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88-592: Coahuila borders the Mexican states of Nuevo León to the east, Zacatecas to the south, and Durango and Chihuahua to the west. To the north, Coahuila accounts for a 512 kilometres (318 mi) stretch of the Mexico–United States border , adjacent to the U.S. state of Texas along the course of the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte). With an area of 151,563 square kilometres (58,519 sq mi), it

176-476: A dairy products company, which produces 40% of Mexico's milk consumption and distribution. As of 2005, Coahuila's economy represents 3.5% of Mexico's total gross domestic product or US$ 22,874 million. Coahuila's economy has a strong focus on export oriented manufacturing (i.e. maquiladora / INMEX ). As of 2005, 221,273 people are employed in the manufacturing sector. Foreign direct investment in Coahuila

264-614: A barracks, but faced strong Federal resistance while advancing towards the city center, retreating the next day. In April 1914, after a prolonged conflict, Carrancistas captured the city center, installing Antonio Villarreal , a radical liberal, as governor, who implemented controversial measures like expelling foreign priests, demolishing temples, and destroying religious images. Villista forces briefly captured Monterrey in early 1915, with Pancho Villa visiting Monterrey for fundraising efforts. By May 1915, Carrancistas regained control and installed Idelfonso Vázquez as interim governor. For

352-659: A bi-national effort to conserve a large portion of the Chihuahua Desert in Mexico and Texas . Some authorities include the Chisos and other mountains of Big Bend National Park as part of the Sierra del Carmen. From the Mexican side of the Rio Grande , the Sierra runs southeast for about 72 kilometres (45 mi) to 28’ 40° North latitude and a maximum width of about 32 kilometres (20 mi). Elevations increase toward

440-618: A defeat in the Battle of Saltillo , the insurgency ended. By August 1846, the restoration of the 1824 Mexican Constitution reinstated statehood to Nuevo León. On 21 September 1846, during the Mexican-American War, the Battle of Monterrey was fought, a three-day assault on Nuevo León's capital by U.S. forces. The Mexican forces, commanded by Pedro de Ampudia , faced off against the U.S. troops led by Zachary Taylor , whose objective

528-531: A department, with the territory regaining its statehood upon the republic's restoration in 1867. During the Porfiriato, Bernardo Reyes was sent to Nuevo León by Porfirio Díaz , where Reyes was governor from 1885 to 1887 and from 1889 to 1909. Reyes suppressed small insurrections and banditry in multiple municipalities while also starting infrastructure projects, such as the State Penitentiary,

616-538: A new territory in northern New Spain . He returned to the territory in 1580 and founded the New Kingdom of León in 1582, with its capital, San Luis Rey de Francia , established where Santa Lucía once stood, marking Monterrey's second founding. However, colonization efforts failed once again in 1588, when Carvajal was reported to the Inquisition , accused of being a descendant of New Christians . Since then,

704-513: A population of 5,784,442 by 2020. The process of verticalization in Greater Monterrey intensified, marked by the construction of increasingly numerous and taller skyscrapers, notably Torre Avalanz , Torre KOI , and Torres Obispado , among others. By the late 2010s and 2020s, the state was experiencing a nearshoring boom, characterized by significant foreign investment from automotive companies like Kia and Tesla . However, due to

792-515: A referendum approved the annexation. The annexation provided the state government with control over a significant portion of the customhouses along the US-Mexico border. Leveraging the increased revenues, Vidaurri invested in state development initiatives, including public gardens, Plaza de la Llave , and the Teatro del Progreso , which was the first theater in the state. Additionally, he used

880-473: A referendum to join the Second Mexican Empire instead. In retaliation, Juárez labeled Vidaurri a traitor and divided Nuevo León and Coahuila, reinstating them as separate states. Juárez led the republic's remnants from Nuevo León until 15 August 1864, when the approaching French forces forced him to relocate. In 1865, the empire dissolved Mexico's federal structure, reorganizing Nuevo León as

968-538: A state of Mexico following the country's successful war for independence . The state began industrializing in the late 19th century and early 20th century, establishing various large companies, which accelerated after the Mexican Revolution . Today, Nuevo León is a major manufacturing hub with one of Mexico's largest economies. The origins of Nuevo León's name can be traced back to the late-16th century, when Spanish explorer Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva named

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1056-747: Is Chisos red oak growing among other oaks such as Lacey oak , Arizona white oak , Silverleaf oak in association with Piptochaetium fimbriatum , Piptochaetium pringlei , Muhlenbergia emersleyi , Nolina texana and Little bluestem Temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland Madrean Lower Montane Oak Woodland: Silverleaf oak , Arizona white oak , Quercus grisea and Emory oak are dominant trees, associates are Netleaf oak , Muhlenbergia glauca , Senecio carlomasonii , Pointleaf manzanita , Little bluestem , Sideoats grama , Blue grama , Alder-leaf mountain-mahogany , Muhlenbergia emersleyi , Mexican feathergrass and Yucca faxoniana . At least 20 species of oak grow in Sierra del Carmen, making it one of

1144-514: Is 90 people per square kilometer, making it the fourteenth most dense state in Mexico . It is one of the sixteen states that surpass the country's average population density, which is 64 people per square kilometer. Much of the state's density is found in the Monterrey metropolitan area , where about 92% of the population resides, and where there is a population density of about 700 people per square kilometer. There are 1,655,256 housing units in

1232-628: Is a rare occurrence in the entire state, it has been documented during winter storms and cold fronts. One notable event happened on January 9, 1967, when 50 cm of snow fell within an 8-hour period. Additional instances of snowfall in the state include a February 1895 winter storm during the Great Freeze , the 2004 Christmas Eve winter storm , and the February 2021 North American winter storm . While rare, hurricanes and tropical storms can impact Nuevo León, bringing high levels of rainfall to

1320-897: Is composed mainly by Black grama , Blue grama , Bouteloua ramosa , Bouteloua hirsuta , Purple three-awn , Bouteloua barbata , Black speargrass , Feather fingergrass and Tobosa grass among other species such as Sideoats grama , Mexican feathergrass , Little bluestem . Temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer Chihuahuan Foothill-Piedmont Desert Grassland: Sideoats grama , Muhlenbergia emersleyi , Muhlenbergia setifolia grow along with plants such as Viguiera dentata and rosetophyllus Yucca thompsoniana , Smooth-leaf sotol and Agave lechuguilla . Gallery forest Riparian communities occur at all elevations and they are usually composed by deciduous species. At higher elevations Bigtooth maple , American basswood , Narrowleaf cottonwood , Chisos hop-hornbeam , Scouler's willow , Texas ash and Arizona cypress . Coming down from

1408-631: Is dominated by the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range, covering 50.9% of the state's territory. Notable features formed by the mountain range include the Galeana and Doctor Arroyo plateaus, the Iguana, Picachos, Papagayos, and Santa Clara mountain ranges, and the Pilón, Ascensión, and Río Blanco valleys. Cerro Potosí , which is the state's highest elevation at 3,710 meters above sea level,

1496-564: Is home to 446 species of birds, 3,600 species of insects, more than 1,500 plant species, and 75 mammals. Among the mammals are American black bear , beaver , and cougar . A small subspecies of white-tail deer , the Carmen Mountains white-tailed deer is found in the Sierra. Extirpated from the region and not at present found in the Sierra are Grizzly bear and the Mexican wolf . There are no rivers, paved highways, or towns in

1584-505: Is part of the mountain range. The Great Plains is considered to start in the northernmost regions of Nuevo León, constituting 34.6% of the state's land. This area is characterized by gentle hills along the Rio Grande . In the east, the Northern Gulf Coastal Plains cover 14.5% of the state, featuring low-altitude lands classified as an "inclined plain" due to the alluvial terrain. The San Juan River , one of

1672-459: Is the country's top mining state. Saltillo and the Southeast region have one of the largest automobile industry in the country and the major industry in the state, hosting companies such as General Motors and Chrysler assembly plants. Torreón has Met-Mex Peñoles , a mining company. The city is the world's largest silver producer and Mexico's largest gold producer. It also has Lala,

1760-460: Is the nation's third-largest state. It comprises 38 municipalities ( municipios ) . In 2020, Coahuila's population is 3,146,771 inhabitants. The largest city and State Capital is the city of Saltillo ; the second largest is Torreón (largest metropolitan area in Coahuila and 9th largest in Mexico); the third largest is Monclova (a former state capital); the fourth largest is Piedras Negras ; and

1848-430: The 13th largest federal entity by size in Mexico. The state is located in the northeastern part of Mexico and is bordered by Tamaulipas to the east, Coahuila to the west, both Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi to the south, and the U.S. state of Texas to the north. The state boasts a diverse geography, encompassing three key physiographic provinces in the northeast region. The state's southern and western scenery

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1936-600: The Bolson de Mapimi , the Sierra del Carmen is home to flora and fauna that are more characteristic of the mountains of the western United States and Mexico. At lower elevations, desert vegetation surrounds the higher elevations. Oak and oak-pine forests are found at elevations of 1,300 to 1,800 metres (4,400 to 5,900 ft). Above 1,800 metres (5,900 ft), the forest is dominated by pine. Conifer species such as Douglas fir , and Durango fir are found at elevations of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) or more. The Sierra del Carmen

2024-608: The Chamber of Deputies . This list is incomplete Nuevo Le%C3%B3n [REDACTED] Blanca Judith Díaz Delgado Nuevo León ( Spanish: [ˈnweβo leˈon] ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Nuevo León ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Nuevo León ) is a state in northeastern Mexico . The state borders the Mexican states of Tamaulipas , Coahuila , Zacatecas , and San Luis Potosi , and has an extremely narrow international border with

2112-721: The Mexican Plateau , and is part of the Chihuahuan Desert . The Bolsón de Mapimí is a large endorheic basin which covers much of the western portion of the State and extends into adjacent portions of Chihuahua, Durango, and Zacatecas. The Nazas River , which flows east from Durango, and the Aguanaval River , which flows north from Zacatecas, empty into lakes in the Bolsón. Torreón , the most populous city in

2200-652: The Rio Grande . East of the range, the land slopes gently toward the Rio Grande, and is drained by several rivers, including the Salado and its tributary, the Sabinas River. The Tamaulipan mezquital , a dry shrubland ecoregion , occupies the eastern portion of the State, and extends across the Rio Grande into southern Texas. The portion of the State west of the Sierra Madre Oriental lies on

2288-527: The Sierra Maderas del Carmen , is a northern finger of the Sierra Madre Oriental in the state of Coahuila , Mexico . The Sierra begins at the Rio Grande at Big Bend National Park and extends southeast for about 72 kilometres (45 mi), reaching a maximum elevation of 2,720 metres (8,920 ft). Part of the Sierra del Carmen is protected in the Maderas del Carmen Biosphere Reserve as part of

2376-497: The Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range, had access to fishing and limited agriculture. Due to their nomadic lifestyle, the communities never laid claim to land permanently, and they did not develop political hierarchies similar to the ones found in Mesoamerican societies. Consequently, governance within these tribes was absent, reflecting a decentralized social structure. In 1535, Alvaro Núñez Cabeza de Vaca led one of

2464-593: The State of Mexico . In this same period, 91,433 emigrated from Nuevo León to other states, where 14% went to San Luis Potosí, 12% to Coahuila, 11% to Tamaulipas, 8% to Veracruz, and 6% to the State of Mexico. Additionally, 22,271 emigrated to another country, with 75% opting for the United States. The three most common motivations for migration in the state were family reunification, employment opportunities, and marriage. (as of 2020) During pre-Hispanic times,

2552-511: The deadliest hurricane in the state's history struck, resulting in around 3,000 deaths in Monterrey and at least $ 50 million (1909 USD; $ 1.7 billion 2024 USD) in damages. During the Mexican Revolution , Monterrey witnessed multiple attempts to seize control by different factions. In October 1913, Carrancista forces initially succeeded in seizing key locations such as the Obispado and

2640-618: The second-largest metropolitan area in the country with an estimated population of 5.3 million people in 2020. About 92% of the state's population lives in the metropolitan area. Prior to European colonization, Nuevo León was home to various nomadic groups, known as chichimecas to the Spaniards. Stemming from Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva's expedition in 1580, the New Kingdom of León was established, encompassing present-day Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and Texas, but permanent settlement did not occur until 1592. In 1824, Nuevo León became

2728-476: The 16th century settlers of Saltillo and other communities in Nueva Vizcaya were Tlaxcalans , who founded an independent community bordering Saltillo, called San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala . Coahuila y Tejas was one of the constituent states of the newly independent United Mexican States under their 1824 Constitution , and included Texas , Coahuila and Nuevo León . Later in the same year Nuevo León

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2816-523: The Americas. In the 1840s and 1850s, Coahuila was the target of frequent Comanche raids . On February 19, 1856, Santiago Vidaurri annexed Coahuila to his state, Nuevo León , but it regained its separate status in 1868. During the Mexican Revolution , Francisco Villa attacked the city of Torreón . On April 4, 2004, the border city of Piedras Negras was flooded. More than 30 people died and more than 4,000 lost their homes. In 2007 Coahuila became

2904-593: The Maderas del Carmen Flora and Fauna Protected Area, a designation which allows many economic activities and private land holdings to continue to exist within the boundaries. The protected area comprises 2,100 km (520,000 acres). The Maderas del Carmen is part of a bi-lateral conservation project called the El Carmen—Big Bend Conservation Corridor Initiative which includes contiguous land designated for conservation on both sides of

2992-627: The Nuevo León government in order to aid in the execution of the Plan of Ayutla , later supplying military assistance to the Liberals during the Reform War . As a means of consolidating power in northeastern Mexico, in 1856, Vidaurri unilaterally announced the annexation of Coahuila, forming the state of Nuevo León and Coahuila, which was later ratified into the 1857 Mexican Constitution after

3080-660: The Rio Grande's major tributaries , is one of the most important rivers in the state, as it supplies the El Cuchillo reservoir, which in turn provides water for the Monterrey metropolitan area . It is fed by many of its own tributaries, such as the Pesquería River and the Santa Catarina River  [ es ] , with the latter flowing through the metropolitan area. The state also houses additional reservoirs to provide water to its residents. Among

3168-478: The Sierra del Carmen is in Big Bend National Park which shares a similar climate. The climatic classification of this station is Bsk (Koppen) or Bsal (Trewartha). The isolation of the Sierra del Carmen and its relatively undisturbed environment has led to conservation efforts in Mexico and jointly with the United States. Much of the Sierra del Carmen has been declared by the government of Mexico

3256-1025: The Sierra, which has been called one of the most remote places on earth. Drainage of the mountains is by small, mostly ephemeral streams on the east side of the Sierra to the Rio Grande. Off the western side of the Sierra, small streams leaving the mountains disappear quickly in the desert of the Bolson de Mapimi. According to the International Ecological Classification Standard the vegetation of Sierra del Carmen can be classified as follows Temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest Madrean Lower Montane Conifer Forest: Dominant trees are Arizona pine often growing with Chisos red oak , Silverleaf oak and Netleaf oak in association with Poverty oatgrass , Piptochaetium pringlei , Prairie Junegrass , Little bluestem and Bromus lanatipes . Madrean Upper Montane Conifer Forest: Durango fir and Douglas fir are

3344-463: The Southern region. The Monterrey metropolitan area, which is the most populous and dense region in the state, is made up of twelve municipalities: Monterrey , Apodaca , Guadalupe , General Escobedo , Juárez , San Nicolás de los Garza , García , Santa Catarina , San Pedro Garza García , Cadereyta Jiménez , Salinas Victoria , and Santiago . The ten largest cities in the state are located in

3432-684: The State, lies on the Nazas in the irrigated Laguna Region , the (Comarca Lagunera) , which straddles the border of Coahuila and Durango. Coahuila contains two biosphere reserves . Maderas del Carmen lies on the northern border of the State, and includes sections of the Chihuahuan desert and sky islands of pine-oak forest in the Sierra del Carmen . The springs, lakes, and wetlands of the Cuatro Ciénegas Basin lie west of Monclova on

3520-405: The U.S. state of Texas . Covering 64,156 square kilometers (24,771 square miles) and with a population of 5.78 million people, Nuevo León is the thirteenth-largest federal entity by area and the seventh-most populous as of 2020. Monterrey , the state's capital, is the most populous city in Nuevo León and the ninth-largest in Mexico. Monterrey is part of the Monterrey metropolitan area ,

3608-611: The United States to export goods. Taking advantage of its small border with Texas, Colombia, Nuevo León was founded as a port of entry. By the end of the 20th century, the absolute political dominance of the Institutional Revolutionary Party , which had started in 1929, began to wane, resulting in the election of Fernando Canales Clariond of the National Action Party as governor in 1997. The early 21st century saw continued growth, with

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3696-721: The Viceroy of New Spain to reorganize the New Kingdom of León, which established Nuevo Santander , resulting in the loss of present-day Tamaulipas. During the establishment of the Provincias Internas , the New Kingdom of León became part of the Eastern Internal Provinces, alongside the provinces of Coahuila, Nuevo Santander, and Texas. On 16 September 1810, the Cry of Dolores occurred, signaling

3784-469: The border totaling more than 12,000 km (4,600 sq mi), an area almost as large as the U.S. state of Connecticut . In 2005, Maderas del Carmen became the first designated Wilderness area in Latin America . The Maderas del Carmen Protected Area was created in 1994, although conservation efforts were initially slowed because the land was privately owned, either in large ranches or in

3872-551: The capital of the Aztecs. Such exploration was delayed because the northern climate was harsher and there was no gold. The first Spanish settlement in the region now called Coahuila was at Minas de la Trinidad in 1577. Saltillo was settled in 1586, to form part of the province of Nueva Vizcaya of the Vice-royalty of New Spain . Later it became one of the first provinces of Nueva Extremadura to be explored by Europeans. Among

3960-401: The collective farms called ejidos in Mexico. In 2000 a Mexican corporation, Cementos de Mexico (CEMEX) began to purchase lands for conservation in the region. On CEMEX land livestock and fences were removed and native vegetation encouraged. By 2006, CEMEX owned 790 square kilometres (195,000 acres) in or near the Maderas del Carmen and managed another 25,300 hectares (62,500 acres). One of

4048-680: The construction of the Government Palace , and the renovation of numerous plazas and markets. Additionally, in 1892, Reyes negotiated a land swap with Coahuila so that Nuevo León had access to the international border with Texas. Reyes' policies rapidly industrialized the state, overseeing the establishment of significant companies, including Cuauhtémoc brewery, later known as Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery , in 1900; Monterrey Foundry , now Fundidora Park , in 1904; Cementos Hidalgo, later known as Cemex , in 1905; and Vidrios y Cristales de Monterrey, later known as Vitro , in 1909. In 1909,

4136-646: The dominant trees growing along Pinus arizonica , Silverleaf oak , Texas madrone in association with Umbellate wintergreen and Piptochaetium pringlei . Sierra Madre Oriental endemic Pinus stylesii grows on the higher elevations, Chinquapin oak is also common although not dominant component throughout mixed conifer forest to oak-pine forest, Quaking aspen stands exist on moist slopes and canyons, thickets of Red raspberry and hawthorns such as Crataegus tracyi and Crataegus greggiana provide forage for wildlife. Montane or boreal cold-deciduous forest Madrean Upper Montane Oak Forest: The dominant tree species

4224-567: The enactment of Las Siete Leyes in 1835, which dissolved the federal structure, replacing the state of Nuevo León with a department. In response to these centralist policies, a secessionist movement arose, resulting in the establishment of the Republic of the Rio Grande in 1840. This unrecognized republic encompassed the territories of Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and parts of southern Texas, with its capital in Laredo, Texas . However, after

4312-526: The fifth largest is Ciudad Acuña . The name Coahuila derives from native terms for the region, and has been known by variations such as Cuagüila and Cuauila. Some historians believe that this means "flying serpent", "place of many trees", or "place where serpents creep". The official name of the state is Coahuila de Zaragoza, in honor of General Ignacio Zaragoza . The Spanish explored the north of Mexico some decades after their victory in Tenochtitlan ,

4400-420: The first expeditions into Nuevo León territory. Colonization attempts began in 1577 under Alberto del Canto , who founded Santa Lucía in present-day Monterrey. However, these efforts failed due to indigenous raids, who were labeled as Indios Bárbaros by the colonizers. In 1579, Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva , a member of del Canto's expedition, returned to Spain and negotiated with King Philip II to establish

4488-413: The first state in Mexico to offer civil unions (Pacto Civil de Solidaridad) to same-sex couples. The Sierra Madre Oriental runs northwest to southeast through the State, and the higher elevations are home to the Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests . The northernmost fingers of the Sierra Madre Oriental, the Sierra del Burro and the Sierra del Carmen , reach to the border with the United States at

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4576-546: The governor of Nueva Vizcaya removed the New Kingdom of León's jurisdiction over Coahuila and Texas, with the case citing Carvajal's illegal attempts to invade territories belonging to Nueva Vizcaya in the 1580s. The second loss was caused by pressure from the French incursions in Louisiana and requests from the New Kingdom of León to colonize the northeastern Mexican coast in order to pacify and convert its natives, prompting

4664-518: The important characteristics of the Sierra del Carmen is that it functions as a "corridor" enabling wildlife to migrate north and south. In the late 1980s the corridor between the Sierra and the mountains of west Texas enabled the black bear to disperse northward and reestablish itself in Big Bend National Park. The black bear had been extirpated from west Texas in the 1950s. In other initiatives, in 2000, CEMEX in cooperation with conservation organizations in Mexico and Texas began breeding and releasing to

4752-587: The insurgency in the Provincias Internas. Despite these efforts, various counter-insurgency movements emerged in the territories, leading to the capture of key figures at the Wells of Baján in Coahuila. Afterwards, the movement encountered resistance among the population of the territory, as many were royalists. Some attribute this to the region's stronger ties to Spain and its high proportion of people of white or criollo ancestry, constituting 63% of

4840-420: The metropolitan area. The 2020 census determined that the population of Nuevo León was at 5,784,442, making it the seventh most populous state in the country . The state has experienced steady growth since the 1930s, with an average annual addition of 78,000 people from 1960 onwards. The most significant growth occurred between 2010 and 2020, during which approximately 1,100,000 people were added. 96% percent of

4928-660: The money to pursue campaigns against the Lipan Apache people . Revenues increased further during the American Civil War , as the Confederacy traded cotton through Nuevo León and Coahuila due to the Union blockade of their ports. On 14 February 1864, during the French intervention in Mexico , Benito Juárez visited Vidaurri to request revenue from the state's customshouses, but Vidaurri refused, suggesting

5016-2121: The most common tree species, along them grow Alder-leaf mountain-mahogany , Sideoats grama , Muhlenbergia emersleyi , Nolina texana , Sandpaper oak , Mexican feathergrass and Little bluestem . Sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland Chihuahuan Interior Chaparral: Shrubs such as Fraxinus greggii , Mohr oak and Quercus vaseyana grow along Achnatherum eminens , Agave lechuguilla , Vauquelinia corymbosa , Desert ceanothus , Alder-leaf mountain-mahogany , Smooth-leaf sotol , Muhlenbergia emersleyi , Yucca faxoniana , Muhlenbergia setifolia and Sideoats grama . Extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland Chihuahuan Creosotebush Desert Scrub: Dominated by Creosote bush associated with Whitethorn acacia , Agave lechuguilla , Bouteloua ramosa , Candelilla , New Mexico rubber plant and Tiquilia hispidissima . Extremely xeromorphic deciduous subdesert shrubland Fflou Chihuahuan Mixed Desert Scrub: Whitethorn acacia , Vachellia neovernicosa , American tarwort , Ocotillo , Leucophyllum minus and Catclaw mimosa along with Agave havardiana , Agave lechuguilla , Black grama , Engelmann's prickly pear , New Mexico rubber plant , Candelilla , Aristida purpurea , Smooth-leaf sotol , Aloysia gratissima , Sideoats grama , Blue grama and Bouteloua ramosa . Chihuahuan Mesquite Desert Scrub: Dominated by Honey mesquite along with Aloysia gratissima and American tarwort associated with Aristida purpurea , Black grama , Blue grama , New Mexico rubber plant and Tobosa grass . Extremely xeromorphic evergreen subdesert dwarf-shrubland Chihuahuan Dwarf Desert Scrub: Dominants are Agave lechuguilla , Candelilla , Smooth-leaf sotol and New Mexico rubber plant associated with Texas false agave and Guayule . Temperate cold-deciduous shrubland Madrean Montane Scrub: Mainly consists of Alder-leaf mountain-mahogany and Pointleaf manzanita growing with Muhlenbergia emersleyi and Sideoats grama . Temperate or subpolar grassland Madrean Mesa-Foothill Grassland: This grassland

5104-614: The most oak diverse sky islands, the following have been reported within its boundaries: Arizona oak , Quercus coahuilensis , Quercus carmenensis , Emory oak , Escarpment live oak , Gambel oak , Chisos red oak , Quercus grisea , Silverleaf oak , Lacey oak , Mohr oak , Chinquapin oak , Quercus sinuata , Sonoran blue oak , Quercus sideroxyla , Sandpaper oak , Coahuila scrub oak , Lateleaf oak , Quercus vaseyana and Netleaf oak . Temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland Madrean Pinyon-Juniper Woodland: Mexican pinyon , Papershell pinyon and Alligator juniper are

5192-446: The mountains several streams feed the Rio Grande, lining them grow Fremont's cottonwood , Velvet ash , Desert willow and Screwbean mesquite . The climate of the Sierra del Carmen is arid to semi-arid with more humid conditions at higher elevations. Annual precipitation is between 250 and 510 mm (10 and 20 in). Most precipitation is in the summer; snow often falls in the winter. The nearest weather station representative of

5280-504: The move in search for food. Predominantly reliant on hunting and gathering, many peoples traveled in small bands, establishing temporary settlements known as rancherías , which typically housed one or two families. These settlements consisted of semispherical huts constructed from interwoven branches and thatched roofs. Those situated near rivers, such as the Salinas river, or in regions with more temperate climates, like areas near or within

5368-546: The national constituent congress. In the 1824 Constitution of Mexico, the name of the entity was shortened to Nuevo León, its present-day name, and it was made a state of the First Mexican Republic . Mier organized the establishment of the local legislature , which drafted and enacted the state's first constitution on 5 March 1825. Once the federal system was established, internal divisions between federalist and centralist factions emerged, eventually leading to

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5456-481: The natives' resistance or deadly diseases spread by the Spaniards, while others thrived with Tlaxcalan reinforcement. The New Kingdom of León asserted claims over regions in present-day Coahuila , Nuevo León, Tamaulipas , and Texas . However, throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the province experienced territorial losses. In 1643, a successful lawsuit brought to the Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara by

5544-697: The natives. Evangelization served as a key instrument of Spanish colonization and cultural assimilation, with numerous friars arriving in the New Kingdom of León during the 17th and 18th centuries to convert the natives. In 1602, the first Franciscan convent in Monterrey was established, named the convent of San Andrés. Throughout the colonial period, a total of twenty missions were established, of which ten are present-day municipalities of Nuevo León, including Salinas Victoria (Mission Guadalupe de las Salinas ), Agualeguas (Mission Nuestra Señora de Agualeguas ), and Guadalupe (Mission Valle de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe ), among others. Some missions failed due to

5632-725: The nomadic indigenous peoples of Nuevo León spoke a diverse range of languages. Among the notable groups, the Rayados spoke Guachichil , the Pintos and Alazapas spoke Coahuilteco , and the Borrados spoke Quinigua . Other indigenous languages include Mamulique , Xanambre, Tamaulipeco, and Pame . Spanish was first introduced to the population during the Spanish colonization and Nahuatl was introduced by Tlaxcaltecan colonizers. Sierra del Carmen The Sierra del Carmen , also called

5720-407: The population according to the Revillagigedo census of 1790. The council of Monterrey, which was the capital and biggest city of the New Kingdom of León, remained loyal to Spain until Joaquín de Arredondo , the commandant of the Eastern Internal Provinces, endorsed the Plan of Iguala on 3 July 1821. After Mexican independence, Fray Servando Teresa de Mier represented the New Kingdom of León in

5808-493: The rapid industrialization and urbanization, the state faced environmental concerns, such as poor air quality and water shortages, the latter caused by droughts. The Mexican drug war led to a significant decline in security within the state, marked by several massacres during the war's initial phases, notable examples being the 2011 Monterrey casino attack and the Cadereyta Jiménez massacre . Covering an area of 64,156 square kilometers (24,771 square miles), Nuevo León ranks as

5896-404: The region remained mostly uninhabited by the Spaniards. In 1596, Diego de Montemayor , accompanied by twelve families, sought to repopulate the New Kingdom of León. On 20 September, he established the Ciudad Metropolitana de Nuestra Señora de Monterrey , marking Monterrey's third and definitive founding. During this period, despite the majority of the population being concentrated in Monterrey,

5984-414: The region the New Kingdom of León , in honor of the Kingdom of León , as Carvajal noted various similarities between both territories, particularly their mountainous terrains. Following Mexican independence, the name was shortened to Nuevo León. Prior to European colonization, there was no established nation-state. Historians estimate that there were about 250 distinct indigenous nomad groups living in

6072-410: The rest of the 20th century, Nuevo León's economy underwent continued industrialization. Major families, holding majority shares in the state's largest companies, such as the Cuauhtémoc brewery, Monterrey Foundry, and Cementos Hidalgo, strategically reinvested their profits into diverse sectors, aiding in the expansion of both the industrial and banking sectors. By the 1980s, 91% of the employed population

6160-416: The significant ones are the Cerro Prieto, La Boca, Agualeguas, Sombreretillo, El Porvenir, and Loma Larga reservoirs. Nuevo León is located at the intersection of various climate zones , these being hot desert, hot semi-arid, cold semi-arid, and humid subtropical climates. The majority of the state, including most of the Monterrey metropolitan area , has a hot semi-arid climate , while the northern part of

6248-433: The south culminating in several peaks with heights of more than 2,400 metres (8,000 ft) and a maximum altitude of 2,720 metres (8,920 ft). The western side of the Sierra del Carmen features a high limestone escarpment that formed along a fault line. The Sierra del Carmen is an isolated range, a sky island , that rises above the Chihuahua Desert . Because of its elevation, higher than any other mountain ranges in

6336-426: The start of Mexican War of Independence. However, it took until 29 September for news of this event to reach the New Kingdom of León due to its geographical isolation from the rest of New Spain. In January 1811, the governor of the New Kingdom of León, Manuel de Santa María, joined the insurgency after the royalist defeat at the Battle of Aguanueva and José Mariano Jiménez's arrival in Monterrey, who arrived to spread

6424-421: The state are very similar to national averages, such as a high life expectancy (reaching 75 years of age) and a Catholic majority. Basic public education in Coahuila is mainly managed by the state's Secretary of Education, but federal-sustained schools are also very common. There are also a lot of private schools in the main cities of the state. About 95% of Mexico's coal reserves are found in Coahuila, which

6512-613: The state has a hot desert climate due to its proximity to the Chihuahuan desert . Some southern portions of the state have a humid subtropical climate due to the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range. The state typically encounters arid, hot summers, with peak temperatures in the hottest regions soaring to 47 °C. As summer progresses, the climate transitions into a wet season, primarily observed in August and September, marked by increased rainfall. During these periods of rainfall,

6600-419: The state has a very low density, in fact as low as only 15 persons per square kilometer. Coahuila's population is mainly made up of Criollos along with Mestizos . Fewer than 7,500 natives reside in Coahuila, or merely 0.3% of the total population. According to the 2020 Census, 1.46% of Coahuila's population identified as Black, Afro-Mexican , or of African descent. The rest of the demographic particulars in

6688-406: The state have been Tropical Storm Fernand in 2019 and Hurricane Hanna in 2020. Pinus pseudostrobus is the tree with largest volume per hectare in southern Nuevo León. Nuevo's León is divided into 51 municipalities (municipios) . These municipalities are categorized into five regions, these being the Monterrey metropolitan area , Peripheral region, Citrícola region, Northern region, and

6776-575: The state's territory, collectively known to the Spaniards as chicimecas . Archaeological remains, such as cave paintings and carved stones, enabled historians to identify four main indigenous groups that inhabited the state: the Coahuiltecans to the west, Alazapas to the north, the " Borrados " to the east, and the Guachichiles to the south. Like numerous groups across Aridoamerica , the indigenous peoples of Nuevo León were constantly on

6864-586: The state, placing it sixth nationwide. About 48% of these units have two bedrooms, and more than 95% of the units have running water, sewage systems, and electric power. In 2020, Nuevo León had 49,500 foreign-born residents, with 46.8% from the United States , 12% from Venezuela , and 8.9% from Honduras . Between 2015 and 2020, 277,369 people immigrated to Nuevo León from other Mexican states, with 24% originating from Veracruz , 15% from Tamaulipas , 11% from San Luis Potosí , 6% from Coahuila , and 5% from

6952-536: The state. The increased precipitation often results in the overflow of the state's rivers, most notably the Santa Catarina River, leading to fatalities and significant damage to urban infrastructure. Notable examples of this include the 1909 Monterrey hurricane , causing about 3,000 fatalities in Monterrey; Hurricane Gilbert in 1988 with approximately 150 fatalities; and Hurricane Alex in 2010, which caused 15 deaths. Additional storms that have impacted

7040-415: The temperature drops significantly, leading to lower than average temperatures. The state experiences mild winters with average high temperatures around 21 °C and lows around 8 °C. Notably, regions next to or situated on the mountain ranges have lower mean temperatures compared to the rest of the state during the winter months, which may cause occasional light snowfall in the winter. While snowfall

7128-417: The total population occupies urban areas, significantly surpassing the national average of 79%, while only 4% live in rural areas. As of 2024, Nuevo León ranks first in the country by life expectancy , with a life expectancy of 77.7, surpassing the national average of 75.5. In 2019, the primary causes of death were heart disease, malignant tumors, and diabetes. Nuevo León's population density as of 2020

7216-423: The town remained small and isolated from other important towns like Saltillo and Zacatecas . Life for the early inhabitants was marked by poverty, with agriculture and livestock farming being the primary occupations, focused solely on self-consumption. The establishment of Spanish settlements in the northern part of the territory were hindered by Coahuiltecan attacks, mostly in response to Spanish slave raids on

7304-540: The west slope of the Sierra Madre. Coahuila is largely arid or semi-arid, but the rivers of the State support extensive irrigated agriculture, particularly cotton . The Parras district in the southern part of the State produces wines and brandies. The pine-oak forests of the Sierra Madre produce timber. The last population census run across Mexico in the year 2020, reports Coahuila de Zaragoza as having 3,146,771 inhabitants, which, considering its size, means that

7392-758: Was US$ 143.1 million for 2005. The average wage for an employee in Coahuila is approximately 190 pesos per day. On the other hand, Coahuila is the Mexican state with the highest level of public debt in the nation. Coahuila is subdivided into five regions and 38 municipalities ( municipios ) . Newspapers of Coahuila include: El Diario de Coahuila , El Guardián , El Heraldo de Saltillo , El Siglo de Torreón , Esto del Norte , La I (Laguna) , la I (Saltillo) , La Opinión Milenio , La Voz de Coahuila (Monclova) , Noticias de El Sol de la Laguna , Vanguardia , Zócalo (Monclova) , Zócalo (Piedras Negras) , Zócalo El Periódico de Saltillo , and Zócalo Saltillo. Coahuila has 8 Electoral Districts that elect one deputy each to

7480-501: Was detached, but Texas remained a part of the state until 1836, when it seceded to form the Republic of Texas . Monclova was the capital of the state from 1833 to 1835. In 1840 Coahuila briefly became a member of the short lived Republic of the Rio Grande . In the mid-19th century, the Sánchez Navarro family owned a ranch of 6,700,000 ha (16,500,000 acres) mostly in Coahuila. It was the largest privately-owned property in

7568-570: Was founded in 1983, resulting in the development of numerous shopping complexes throughout the region, such as Plaza Fiesta San Agustín in 1988. To meet the population's urban transport needs, the government inaugurated Metrorrey , Monterrey's light rapid transit system, in 1991. In 1994, the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement cemented Nuevo León's position as a manufacturing hub with an export-oriented economy, capitalizing on its close proximity to

7656-499: Was in the secondary and tertiary sectors. The industrial surge led to remarkable population growth, soaring from 417,491 in 1930 to 3,098,736 in 1990. Monterrey's urban sprawl surpassed city limits by the 1970s, extending into adjacent municipalities like Guadalupe, San Pedro Garza García, Santa Catarina, San Nicolás, General Escobedo, and Apodaca. The 1960s witnessed the construction of the state's first high-rise, Condominios Acero . The state's first shopping mall, Galerías Monterrey ,

7744-412: Was to take the city in order to advance toward Mexico City . The battle inflicted heavy casualties on both sides. By 24 September, a truce was brokered between the opposing generals, stipulating a two-month armistice and the withdrawal of Mexican forces from the city in exchange for its surrender. The state remained under U.S. occupation until 18 June 1848. In 1855, Santiago Vidaurri seized control of

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