a year, but Chapman returned in 1838 and established a second mission at Mokoia Island. The lakeshore was a prominent site of skirmishes during the New Zealand Wars of the 1860s. William Fox advocated for turning the Rotorua region into a national park , inspired by the Yellowstone in the United States . Conversely, the Te Arawa community suggested
1012-413: A number of survivors due to being further from the eruption. As the eruption progressed, several people survived by sheltering in the stronger of Te Wairoa's buildings, such as the wharenui (known as Hinemihi ) and Hinerangi's house – in which 62 people took shelter – or a nearby hen house. Owing to the devastation, many of the survivors from Te Wairoa moved or were relocated to nearby towns following
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#17327936464701104-453: A route to Tauranga via Pyes Pa, while State Highway 5 turns westward, connecting to State Highway 1 at Tīrau and providing the main route into Rotorua from Hamilton and Auckland . To the south, State Highway 5 provides the main route from Taupō , Hawke's Bay , Manawatu , and Wellington . State Highway 30 runs southwest to northeast through the city. It enters the city in the southwest (running concurrently with SH 5), before crossing
1196-426: A series of more than 30 increasingly strong earthquakes were felt in the Rotorua area. About 1:20 a.m. there was a flash of light. Explosions began at around 1:30 a.m., with a larger earthquake at around 2:10 a.m. being followed by the formation of an eruption cloud 9.5–10 kilometres (5.9–6.2 mi) high. During this initial phase, an 8-kilometre-long (5.0 mi) fissure vent opened from
1288-634: A spa town and major tourist resort since the 1800s, many of Rotorua's buildings reflect this history. Government Gardens , close to the lake-shore at the eastern edge of the town, include the Rotorua Museum of Art and History housed in the large Tudor-style bath house building, and the Art Deco style Blue Baths , noted for its embrace of mixed sex bathing in the 1930s. As of October 2023 , both buildings are closed because of earthquake strength concerns. There are many geothermal attractions in
1380-548: A study used a forgotten 1859 survey by Ferdinand von Hochstetter to suggest possible locations of the Pink and White Terraces and map the extent of the original Lake Rotomahana, suggesting instead that the Terraces may be 10–15 metres (33–49 ft) underground on the northwestern shore of the lake. The location of the Terraces and the extent to which they survive, if at all, continues to be controversial to this day. Studies using
1472-470: Is "Sulphur City" due to the hydrogen sulphide emissions, which gives the city a smell similar to "rotten eggs", as well as "Rotten-rua" combining its legitimate name and the rotten smell prevalent. Another common nickname is "Roto-Vegas", likening the city's own strip of road flanked by businesses and restaurants to that of Las Vegas . The area was initially settled by Māori of the Te Arawa iwi in
1564-493: Is covered by regenerating bush and shrubland, with species including mānuka , monoao , mingimingi , and kānuka – although these are coming under increasing threat from introduced wilding pines . Wildlife has also returned to the mountain, with banded dotterel nesting sites and forest gecko found on the slopes. The large ash deposits and other volcanic material also blocked the route of Kaiwaka Stream, which had previously drained Lake Rotomahana into nearby Lake Tarawera. As
1656-492: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Rotorua Rotorua ( Māori: [ ˌ ɾ ɔ t ɔ ˈ ɾ ʉ a ] ) is a city in the Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand 's North Island . It is sited on the southern shores of Lake Rotorua , from which it takes its name. It is the seat of the Rotorua Lakes District ,
1748-574: Is home to the central campus of Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology , which provides a range of certificates, diplomas and a limited number of degree-level programmes. The largest programmes on offer are Te Reo Māori (Māori language), nursing , forestry , business, computing , tourism and hospitality . As of June 2022 , Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology is a business division of Te Pūkenga – New Zealand Institute of Skills and Technology. Rotorua has five secondary schools: Students can also attend Te Rangihakahaka Centre for Science and Techbnology,
1840-537: Is known for its Māori cultural tourism. Rotorua is served by state highways 5 , 30 , and 30A , and the Thermal Explorer Highway touring route, with state highways 33 and 36 terminating on the outskirts of the city. State Highway 5, running concurrently with the Thermal Explorer Highway, is the main north–south route through Rotorua, bypassing the city centre to the west. North of the city at Ngongotahā, State Highway 36 splits off to provide
1932-596: Is located 9 km (6 mi) northeast of the city centre, off State Highway 30. Air New Zealand provides daily turbo-prop flights between Rotorua and Auckland , Wellington , and Christchurch airports. Previously Qantas also operated Boeing 737 aircraft from Christchurch, but upon their departure from domestic flights in New Zealand this was discontinued. Scenic and chartered flights in both helicopters and float planes are operated by Volcanic Air, who are based on Rotorua's lake front. From 2009 to 2015 there
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#17327936464702024-553: The 4th Earl of Onslow , who had been Governor of New Zealand soon after the eruption. Estimates on the exact number of casualties vary from around 100 through to several thousand. The latter estimate comes from oral accounts from Ngāti Hinemihi , but is inconsistent with censuses undertaken of the Māori population in the area and pre-eruption understandings of the number of people residing there. After accounting for duplicates in records and potential unknown casualties, recent estimates place
2116-620: The British Empire . Lake Rotomahana, the former site of the terraces, significantly expanded as a result of the eruption as it filled portions of the newly formed rift valley . Mount Tarawera is one of several volcanoes in the central North Island of New Zealand, sitting within the Ōkataina Volcanic Centre along with other volcanic features including Putauaki and the Haroharo vents , as well as Lakes Rotomā and Ōkareka . The Ōkataina Volcanic Centre, one of eight caldera systems in
2208-727: The Fish and Game New Zealand hatchery at Ngongotahā . The lakes are also used for event venues; Rotorua hosted the 2007 World Waterski Championships and Lake Rotorua was the venue for the World Blind Sailing Championships in March 2009. Lake Rotorua is also used as a departure and landing point for float planes. The Rotorua urban area, as defined by Statistics New Zealand, covers 46.06 km (17.78 sq mi) and incorporates 26 statistical areas. It has an estimated population of 58,800 as of June 2024. Before
2300-710: The Mayor of Rotorua . She is the first woman of Māori descent to hold the role. Rotorua is covered by the Rotorua electorate for the general roll and the Waiariki electorate for the Māori roll. In 2022, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the Rotorua District was $ 4.241 billion, representing 1.2% of New Zealand's total GDP. The sector with the largest contribution to the Rotorua District GDP
2392-488: The Musket Wars of the 1820s. Ohinemutu was invaded by a Ngāpuhi -led coalition in 1823, commanded by Hongi Hika and Pōmare I . In the 19th century early European settlers had an interest in developing Rotorua, due to its unique geothermal activity in Rotorua and its surrounding area. Then, efforts by Māori and Europeans alike to establish Rotorua as a spa town led to a 99-year lease of land from Ngāti Whakaue to
2484-598: The Taupō Volcanic Zone , is believed to have begun forming around 400,000 years ago, with five of six major eruptions contributing to the formation of the caldera over a period of ~350,000 years. Eruptions from the caldera have typically been rhyolitic , although evidence of basaltic and basaltic- andesite eruptions, as well as pyroclastics , have also been found. Over the past 21,000 years, an estimated 80 cubic kilometres (19 cu mi) of magma and volcanic material has collectively been ejected from 40 vents in
2576-492: The Waimangu Geyser , which erupted between 1900 and 1904 at heights of up to 460 metres (1,510 ft), making it the most powerful geyser in the world. The rift valley at Waimangu demonstrated signs of instability as a hydrothermal system for decades following its formation, with small hydrothermal eruptions common in the various craters along its length. Most famously, the eruption was long believed to have caused
2668-517: The Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley . This rift is where the basaltic dyke that fed the eruption reached the surface. Damage in the local area was extensive, with ashfall blanketing nearby villages, including Te Wairoa . The eruption is responsible for the presumed destruction of the famed Pink and White Terraces , which prior to the eruption were New Zealand's most famous tourist attraction and brought visitors from across
2760-474: The central North Island . Other deeper local ash (tephra) deposits were believed to have been related to previous local eruptions. The eruption was caused by a basaltic dyke reaching the surface rather than a rhyolytic eruption more typical of the Ōkataina Caldera. The dyke trended at 57° and when it reached the surface it formed the new craters that extended to Waimangu in a rift about 17 km (11 mi) long. The whole eruption has been assigned
2852-479: The 'Land of Boiling Water' also proliferated. During the 1880s, tourists, especially from Australia, started visiting Rotorua to witness its natural marvels like the Pink and White Terraces until these were destroyed in a volcanic eruption in 1886 . Rotorua was established as a borough in 1922, elected its first mayor in 1923, and declared a city in 1962 before becoming a district in 1979. The city of Rotorua and
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2944-482: The 14th century, and a thriving pā was built at Ohinemutu by the shores of Lake Rotorua . According to Te Arawa folklore, the city's bountiful geothermal springs had resulted from a plea by Ngātoro-i-rangi , an ancestral tohunga , for the gods to send fire-bearing spirits from Hawaiki , the semi-mythological Māori homeland. The Te Arawa Māori who lived at Ohinemutu eventually began to call themselves Ngāti Whakaue , after their ancestor Whakaue Kaipapa . Rotorua
3036-792: The 2023 census, the urban area had a larger boundary, covering 48.04 km (18.55 sq mi). Using that boundary, The Rotorua urban area had a usual resident population of 54,204 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 5,289 people (10.8%) since the 2013 census . There were 26,211 males and 27,993 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.936 males per female. Of the total population, 12,366 people (22.8%) were aged up to 15 years, 11,052 (20.4%) were 15 to 29, 22,980 (42.4%) were 30 to 64, and 7,809 (14.4%) were 65 or older. In terms of ethnicity, 59.2% were European/Pākehā, 42.3% were Māori, 6.2% were Pacific peoples, 11.5% were Asian, and 1.5% were other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities). Rotorua has
3128-695: The CBD, provides class 5 whitewater kayaking and rafting through a spectacular tree lined gorge. Another visitor attraction in the Ngongotahā area is the Wingspan National Bird of Prey Centre . It is a captive breeding facility and visitor centre located in the Ngongotahā Valley. Wingspan undertakes conservation, education and research activities related to birds of prey found in New Zealand, and provides demonstrations of falconry . Rotorua
3220-465: The Government. The city first became a major site of tourism due to the Rotorua's close proximity to the Pink and White Terraces , until they were destroyed by the volcanic eruption of Mount Tarawera in 1886. Rotorua was elevated to borough status in 1922 and to city status 40 years later. Rotorua is a major destination for both domestic and international tourists; the tourism industry is by far
3312-672: The Rotorua area, including: The especially pungent smell in the central-east 'Te Ngae' area is due to the dense sulphur deposits located next to the southern boundary of the Government Gardens, in the area known as 'Sulphur Point'. Another of Rotorua's attractions is mountain biking . Rotorua was listed as one of the Top 6 mountain biking destinations globally by the International Mountain Biking Association in 2015, when they awarded Rotorua
3404-437: The Wahanga dome at about 1:30 a.m., based on reports of the location of the initial column. This then extended across Mount Tarawera, with fountains appearing in multiple locations. By 2:30 a.m., all three of Mount Tarawera's peaks had erupted, blasting three distinct columns of smoke and ash thousands of metres into the sky and causing a large amount of volcanic lightning . The fissure continued to expand to
3496-608: The White Terraces which was deemed to confirm "the total destruction of the White Terraces", and the Pink Terraces "having been blown away". The painter Charles Blomfield , who had previously painted the Terraces and wider area prior to the eruption, was equally of the belief that the Terraces had been destroyed. Blomfield returned to the crater for three weeks after the eruption to sketch the new landscape, and upon comparing these sketches to those he had done prior to
3588-434: The actual number of deaths is unknown, estimates at the time placed the death toll at 153, the majority of which were Māori living in villages within 10 km (6.2 mi) of the rift. Search parties were soon dispatched from Rotorua and Ōhinemutu, which found the settlements of Te Wairoa , Moura, Te Ariki, Te Tapahoro, Totaraiki, and Waingōngongo all to be destroyed or buried. One of these search parties, upon reaching
3680-484: The adjacent Lake Rotorua are located within the Rotorua Caldera that was formed in a major volcanic eruption approximately 240,000 years ago. The caldera is the source of the geothermal activity that is a key feature of the city and surrounding region. The Rotorua region enjoys a mild temperate climate ( Cfb ). Rotorua is situated inland from the coast and is sheltered by high country to the south and east of
3772-563: The area were also noted. In one account from 24 May 1886 by Sophia Hinerangi , a renowned Māori guide in the area, her tour party arrived to their boats only to find the creek they were moored in completely dry, with the boats beached in the mud. A series of seiches then occurred, flooding the creek with water from Lake Tarawera before receding again. Local guides refused to go on the lake following this without persuasion, with one reportedly remarking once they had agreed that "we can die but once, so we will all go down together". Two days before
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3864-473: The caldera in 11 distinct episodes of activity. Mount Tarawera itself is a rhyolitic dome volcano that began forming roughly 23,500 years ago in the southeast of Ōkataina Caldera . The mountain was built up over a series of four major volcanic eruptions prior to 1886, each generating significant rhyolitic lava and pyroclastic material. The most recent of these, known as the Kaharoa eruption , occurred in
3956-424: The city, resulting in less wind than many other places in New Zealand. During the winter months, June – August, temperatures can drop below 0 °C. Frost is common in Rotorua during its winter months, with an average of 57 ground frosts annually, and 20 nights per year below 0 °C. Snowfall in Rotorua is rare, and since the 1970s has only been recorded twice. On 15 August 2011 and 13 July 2017, snowflakes fell in
4048-409: The destruction of the Pink and White Terraces, New Zealand's greatest tourist attraction at the time. The terraces could not be found in the new landscape and were presumed lost due to the devastation across the rest of the area and the proximity of the terraces to the eruption crater. Accounts from the time describe the devastation around where Rotomahana had erupted, with a large crater on the site of
4140-641: The devastation in Tikitapu forest, many of the larger trees survived in forests on Putauaki, despite 36 centimetres (14 in) of ash falling at that mountain. This difference appears to be due to slight differences in the type of ash that fell in each place: at Tikitapu, the ash was moist and mud-like, while that which fell at Putauaki was dryer and primarily scoria . Other vegetation in the same direction as Putauaki also emerged largely unscathed, despite 60 centimetres (24 in) of ash falling in many places. Forests on Tarawera itself, which were extensive prior to
4232-413: The early 1300s and was responsible for the formation of the three main peaks of the volcano: Wahanga at the north, followed by the highest peak of Ruawahia in the centre, and Tarawera as the southernmost peak. These peaks were carved from an otherwise uneven tableland, itself roughly 4 km (2.5 mi) in length by 1.6 km (0.99 mi) in width, by a series of deep ravines or gullies carved into
4324-490: The east of Rotomahana, with both lakes draining into Lake Tarawera via the Kaiwaka Stream . Much of the ground around Lake Rotomahana was warm to a few inches below the surface, with hot springs and steam fumaroles surrounding the lake. The largest and most famous of these springs were those on the top of the Pink and White Terraces , two distinct sinter terrace formations on the western and northeastern shores of
4416-402: The economy of Te Wairoa (equivalent to roughly NZ $ 425,000 in 2023), primarily from boat trips, entertainment, and souvenir photography or sketches. The months prior to the eruption saw an increase in geothermal activity in the region, particularly through increased discharge at nearby hot springs and geysers . On 22 and 24 November 1885, unusually large eruptions occurred of the geyser at
4508-514: The end of 2021. The city is also served by InterCity and services to local tourist sites. Edwin Robertson, who died aged 74 in 1931, started with pack horses in 1869 and ran coaches from 1873. In 1902, the Tauranga route was sold and became Robertson & Co, then, about 1903, Rotorua Motor Coaching Co. Ltd. In 1904, Hot Lakes Transport, which ran trips to Taupō, Waiotapu and all
4600-420: The eruption determined that there was an "impossibility of the least fragment of the terraces ever being seen again". Despite this, questions as to the exact fate of the Terraces have persisted since the eruption itself. In the immediate wake of the eruption, guides in the area explored the new landscape for any sign of the terraces, refusing to believe that they had been destroyed, despite a lack of evidence at
4692-442: The eruption saw a dramatic increase in the height of the eruption column, with estimates placing the height at between 27.8 kilometres (17.3 mi) and 34 kilometres (21 mi) in order to produce the pattern of ash observed given weather conditions. Approximately 2 cubic kilometres (0.5 cubic miles) of tephra was erupted during the course of the eruption. This phase of the eruption continued for less than three hours, with
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#17327936464704784-428: The eruption there was more steam activity locally from some steam holes that had been quiet for years. These phenomena were collectively interpreted by a local Māori chief as heralding an impending war, while Tūhoto saw them as consistent with his interpretation of the waka wairua . The evening before the eruption was a clear night, with nothing unusual until shortly after midnight on the morning of 10 June 1886, when
4876-411: The eruption, such as Whakarewarewa or Rotorua, rather than rebuilding Te Wairoa. This included Hinerangi, who became a tour guide at Whakarewarewa, and Tūhoto, the tohunga who had warned of imminent destruction prior to the eruption. Tūhoto was found alive and uninjured in his buried hut after four days, with rescuers pulling him from the ash despite him demanding that they leave him to die. The tohunga
4968-415: The eruption, were completely destroyed. Accounts from the aftermath describe the forest as "a mass of broken limbs and riven stumps, wrenched and torn to an extent that renders the wood utterly useless." Ash continued to dominate the landscape for years following the eruption. Rapid erosion caused the formation of steep v-shaped ridges and valleys in the deepest areas of ashfall, providing scientists with
5060-449: The eruption. Ashfall of up to 15 metres (49 ft) was reported in the immediate vicinity of the rift, while a layer of ash 8–10 centimetres deep fell on Te Puke and lighter amounts were reported on boats nearly 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) offshore from the Bay of Plenty coast. The ashfall at the top of Putauaki 24 km (15 mi) away was recorded soon after the eruption to be 36 cm (14 in) thick. This stage of
5152-660: The establishment of a township centred around Rotorua's thermal springs, with the intent of developing a Polynesian Spa and health resort where tourists could indulge in hot pools. In 1880, instead of selling the land, the Ngāti Whakaue people leased 50 acres to the Crown under the Fenton Agreement, granting the government the authority to offer 99-year leases on their behalf. Revenues from leases helped fund Rotorua Boys' High School , and increased significantly upon
5244-497: The expiry of the 99-year leases. The eponymous Fenton Street in the modern city’s CBD bears the judge’s name. Nevertheless, the enactment of the Thermal Springs District Act in 1881 gave the government exclusive rights to both purchase and lease lands containing hot springs, lakes, or river, and as a result, by the turn of the century, nearly half of the Rotorua blocks were sold. In 1993, the Crown settled
5336-411: The former sites of Moura and Te Ariki on the southeastern shore of Lake Tarawera, found no survivors at either village or at Waingōngongo. No survivors were reported either from a group of around 12 Māori from Te Ariki, who on the night of the eruption were camping at the Pink Terraces. A further 11 deaths are estimated to have occurred at Tokiniho and 17 at Te Wairoa, however the latter of these reported
5428-742: The gold level ride centre status. The Whakarewarewa forest includes over 150 km of mountain bike trails and in August 2006 was a host of the UCI Mountain Bike and Trials World Championships . Each year, from 2015–present, Rotorua has hosted a round of the Crankworx World Tour . The Rotorua Pistol club is among the largest in the Southern Hemisphere and hosted the 2013 Australasian IPSC Handgun Championship. The Kaituna River , 15 minutes drive northeast of
5520-533: The highest proportion of Māori of any city in New Zealand. In October 2013, Steve Chadwick was elected Mayor of Rotorua and was re-elected in the 2016 mayoral election and the 2019 mayoral election . She previously served as the Member of Parliament for Rotorua between 1999 and 2008, and served as a Cabinet Minister in the Fifth Labour Government . In 2022, Tania Tapsell was elected as
5612-479: The initial eruption, before declining volcanic activity allowed the former lake to begin refilling. The noise from the eruption was reported across the country, including South Island towns such as Kaikōura , where it was thought to be a ship in distress, Blenheim , where the shock-wave rattled windows, and Christchurch , over 800 kilometres (500 mi) away. Māori on the Whanganui River believed
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#17327936464705704-514: The journey to Ōhinemutu (now part of Rotorua ) and on to Te Wairoa. From Te Wairoa, visitors to the Terraces were rowed across Lake Tarawera to the settlements of Te Ariki and Mouri, before walking across a narrow isthmus to Lake Rotomahana and the site of the terraces. Several Pākehā -run hotels were established in Te Wairoa, with local Māori acting as guides or selling local produce to visitors. This trade brought an estimated £ 1800 per year to
5796-443: The lake respectively. The White Terraces are believed to have been the largest silica-based terraces in the world, descending from a geyser-fed spring over a height of roughly 30 metres (98 ft) and a distance of 244 metres (801 ft) to cover an area of 2.8 hectares (6.9 acres). The Pink Terraces were the smaller of the two, reaching a height of 26 metres (85 ft) and an area of 2 hectares (4.9 acres), but were known for
5888-408: The lake water to come into contact with magma and resulting in a large explosion and a volcanic crater two kilometres wide at the site of the lake. This explosion distributed a mix of wet ash and lapilli over an area of 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi), with heavy accumulations of this mud destroying several villages near to the mountain, causing the majority of deaths associated with
5980-548: The lakes, and Rotorua Motor Coaching added motor cars to their fleets of coaches. In 1905 E. Robertson & Co moved from Ohinemutu to the new town, close to the new railway station, which remained the main stop until InterCity moved to their stop from Hinemoa / Fenton Street to the Tourism Office in 1995. The last coach ran in 1919. When Hot Lakes Transport's assets were sold in 1920, they had 10 coaches and 3 motor cars. In September 1920, Rotorua Motor Transport Co.
6072-484: The landscape. Estimates of the pre-eruption height of Ruawahia vary between 1,080 and 1,100 metres (3,540 and 3,610 ft), with the summit itself showing no evidence of a crater. Several lakes sat in the area around Mount Tarawera prior to the eruption. The largest of these, Lake Tarawera , is northwest of the mountain and had an estimated height at the time of 317 m (1,040 ft) above sea level, which has since been revised to 298 m (978 ft). To
6164-703: The largest industry in the district. It is known for its geothermal activity and Māori cultural tourism, and features geysers – notably the Pōhutu Geyser at Whakarewarewa – and hot mud pools. This thermal activity is sourced to the Rotorua Caldera , in which the town lies. The name Rotorua comes from the Māori language , where the full name for the city and lake is Te Rotorua-nui-a-Kahumatamomoe . Roto means 'lake' and rua means 'two' or in this case, 'second' – Rotorua thus meaning 'Second lake'. Kahumatamomoe
6256-449: The majority of the eruption having stopped by 6:00 a.m. Ash continued to fall in surrounding areas and as far away as Tauranga, prompting city officials to consider evacuating the city. Material continued to be ejected from craters at Rotomahana and Okaro for up to ten days after the initial eruption, although these declined in frequency and intensity. Occasional phreatic eruptions continued to occur at Rotomahana for months after
6348-426: The mist. Witnesses described two rows of occupants, one of which was "standing wrapped in flax robes, their heads bowed and, according to Māori eyewitnesses, their hair plumed as for death" using huia and kōtuku feathers. Tūhoto Ariki , a tohunga at Te Wairoa, declared the tourists had sighted a waka wairua (spirit canoe) which was to herald the destruction of the region. Further physical signs of unrest in
6440-483: The mountain, which was deemed tapu (sacred) as it had been used as a chiefly burial ground for generations. As the Pink and White Terraces grew in fame, several of the villages in the area – particularly Te Wairoa – began to develop into tourist towns catering to the growing number of international tourists visiting the area. To reach the area, visitors typically came from Auckland to Tauranga via train or coastal steamer, transferring to horse-drawn coaches for
6532-430: The national economy. As a major visitor destination, Rotorua District has a much higher proportion of people in employed in accommodation (3.3%) than the national average (1.1%). Tourism contributed $ 231 million (5.5%) to the district GDP, compared with 2.8% nationally. The four largest industries in the district, based on employment, were hospitals, accommodation, cafes and restaurants, and primary education. Known as
6624-468: The noise to be from an approaching war party, while in Auckland the noise and sight of the eruption was thought by some to be an attack by Russian warships . Immediate studies prompted by the eruption led to the first suggestion by a geologist that Lake Taupō hid a volcano , rather than the more obvious volcanoes near Mount Tongariro , that was the likely origin of the extensive pumice deposits of
6716-559: The overall death toll at around 120 people, of whom all but 7 were Māori. The eruption left the area immediately around the volcano covered by a thick layer of volcanic ash, mud and debris – in some places up to 15 metres (49 ft) thick, which increased to 47 metres (154 ft) on the volcano itself. Forests in the area, which had featured a wide variety of native trees, including rimu , rātā , tōtara and pōhutukawa , were devastated, with rimu and rātā disappearing completely from Tikitapu forest, to Tarawera's west. In contrast to
6808-427: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Courtenay Place . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Courtenay_Place&oldid=1239800274 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
6900-479: The service and the location of the station being a 15-minute walk from the town centre in an industrial area, passenger services stopped in October 2001. Freight services on the line declined over the decades until the nightly freight service stopped in 2000, largely due to a continual move of freight and passengers onto road transport using ever-improving highways in the region. The line is currently disused. Rotorua
6992-412: The site of the lake and the craters formed by the eruption gradually refilled with water, the blockage caused the lake to significantly expand, raising its level to its present-day height of 35–48 metres (115–157 ft) above its pre-eruption level and extending its depth up to 75 metres (246 ft) below the old lake floor. The larger Lake Rotomahana includes the former site of Lake Rotomakariri and
7084-675: The southern suburbs to the shore of Lake Rotorua east of the city centre. It then runs through the suburb of Te Ngae, before splitting off SH 33 to continue eastwards. State Highway 30A runs northwest to southeast, connecting State Highways 5 and 30 with each other via the city centre. Rotorua has a local bus service, with 11 routes under the Baybus brand, serving the urban area, mostly at half-hourly intervals, operated by Reesby Buses . Bike racks were introduced in 2017 and Bee Cards for fares on 27 July 2020. Trial commuter services between Rotorua and Tauranga are running in each direction until
7176-400: The southwest as the eruption progressed, at the same time as eruptive activity was increasing around the present location of Waimangu . One observer at Gisborne estimated the height of the eruption column at about 2:20 a.m. as 6 miles (9.7 km) high. At around 3.30 a.m., the largest phase of the eruption commenced when the expanding rift reached Lake Rotomahana, causing
7268-446: The southwest of the mountain were lakes Rotomahana and Rotomakariri , the names of which translate as warm lake and cold lake respectively and reflect the respective temperatures of the lakes. The warm lake of Rotomahana was 1.6 km (0.99 mi) in length from north to south and 480 m (1,570 ft) across, with three small streams providing the primary inflow to the lake. The cooler and smaller Lake Rotomakariri sat to
7360-631: The stage for further raids in the modern Rotorua area. Ngāpuhi and its allies launched an ambitious invasion of the Waikato in 1822, with a battalion led by junior chief Te Pae-o-te-Rangi were ambushed and slaughtered by Ngāti Whakaue for trespassing into Rotorua. This was apparently at the insistence of Te Rauparaha ; under Māori customary law the attack demanded utu . Ngāpuhi commander Hongi Hika convened with his fellow chiefs Pōmare I and Te Wera Hauraki to propose war, and thus in February 1823
7452-436: The surface of Lake Rotomahana using autonomous underwater vehicles . These findings were later revised in 2014 after further field work to conclude that, while remnants of the Terraces may have survived, they believed that the majority of both Terraces were destroyed in the eruption. These findings have not settled the debate on the fate of the Terraces, with other studies continuing to propose alternative outcomes. In 2017,
7544-418: The surrounding areas, and is both three times wider and longer than the lake was pre-eruption. The 17-kilometre-long (11 mi) rift which opened during the eruption also significantly changed the landscape. The south-western end of this rift became known as the Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley , and included a range of new geothermal systems formed in the aftermath of the eruption. The area takes its name from
7636-439: The time which would suggest their survival. The drastically changed landscape and the apparent lack of a pre-eruption survey map prevented any conclusive fate to be determined, allowing a range of opposing viewpoints to persist. In 2011 and to coincide with the 125th anniversary of the eruption, scientists from GNS Science announced that they had rediscovered parts of both the Pink and White Terraces 60 metres (200 ft) under
7728-515: The top of the White Terrace. The second of these was to a height of more than 46 m (151 ft), higher than in the memories of local Māori. In the days leading up to the eruption, a series of unusual events were documented by those living in or visiting the area. On 31 May 1886, eleven days prior to the eruption, a group of tourists returning from the Terraces claimed to have seen a waka approaching their boat before disappearing into
7820-526: The town centre, and during the July 2017 snowfall, snow accumulated in the nearby Mamaku ranges and in the outer reaches of the district, where snowfall occurs on average once every three years. The Rotorua region has 17 lakes, known collectively as the Lakes of Rotorua. Fishing, waterskiing, swimming and other water activities are popular in summer. Several of the lakes are stocked for sports fishing with trout from
7912-412: Was a site of heavy conflict during the Musket Wars . During the early 1820s, the large Northern iwi Ngāpuhi had begun expanding outwards further south, driving Ngāti Pāoa and their chief Te Hīnaki from modern-day South Auckland , and launched periodic raids into the Bay of Plenty . A military expedition into the Bay of Plenty by a combined Ngāpuhi and Ngāti Maru nō Hauraki force in 1818 had set
8004-509: Was a violent volcanic eruption that occurred in the early hours of 10 June 1886 at Mount Tarawera , near Rotorua on New Zealand's North Island . The eruption reached an estimated volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 5 and killed an estimated 120 people, making it the largest and deadliest in New Zealand during the past 500 years, a period that includes the entirety of European history in New Zealand . The eruption began at roughly 2:00 a.m. and lasted for approximately six hours, causing
8096-432: Was also an international link, with direct Sydney to Rotorua flights. Rotorua is connected to the rail network by the Rotorua Branch line from Putāruru . Until 2001, passenger trains ran from Auckland to Rotorua via Hamilton daily using Silver Fern railcars, terminating north of the town centre at Koutu (the original station on Amohau Street was closed and relocated to Koutu in 1989). However, owing to poor advertising of
8188-435: Was formed and took over Hot Lakes Transport Co. and Rotorua Motor Coaching Co, continuing with similar services. In 1926, a consortium of local operators formed Rotorua Bus Co. During 1922, Kusab's transport company became K Motors, which was taken over by the railways in 1938. Rotorua Motor Transport and Rotorua Bus Co followed in 1940 and all became part of New Zealand Railways Road Services . Rotorua Regional Airport
8280-455: Was high value services (professional, managerial, as well as scientific and technical occupations), at 20%. This is less than the 26.7% contribution that high value services make to the national economy. The next highest contribution to the district GDP was from goods-producing industries representing 17.8% in the district GDP, versus 18.5% in the national economy. Primary industries, agriculture and forestry, contributed 10.2%, compared with 5.8% in
8372-403: Was taken to a Rotorua sanitorium for treatment where he died after two weeks, having reputedly decided to stop living. Te Wairoa was never rebuilt, and is now a tourist attraction called "The Buried Village", with many of the buildings still covered in ash from the eruption. The village's wharenui, Hinemihi , was later taken to England and erected in the grounds of Clandon Park , the seat of
8464-401: Was the uncle of the Māori chief Ihenga , the ancestral explorer of the Te Arawa . It was the second major lake the chief discovered, and he dedicated it to his uncle. It is the largest of a multitude of lakes found to the northeast, all connected with the Rotorua Caldera and nearby Mount Tarawera . The name can also mean the equally appropriate 'Crater lake'. A common nickname for Rotorua
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