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35-540: Coacalco de Berriozábal ( Spanish pronunciation ; simply known as Coacalco ) is one of 125 municipalities in the State of Mexico , Mexico . The municipal seat is the city of San Francisco Coacalco. The municipality lies in the Greater Mexico City conurbation , north of Mexico City . The municipal seat is San Francisco Coacalco and the municipality is named after Felipe Berriozábal (1829–1900),

70-529: A Mexican politician and military leader. The word Coacalco comes from the Nahuatl coatl (snake), calli (home) and -co (at), meaning "at the house of the snake", a name that was first recorded in 1320. Coacalco de Berriozábal is part of the Valley of Mexico . It is located at the site of what was once the city-state of Xaltocan . Between 850 and 1521, the municipality was inhabited by Toltec people. In

105-531: A certain number of or even all of the regidores in certain cities. By the modern era, different cabildos had different mixes of elected and appointed regidores both in Europe and overseas. Finally, to add another layer of control, the kings introduced corregidores to represent them directly and preside over the cabildos. Although many municipalities lost their right to elect all or some of their regidores as time went on, cities and cabildos gained new power with

140-442: A form of Mexican locality , and are divided into colonias (neighborhoods); some municipalities can be as large as full states, while cities can be measured in basic geostatistical areas or city blocks . All Mexican states are divided into municipalities. Each municipality is autonomous; citizens elect a " municipal president " ( presidente municipal ) who heads a municipal council ( ayuntamiento ), responsible for providing all

175-537: A large area and contains more than one city or town (collectively called localidades ), one city or town is selected as a cabecera municipal (head city, seat of the municipal government) while the rest elect representatives to a presidencia auxiliar or junta auxiliar (auxiliary presidency or council). In that sense, a municipality in Mexico is roughly equivalent to the counties of the United States , whereas

210-464: A municipality. Usually, the cabildo made local laws and reported to the presidente (president) of the audiencia , who in turn reported to the viceroy . The cabildo had judicial, legislative, and administrative duties. For that reason, it was often addressed with the formula, Consejo, Justicia y Regimiento (Council, Justice and Government ). The cabildo consisted of several types of officials. There were four to twelve regidores , depending on

245-712: A result of the Political Reforms enacted in 2016, it is no longer designated as a Federal District and became a city, a member entity of the Mexican federation, seat of the Powers of the Union and the capital of Mexico. Mexico City is divided in 16 boroughs , officially called demarcaciones territoriales , substituting the old delegaciones . The boroughs are considered as third-level territorial divisions for statistical data collection and cross-country comparisons. Since

280-440: A rise in the proportion of peninsulares being appointed. The last ones had been positions to which creoles once had easy access, especially after the approval of the sale of offices, which began during the financial crisis in the late 16th century. As a result of being shut out of those offices, creoles turned to the cabildos for political power. Soon enough, cabildos became the centre of power for creoles, as evidenced in many of

315-401: A settlement to become a municipality (usually based on population). The Constitution of 1917 abolished the jefatura política ("political authority"), the intermediate administrative authority between the states and converted all existing municipalities into municipios libres ("free municipalities"), that is, gave them full autonomy to manage local affairs, while at the same time restricting

350-471: Is divided into 14 boroughs besides the City of Mexicali , which comprises the municipal seat and three additional metropolitan boroughs. Querétaro municipality is subdivided into seven boroughs. Nonetheless, the heads of government of the boroughs are not elected by the residents but rather appointed by the municipal president. Mexico City is a special case in that it is not organized into municipalities. As

385-590: The Muslim conquest , the new rulers also appointed various judicial officers to manage the affairs of the cities. Qadis heard any cases that fell under the purview of Sharia law , and sahibs oversaw the administration of the various other areas of urban life, such as the markets and the public order . The cabildo proper began its slow evolution in the process of the Reconquista . As fortified areas grew into urban centres, or older cities were incorporated into

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420-453: The 18th and 19th centuries, the main economic activities were agriculture , husbandry and salt harvesting. On 12 February 1862, General Felipe Berriozábal , then-governor of the state, signed an order that declared Coacalco an independent municipality, ending a 343-year-old dependency of Ecatepec . The economy of Coacalco has changed since the 1970s. It switched from being primarily agricultural and rural to an urban industrial area. Since

455-401: The 2000s, the municipality has become one of the principal commercial districts of the northern part of the metropolitan area. Located next to Mexico City, Coacalco's population has increased by more than 200,000 since 1970. In 2005, the city had a population of 252,555 people; by 2010, the population grew to 278,064 inhabitants. As of 2015, the total population was 284,462 inhabitants. By 2020,

490-712: The 2015 Intercensal Survey, two municipalities have been created in Campeche , three in Chiapas , three in Morelos , one in Quintana Roo and two in Baja California . The internal political organization and their responsibilities are outlined in the 115th article of the 1917 Constitution and detailed in the constitutions of the states to which they belong. Municipalities are distinct from cities ,

525-513: The 2020 Mexican National Census. Data from the 2020 Mexican National Census. Cabildo (council) A cabildo ( Spanish pronunciation: [kaˈβildo] ) or ayuntamiento ( Spanish: [aʝuntaˈmjento] ) was a Spanish colonial and early postcolonial administrative council that governed a municipality . Cabildos were sometimes appointed, sometimes elected, but were considered to be representative of all land-owning heads of household ( vecinos ). The colonial cabildo

560-575: The Conquest and colonization of Mexico, the municipality became the basic entity of the administrative organization of New Spain and the Spanish Empire . Settlements located in strategic locations received the status of ciudad (the highest status within the Empire, superior to that of villas and pueblos ) and were entitled to form an ayuntamiento or municipality. During the first decades,

595-545: The ancient Roman municipium and civitas , especially in the use of plural administrative officers and its control of the surrounding countryside, the territorium , but its evolution is a uniquely-medieval development. With the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and the establishment of the Visigothic Kingdom , the ancient municipal government vanished. In many areas, seeking to escape from

630-619: The authority of the Governor of Cuba. The word cabildo has the same Latin root ( capitulum ) as the English word chapter and in fact is also the Spanish word for a cathedral chapter . Historically, the term ayuntamiento was often preceded by the word excelentísimo ( English : "most excellent") as a style of office in referring to the council. That phrase is often abbreviated Exc. Ay. The Castilian cabildo has some similarities to

665-562: The auxiliary presidency is equivalent to a township. Nonetheless, auxiliary presidencies are not considered a third-level administrative division since they depend fiscally on the municipalities in which they are located. North-western and south-eastern states are divided into small numbers of large municipalities (e.g. Baja California is divided into only seven municipalities), and therefore they cover large areas incorporating several separated cities or towns that do not necessarily conform to one single conurbation. Central and southern states, on

700-508: The clashes, usually with the peninsular -dominated audiencias , in the period leading up to the Spanish American Wars of Independence . In the first decades of the national period, the traditional form of the cabildo was kept in several Spanish American nations although they were eventually replaced by legislative municipal councils . Because cabildos were the city government, the city administrative offices were often called

735-657: The cleaning and maintenance of public parks, gardens and cemeteries. They may also assist the state and federal governments in education, emergency fire and medical services, environmental protection and maintenance of monuments and historical landmarks. Since 1983, they can collect property taxes and user fees, although more funds are obtained from the state and federal governments than from their own collection efforts. Some municipalities in Mexico are subdivided into internal, third-level administrative organizations. All municipalities of Baja California are subdivided into boroughs, or delegaciones . Mexicali municipality, for example,

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770-464: The development of the Castilian and Leonese Parliaments (the cortes ) because cities had a right to representation in them. In addition to the council members, the cabildo had one or two magistrates, the alcades , whom the regidores elected every January 1. Alcaldes served as judges of first instance in all criminal and civil cases and acted as presiding officers of the cabildo unless there

805-566: The end of the 14th century. As part of the same process, a municipal council (the consell ) with different attributes and composition also evolved in the neighboring Kingdom of Aragon during this period. In theory, every municipality in the Spanish colonies in the Americas and the Spanish Philippines had a cabildo. Municipalities included not only the cities but also the surrounding lands. All lands were ultimately assigned to

840-411: The expanding Christian kingdoms of Portugal , León and Castile , kings and sometimes local lords granted the cities various levels of self-rule and unique sets of laws (the fueros ) and made them the administrative centre of a large terminus or alfoz , which was analogous to the ancient territorium . In general, municipal governments often consisted of a council ( consejo ) that was open to all

875-417: The local authorities had full powers on the public and economic administration of each municipality, but successive reforms diminished their attributions. After Independence, the 1824 Constitution did not specify any regulation for the municipalities, whose structure and responsibilities were to be outlined in the constitution of each state of the federation. As such, every state set its own requirements for

910-506: The other hand, are divided into many small municipalities (e.g. Oaxaca is divided into 570 municipalities), and therefore large urban areas usually extend over several municipalities which form one single conurbation. Although an urban area might cover an entire municipality, auxiliary councils might still be used for administrative purposes. Municipalities are responsible for public services (such as water and sewerage), street lighting, public safety, traffic, supervision of slaughterhouses and

945-481: The political instability around them, people entrusted themselves to large landholders and to exchanging their service for the landholder's protection in a process that ultimately led to feudalism . (See also Manorialism .) In areas in which the old territoria survived, the Visigothic kings appointed a single officer, called either a comes or a iudice , to replace the defunct municipia or civitates . After

980-430: The property-owning adult males of the city and a nobleman appointed to represent the king and organize the defense of the city and terminus . By the 13th century, these open councils proved unwieldy and were replaced by a smaller body, the cabildo or ayuntamiento consisting of set number of regidores (usually 24 in the largest cities) elected by the property owners in the city. The new bodies took their permanent form by

1015-478: The public services for their constituents. This concept, which originated after the Mexican Revolution , is known as a municipio libre ("free municipality"). The municipal president is elected by plurality and cannot be reelected for the next immediate term. The municipal council consists of a cabildo (chairman) with a síndico and several regidores (trustees). If the municipality covers

1050-1023: The scope of their competencies. However, in 1983 the 115th article was modified to expand the municipalities' authority to raise revenue (through property taxes and other local services) and to formulate budgets. The first city council in Mexico was established by Hernán Cortés in 1519 in Veracruz ; it was also the first in the American mainland. The newest municipalities in Mexico are San Quintín in Baja California, established on February 27, 2020; Seybaplaya and Dzitbalché in Campeche, gazetted on January 1, 2021; Las Vigas , Ñuu Savi , San Nicolás , and Santa Cruz del Rincón in Guerrero, incorporated on August 31, 2021; and San Felipe in Baja California, incorporated on January 1, 2022. Data from

1085-444: The size and importance of the municipality. Regidores were not just deliberative officers, but all shared in the administration of the territory by dividing tasks among themselves. Initially the regidores were elected by all the heads of household. In the late Middle Ages, those elections often turned violent, with citizens forming bands to control elections and even resorting to murder. To minimize that problem, kings began to appoint

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1120-531: The supplies of the city and oversaw municipal sanitation; the procurador or city attorney; and a scribe . After the Bourbon Reforms , peninsulares were almost exclusively appointed to the positions of viceroy and bishop. Other offices, such as oidores of the audiencia , corregidores (in the places in which they continued to exist after the Bourbon Reforms) and intendant , also saw

1155-502: The total population soared to 293,444 inhabitants. In the 2005 Mexican Human Development Index (HDI) statistic, Coacalco was rated as the tenth best place to live in the country. In 2010, the geographical subdivisions and their respective population were: The sister cities of Coacalco de Berriozábal are: Notable residents include: 19°38′00″N 99°05′35″W  /  19.63333°N 99.09306°W  / 19.63333; -99.09306 Municipalities of Mexico Since

1190-457: Was a corregidor . In provincial capitals, the first alcalde would fill in for incapacitated governors. Other officers were the alférez real (royal standard-bearer), who had a vote in cabildo deliberations and would substitute the alcalde if the latter could not carry out the functions of his office; the alguacil mayor , who oversaw local law enforcement ; the fiel ejecutor , who was the inspector of weights, measures and markets, in charge of

1225-474: Was essentially the same as the one that was developed in medieval Castile . The cabildo was the legal representative of the municipality and its vecinos before the Spanish Crown and so it was among the first institutions established by the conquistadors themselves after, or even before, taking over an area. For example, Hernán Cortés established La Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz to free himself from

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