The Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls ( CoCom ) was established in 1949 at the beginning of the Cold War to coordinate controls on exports from Western Bloc countries to the Soviet Union and its allies. CoCom ceased to function on March 31, 1994, but the control list of embargoed goods was retained by the member nations until the Wassenaar Arrangement was established in 1996.
16-780: In its final years, CoCom had 17 member states: Despite being neutral, Switzerland joined the CoCom sanctions against the Eastern bloc countries; see Hotz-Linder-Agreement [ de ] . In the United States, CoCom compliance was implemented by various statutes authorizing the President to regulate exports, including the Export Control Act of 1949 , the Export Administration Act of 1969 ,
32-403: A function is defined in lowercase, it can be called in uppercase, but if a variable is defined in lowercase, it cannot be referred to in uppercase. Nim is case-insensitive and ignores underscores, as long as the first characters match. A text search operation could be case-sensitive or case-insensitive, depending on the system, application, or context. The user can in many cases specify whether
48-464: A limit placed on GPS receivers that limits functionality when the device calculates that it is moving faster than 1,000 knots (510 m/s) and/or at an altitude higher than 18,000 m (59,000 ft). This was intended to prevent the use of GPS in intercontinental ballistic missile -like applications. Some manufacturers apply this limit only when both speed and altitude limits are reached, while other manufacturers disable tracking when either limit
64-475: A search is sensitive to case, e.g. in most text editors, word processors, and Web browsers. A case-insensitive search is more comprehensive, finding "Language" (at the beginning of a sentence), "language", and "LANGUAGE" (in a title in capitals); a case-sensitive search will find the computer language "BASIC" but exclude most of the many unwanted instances of the word. For example, the Google Search engine
80-407: A source code tree for software for Unix-like systems might have both a file named Makefile and a file named makefile in the same directory. In addition, some Mac Installers assume case insensitivity and fail on case-sensitive file systems. The older MS-DOS filesystems FAT12 and FAT16 were case-insensitive and not case-preserving, so that a file whose name is entered as readme.txt or ReadMe.txt
96-583: Is basically case-insensitive, with no option for case-sensitive search. In Oracle SQL, most operations and searches are case-sensitive by default, while in most other DBMSes , SQL searches are case-insensitive by default. Case-insensitive operations are sometimes said to fold case , from the idea of folding the character code table so that upper- and lowercase letters coincide. In filesystems in Unix-like systems, filenames are usually case-sensitive (there can be separate readme.txt and Readme.txt files in
112-1274: Is reached. In the latter case, this causes some devices to refuse to operate in very-high-altitude balloons. The Missile Technology Control Regime 's Technical Annex, clause 11.A.3, includes a speed limit on GNSS receivers, set at 600 m/s. Hotz-Linder-Agreement Look for Hotz-Linder-Agreement on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Hotz-Linder-Agreement in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use
128-613: Is saved as README.TXT. Later, with VFAT in Windows 95 the FAT file systems became case-preserving as an extension of supporting long filenames . Later Windows file systems such as NTFS are internally case-sensitive, and a readme.txt and a Readme.txt can coexist in the same directory. However, for practical purposes filenames behave as case-insensitive as far as users and most software are concerned. This can cause problems for developers or software coming from Unix-like environments, similar to
144-872: The Export Administration Act of 1979 , the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), the Trading with the Enemy Act , and the International Emergency Economic Powers Act , among others. Many of these statutes encouraged the coordination of controls with allies. However, throughout the Cold War, the United States maintained controls in excess of those agreed to in CoCom. The Department of State and the Department of Commerce administered these coordinated controls via
160-790: The Export Administration Regulations (EAR) and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR). Toshiba Machine Company of Japan and Kongsberg Group of Norway supplied eight CNC propeller milling machines to the Soviet Union between 1982 and 1984, an action that violated the CoCom regulations. The United States ' position is that this greatly improved the ability of Soviet submarines to evade detection. Congress moved to sanction Toshiba and ban imports of its products into
176-476: The article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " Hotz-Linder-Agreement " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try the purge function . Titles on Misplaced Pages are case sensitive except for
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#1732765468268192-537: The United States. In a related case, French machine tool company Forest-Liné (later acquired by Fives Group ) exported several machines, used for fabricating aircraft fuselages and turbine blades for high-performance jet engines. This information came to light during an investigation by the Norwegian police into the Toshiba-Kongsberg scandal. In GPS technology, the term "CoCom Limits" also refers to
208-607: The first character; please check alternative capitalizations and consider adding a redirect here to the correct title. If the page has been deleted, check the deletion log , and see Why was the page I created deleted? Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotz-Linder-Agreement " Case sensitivity In computers, case sensitivity defines whether uppercase and lowercase letters are treated as distinct ( case-sensitive ) or equivalent ( case-insensitive ). For instance, when users interested in learning about dogs search an e-book , "dog" and "Dog" are of
224-506: The same directory). MacOS is somewhat unusual in that, by default, it uses HFS+ and APFS in a case-insensitive (so that there cannot be a readme.txt and a Readme.txt in the same directory) but case-preserving mode (so that a file created as readme.txt is shown as readme.txt and a file created as Readme.txt is shown as Readme.txt) by default. This causes some issues for developers and power users , because most file systems in other Unix-like environments are case-sensitive, and, for example,
240-770: The same significance to them. Thus, they request a case-insensitive search. But when they search an online encyclopedia for information about the United Nations , for example, or something with no ambiguity regarding capitalization and ambiguity between two or more terms cut down by capitalization, they may prefer a case-sensitive search. Case sensitivity may differ depending on the situation: Some programming languages are case-sensitive for their identifiers ( C , C++ , Java , C# , Verilog , Ruby , Python and Swift ). Others are case-insensitive (i.e., not case-sensitive), such as ABAP , Ada , most BASICs (an exception being BBC BASIC ), Common Lisp , Fortran , SQL (for
256-511: The syntax, and for some vendor implementations, e.g. Microsoft SQL Server , the data itself) Pascal , Rexx and ooRexx . There are also languages, such as Haskell , Prolog , and Go , in which the capitalisation of an identifier encodes information about its semantics . Some other programming languages have varying case sensitivity; in PHP , for example, variable names are case-sensitive but function names are not case-sensitive. This means that if
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