Misplaced Pages

#889110

51-585: The Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians > In actuality several different tribal entities were included in this umbrella group, including Upper Umpqua Targunsans , Milwaletas , and possibly some Southern Molallas . In October 1855, the Rogue River War erupted in the area and the peoples of the Cow Creek Band fled for safety in the hills, joining others there who similarly faced removal from their traditional homeland for concentration on

102-614: A Molala village located on the Santiam headwaters. The Northern Molala principally were concentrated in the Molalla River watershed. The only recorded Northern Molala autonym is lá•ti•wi , used to mean both " Molala person" and " Molala people" . Roosevelt elk and Black-tailed deer were "economically the most important resource exploited" by the Molala peoples. While they employed pitfalls and snares, most big game hunting

153-498: A story told by the Molala of the world once being entirely covered in water. As the world ocean receded, Mount Hood became exposed first and latter the Willamette Valley. A prominent story is the creation of the Molala people, told by Stephen Savage to Gatschet in 1877. One day near Mount Hood, Coyote encountered Grizzly Bear, who challenged them to a duel. Rather than combat, Coyotes suggests on seeing who could eat

204-668: A third division exists. However, little is recorded of the linguistic and cultural diversity among the Molala peoples. The three reported groupings are the Southern Molala, the Upper Santiam Molala, and the Northern Molala. The Southern Molala inhabited the headwaters of the Rogue and Umpqua Rivers along the bases of Crater Lake and Mount McLoughlin . They were called tulǽyaŋsi , far-off people, by

255-640: Is considered to have originated from the Clackamas muláliš . Variants in written literature include Molalla , Molallie, Mólale , Molále , Molele , Moolalle . Related terms used by neighboring indigenous included mólališ by the Wasco and Tenino , and mulé•lis by the Kalapuyans . The Tenino additionally referred to the Molalas as łytilpam and táytilpam , likely borrowed by

306-536: Is included among the Plateau Penutian language family , with Klamath and Sahaptin being considered the closest related. Prior to the introduction of horses in the 1820s-1830s, Molala contact with their neighbors appears to have been slight. They resided between several divergent cultural areas which were shaped by distinct ecological regions. Among the bordering peoples were the Kalapuya to west in

357-927: The Burke and Whatcom Museums of Washington , and the Museum of the Oregon Territory of Oregon City, Oregon . Clackamas people The Clackamas Indians are a band of Chinook of Native Americans who historically lived along the Clackamas River in the Willamette Valley , Oregon . Today, Clackamas people are enrolled in the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon . In 1806, Lewis and Clark estimated their population to be 1,800. At

408-765: The Cayuse as tlĭ-tŭn-pŭm . The Molalas were called kúikni by the Klamath . Molala territory once stretched across the Western Cascades ; from Mount Hood and the Molalla River in the north to the Rogue headwaters in the south. Dense forests of western hemlock , Douglas fir , and western red cedar inundated the region. Fire was utilized by the Molala to create openings in these dense stands for preferred food resources. In his 1846 work Hale placed

459-626: The Grand Ronde Reservation located to the north. This relocation proved inevitable however, and in January 1856 the bulk of the Cow Creek Band was moved to Grand Ronde, many forced to walk beside the inadequate 8 wagons appropriated for the move. Some refused to leave, however, with half the Milwaleta people dying of starvation and exposure when they remained in the hills. Several indigenous people were shot during armed forays into

510-721: The United States Congress passed legislation paving the way for a lawsuit against the government on the basis that the amount paid by the federal government for tribal lands was unconscionably low. On December 29, 1982, an act of Congress granted the Cow Creek Tribal recognition. Even though they Were of no tribal decent In the 21st century, the Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians is one of nine federally recognized tribal governments in Oregon and includes nearly 1400 Anglo American members who descended from

561-612: The 1930s Tenino informants of the Warm Springs Reservation told Murdock that Molalas once had a winter village in Tygh Valley. Large quantities of Sockeye salmon and Columbia River redband trout were gathered every spring along the Deschutes River at Sherars Falls . According to Murdock, sometime in the early 19th century, coveting this bountiful resource, Tenino warriors forced the Molala to flee to

SECTION 10

#1732772168890

612-491: The 19th century. Molala society was centered upon winter villages. Usually these were composed of a single extended family and placed in low-elevation locations. Winter homesteads were made of red cedar and western hemlock planks and semi-subterranean. Summer homes were unexcavated and composed of either thatch or bark. When seasonal resources became available the family would separate into smaller groups to exploit and gather them. Due to these population trends leadership among

663-555: The French Canadian fur trappers. Among the economic ventures of the Cow Creek Band is the Seven Feathers Hotel & Casino Resort , located at Canyonville, Oregon. Molala people The Molala are a Native American people of Oregon that originally resided in the Western Cascades . There are few recorded sources about the Molala, the majority being unpublished manuscripts. This assortment includes

714-651: The Grand Ronde Reservation. In 1857, settlers located around Molalla complained about the nearby Grand Ronde Reservation: "[Natives are] constantly annoying the settlers by passing to and fro over our premises, leaving fences down, and occasionally committing petit larcenies...The fact is, these Indians are a nuisance..." Reportedly in November 1870 an outbreak of smallpox spread among the Molala residing in Clackamas County . To avoid

765-736: The Molala as largely between the Deschutes River and the Eastern Cascades. In 1891 John Wesley Powell considered the Molala to have once "occupied a belt of mountain country south of the Columbia River, chiefly about Mounts Hood and Jefferson." In 1928 James Teit presented the idea that the Molala once resided in Tygh Valley . He claimed pressure from the Northern Paiute forced the Molala to relocate to

816-485: The Molala was in turn quite decentralized, localized, and task-orientated. The wealthiest individuals of a village were referred to as yaʔqánt by the Molala or simply chiefs by settlers. Assistance to relatives was the primary source of yaʔqánt influence. Ownership of slaves and horses, along with animal hides and dentalium crafts , were the primary sources of wealth in Molala society. The Molala were initially separated into two groups by scholars, although evidence of

867-457: The Molala, enough to "suggest contact between these two groups throughout the entire area of Molala occupation." The Southern Molala exchanged buckskins in return for Klamath crafted beads and wocus seeds . Groups of armed men called the haylúnci , "upstreamers", occasionally attacked Molala settlements for slaves These slavers were from the Cayuse and Nez Perce peoples. Gatschet reported

918-555: The Molalla Indians. They named this place from our tribe. When I was a boy there were many of my people here Now they are all gone. My hat of deerskin and flicker feathers belonged to my grandfather. But he and the old times are gone." In September 1913 Yelkes was found dead with head injuries. Two months later in November, a Clackamas County grand jury issued a warrant for Harry Clark, a mixed race native. The coroner upon examination of Yelkes' body felt he died from alcohol. In

969-617: The Northern Molala, while the Klamath referred to them as čakġe•nkni• , " Serviceberry -Area-People " or " People of the Serviceberry Tract ." Molala of the Santiam River are called the "Upper Santiam Molala" by ethnologists to differentiate them from the neighboring Santiam Kalapuyans. Franz Boas recorded čimbú•ihe as a native settlement outside Albany , which was later reported by Albert S. Gatschet as

1020-512: The Northern fork of the Molalla River and was held in high regard by neighboring settlers. In September 1913, during festivities in the town of Molalla, Yelkes was the guest of honor. The event was held to celebrate the opening of passenger rail service by the Portland, Eugene & Eastern Railway Company. Before the assembled crowds, the otherwise reserved Yelkes spoke: "I am the last of

1071-724: The Santiam River. There were 121 or 123 Molalas total between the two groups. Because these agreements allowed for the Kalapuyans and Molala to retain portions of the Willamette Valley, settlers protested the Dart Treaties. Their complaints reached the US Congress, which subsequently refused to approve the Treaties. Dart resigned in consequence, leaving the issue of Molala sovereignty unresolved. Joel Palmer

SECTION 20

#1732772168890

1122-590: The Wascos and Sahaptins of Warm Springs, David H. French determined that Sahaptin inhabitation of Tygh Valley and utilization of the Deschutes Watershed predated the 19th century. Both French and Rigsby concluded the regional resources were jointly used by Sahaptin speakers, Wasco-Wishram peoples, and the Northern Paiute . The Molala perhaps visited but didn't permanently inhabit the area during

1173-537: The Western Cascades. Joel V. Berreman accepted Teit's hypothesis and in 1937 expanded upon it. The three informants used by Teit were appraised as being invalid by other scholars. None were descendants or related to the Molala, Northern Paiute, or the Tenino. According to George Murdock this didn't "constitute an adequate basis for a definitive reconstruction of the history" of these native societies. In

1224-428: The Willamette Valley occurred. Fears arose that a force of Klamath were incoming to sack settler homesteads. After a day however a group of Molalas informed the fearful settlers no conflict with the Klamath was imminent. During the winter of 1855-1856 the Northern Molala and Upper Santiam Molala were forced to relocate to the newly established Grand Ronde Reservation. In 1889 there were reportedly 31 Molalas residing on

1275-556: The Willamette Valley, the Upper Chinookans to north on the Columbia River, and the Klamath to the southeast. Upper Chinookan crafted canoes were particularly sought after by the Northern Molala. Head flattening was practiced to bolster the desirability of their women to the Chinookans. While some intermarriage with Kalapuyans was reported, the Molala attacked them for slaves. The Klamath people were intimately close to

1326-458: The Willamette Valley. Among the Treaties drafted by Dart were two for the Molala. In exchange for yielding much of their territory, on 6 May, the Northern Molala agreed to payments of goods, cash, and a reservation centered on the Molalla River eastwards to the Cascades. On the following day the Upper Santiam Molala agreed to similar terms, with a reservation going from Mt. Jefferson westward to

1377-454: The east of the mountains. Dart started negotiations with the various Willamette Valley natives in Spring 1851 at Champoeg . He was unable to get anyone to agree to removal into Eastern Oregon. The general lack of knowledge of available food resources in the unfamiliar region caused much of the protest. Going against his initial orders, Dart eventually acquiesced to establishing reservations in

1428-467: The future was bright with hope for the Indians. He urged his people to seize the opportunities that surround them and make the most of them." In September 1919 Williams led a group of 60 Siletz residents to Independence . There, they were joined by 50 Grand Ronde members, and the group participated in the annual hop harvest. Henry Yelkes was one of the last Molala yaʔqánt. He maintained a homestead on

1479-668: The higher elevations of the Cascades, Mountain Huckleberries were collected in the late summer; alongside the Cascade Blueberry , the Oval-leaf Huckleberry , and the Red Huckleberry . After being gathered huckleberries would be dried. Located nearby Crater Lake, Huckleberry Mountain was the "single-most important berry-gathering area" for the Southern Molala and Klamath. Edible berries in

1530-487: The hills in search of stragglers. The mountainous terrain near today's Canyonville provided cover for some, however, and efforts in May 1856 by Oregon Indian Agent James P. Day and in 1860 by the re-activaed United States Army failed to round up remaining members of the Cow Creek Band. Military units periodically pursued them for the next quarter century, due to members of the Cow Creek Band periodically conducting raids upon

1581-429: The last known Cayuse raid occurred in the late 1820s. A Molala man of social prominence was killed in the attack. A Clackamas man served as an intermediary between the Molala and the Cayuse raiders to arrange for a battle. In the ensuing two day skirmish the Molalas considered themselves victorious. Only a few Molala myths remain extant, recorded by ethnographers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Boas recounts

Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians - Misplaced Pages Continue

1632-419: The meat was dried and stored for future consumption. A number of plant resources were utilized seasonally by the Molala. In their western territories were prairies of camas bulbs , an important caloric source. Found in the drier prairies, hazelnuts and tarweed seeds were gathered in the summer and autumn. Camas bulbs were baked in earth ovens , dried, blended with hazelnuts, and stored in sacks. To east, in

1683-446: The most hot stones. However, instead of ingesting rocks, Coyote ate wild strawberries. After eating five hot stones Grizzly Bear died and Coyote studied the corpse: He skinned Grizzly, then began cutting him up; he scattered his body in little pieces all over. Then to the Molala country he threw the heart. He said, "Now the Molala will be good hunters: they will all be good men, thinking and studying about hunting deer. They will think all

1734-491: The ongoing Cayuse War , which provoked settler paranoia of indigenous violence. The Klamath were asked to leave, but they refused. Local Molala headman Crooked Finger protected the right for Klamath to reside among their Molala relatives. After a series of thefts, an armed group of settlers killed several Klamath and forced them to flee eastwards into the Cascade Mountains. One late 19th century account misremembered

1785-496: The opening ceremonies of the 1915 Siletz Fair, a Molala headman named John Williams delivered an address that was described by the Lincoln County Leader as "eloquent, patriotic and impressive." The newspaper continued to detail Williams' speech: "He was proud of his Indian blood and urged his people to stand by their race. Fifty years of education and training has made the Indians capable of citizenship. He thought

1836-571: The settlements of Anglo-American settlers in which they continued decimating communities. In 1910, the Cow Creeks made its first attempt to regain a portion of its homeland through the legislative process. A bill was passed to compensate the tribe in 1932, only to be vetoed by President Herbert Hoover . Litigation commenced in 1936, with the Band in the case Rogue River Tribe of Indians v. United States (64 F. Supp. 339, Ct. Cl.). A second hearing

1887-480: The settler violence, some Southern Molala moved onto the Klamath Reservation during the mid-19th century. In April 1870, a Molala resident of the Klamath Reservation named Spike attempted to kill three people, succeeding in murdering one Klamath. He was captured and presented to Agency officials. After a short trial Spike was executed by hanging. In 1881 there 55 Molalas living among the Klamath. At

1938-525: The subsequent trial the jury concluded there was a lack of evidence tying Clark to the death of Yelkes. Clark was released in January 1914. A private collection of Molala artifacts located in Mt Angel in 1931 included 535 flint arrowheads, an 8 inch tomahawk head, and an assortment of beadwork. As of 2008, Molala produced beaded moccasins and woven baskets were on display at the British Museum ,

1989-538: The time the tribe lived in 12 villages located from the lower Columbia River to an area what is now called Oregon City. They resided towards the east side of the Willamette River . In February 1841, Reverend François Norbert Blanchet and Reverend Alvin F. Waller converted Clackamas Chief Popoh. The Clackamas signed a treaty in the fall of 1851, which Oregon Superintendent Anson Dart failed to ratify. They signed another treaty on January 10, 1855, which

2040-448: The time they are on a hunt." In late March 1848, settlers burnt down a Molala headman's household who was out hunting. William T'Vault admonished the violence for creating tension with the natives of the Willamette Valley. The violence was in retaliation for a visiting Klamath having stolen "some article of trifling value..." During the Spring 1848, eighty Klamath people arrived in contemporary Clackamas county . This occurred during

2091-508: The tribe was intricate beadwork, quillwork , feather, and shell decorations. Certain shells served as currency. Like others of the Chinookan peoples , Clackamas practiced head flattening . From infancy, one's head was compressed between boards thus sloping the forehead backward. This was a way to indicate that a person was free rather than a slave. The Clackamas were expert woodworkers, and crafted canoes and plank lodges. A typical canoe

Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians - Misplaced Pages Continue

2142-475: The vicinity include the Littleleaf Huckleberry , Western Blueberry , Manzanita Berry , Wild Strawberry , Black Twinberry , Evergreen Blackberry , Blackcap Raspberry , Thimbleberry , Blue Elderberry , Red Elderberry , Wax Currant , and Rose hips from the local Wild Rose . Molala made composite bows from Pacific Yew and sinew . The Molala language is extinct. Currently it

2193-499: The violence as between settlers and Molala, rather than the Klamath. During June 1848 a group of Molala or Klamath were suspected of stealing clothing and a horse. A militia was formed and pursued the group of natives, who abandoned the settler's horse and two horses of their own. In 1850 Anson Dart was appointed Oregon Superintendent of Indian Affairs . Federal orders were for the various native peoples residing west of Cascades to be forcibly relocated to reservations established to

2244-421: The western Cascades. During the 1960s, Rigsby interviewed several informants at the Warm Springs Reservation to match Murdock's narrative. No one recalled stories of conflict with the Molala, or of their supposed eviction from Tygh Valley. One informant stated that after the fish runs ended in the Willamette Valley , certain Molala would travel to Sherars Falls to continue fishing. After a decade of work among

2295-477: The works of Albert S. Gatschet , Franz Boas , Leo J. Frachtenberg , Philip Drucker , Melville Jacobs , and Leslie Spier . Descendants of the Molala reside on the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon , Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians , and the Klamath Tribes . In the 1950s 141 of the 882 Grand Ronde Reservation members claimed Molala descent. The designation Molala

2346-469: Was 20 to 30 feet long, which they used to travel along the rivers, transporting trade goods and people. With deep knowledge of the Clackamas river systems, the Clackamas were often hired by pioneers as guides to navigate the river systems. The Willamette Meteorite is culturally significant to Clackamas people. The meteorite is called Tomanowos , which translates to "the visitor of heaven". The meteorite

2397-522: Was accomplished by bow and arrow. Hunting dogs were trained to pursue game as well. Klamath informants told Spier that Molala dogs were small, "with short legs, the hind legs crooked. They were short-haired, had erect ears, short faces, with sometimes black marks on the upper eyelids..." A number of other animals were hunted, not for sustenance but for feathers or fur, such as the bald eagle , coyotes , and bobcats . Steelhead and Chinook salmon were captured by either basket traps or harpoons. Once gathered

2448-616: Was believed to be given from the Sky People and is the unity between sky, earth, and water. Other tribes around the area thought that the meteorite possessed magical powers. By 1855, the 88 surviving members of the tribe were relocated to Grand Ronde, Oregon , first to the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation . They eventually blended in the general population of the Grand Ronde. Soosap, likely born in 1841,

2499-508: Was held four years later (89 F. Supp. 789, Ct. Cl.). Only two of the 17 tribes participating in these cases were successful, however, and the claim of the Cow Creek Band was dismissed. Due to members being anglo french canadian fur trappers Decades of litigation followed, marked by a series of legal defeats based on aspects of the law surrounding the Indian Claims Commission . This was reversed on May 26, 1980, however, when

2550-837: Was ratified on March 3, 1855. The Clackamas were promised $ 2,500 worth of resources, but the United States only paid a fifth of what was owed. The tribe subsisted on fish and root vegetables, and constructed large cedar platforms to dip their nets in over Willamette Falls to harvest salmon. The Clackamas women dried and smoked the salmon, which they then combined with mixtures of berries and nuts, preserving it in woven baskets for winter. The Clackamas traded salmon with other tribes, and also harvested and traded wapato , broad-leafed arrowhead or "Indian potato" ( Sagittaria latifolia and Sagittaria cuneata ). Adult Clackamas historically wore leather leggings and tunics, and made skirts and bedding from cedar bark. An indication of high status in

2601-698: Was the next Superintendent who negotiated a series of Treaties with Oregon Natives that were largely approved by the Federal Government. At Dayton in January 1855 he oversaw a series of negotiations that resulted in the Willamette Valley Treaty. Among others, the Northern and Upper Santiam Molala agreed to abandon the Willamette Valley in favor of a location selected by Palmer. The agreement was ratified by Congress in March 1855. In Autumn 1855 "the last Indian scare of any importance" in

SECTION 50

#1732772168890
#889110