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118-568: Coatzacoalcos ( Spanish: [koatsakoˈalkos] ; Nahuatl languages : Koatzakwalko ; Zapotec : Niniashi ; Popoluca : Puertu ) is a major port city in the southern part of the Mexican state of Veracruz , mostly on the western side of the Coatzacoalcos River estuary, on the Bay of Campeche , on the southern Gulf of Mexico coast. The city serves as the municipal seat of

236-625: A Category 5 hurricane, the highest rating on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. It made landfall as a Category 5 storm in Quintana Roo 's Costa Maya region, 40 mi (65 km) northeast of the border between Mexico and Belize , and weakened on its way over land, reemerging on the western side of Yucatán as a Category 1 storm. Dean regained strength as it crossed the Gulf of Mexico, and made its second landfall as

354-431: A tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa, and, encountering favorable conditions , quickly developed into Tropical Depression Four, about 520 miles (835 km) west-southwest of Cape Verde on August 13. The depression moved briskly westward, and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Dean at 1500  UTC on August 14. The storm's intensity continued to build although dry air and cooler air inflow from

472-467: A Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. The storm's development slowed slightly but a reconnaissance aircraft discovered a closed eyewall on August 17 as the storm passed through the Lesser Antilles. Data from the aircraft indicated that Hurricane Dean had strengthened to a Category 3 hurricane and its trailing bands were still over the Lesser Antilles. During

590-668: A Category 2 storm on August 22, at around 11:30 CDT, near Tecolutla, Veracruz , to the south of Tuxpan , where after it moved westward, losing strength and disintegrating over central Mexico. A small remnant circulation reached the Pacific Ocean, eventually moving northwestward around an anticyclone , roughly parallel to the Mexican coast and finally back inland over the southwestern United States, where it completely dissipated on August 27. Hurricane Dean's smooth and well-predicted track gave unusually advance warning to all of

708-649: A Category 4 hurricane, and strengthened to a Category 5 storm as it made landfall on Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula on August 21. A second landfall on August 22 was less devastating. Hurricane Dean entered the Caribbean as a Category 2 hurricane through the Saint Lucia Channel on August 17. It moved briskly between the Lesser Antillean islands of St. Lucia and Martinique, with its storm surge and rain bands reaching every island in

826-522: A JA$ 500 million (US$ 7.1 million) programme to provide grants and low-interest loans for emergency housing repairs. Temporary tarpaulins were also provided to patch roofs at no cost. The World Food Program immediately placed 5,500 Jamaicans on complementary food assistance, a daily ration of 1900  kJ (450  kcal ) of High Energy Biscuits , for two weeks. Within three days US$ 398,000 of pre-prepared United States Agency for International Development (USAID) emergency supplies arrived on

944-582: A basic split between western and eastern dialects. Nahuan languages include not just varieties known as Nahuatl, but also Pipil and the extinct Pochutec language . The differences among the varieties of Nahuatl are not trivial, and in many cases result in low or no mutual intelligibility: people who speak one variety cannot understand or be understood by those from another. Thus, by that criterion, they could be considered different languages. The ISO divisions referenced below respond to intelligibility more than to historical or reconstructional considerations. Like

1062-563: A combined total of EC $ 300,000 of damage, and nationwide damage to housing and buildings totaled EC$ 800,000. The Ministry of Communications, Works, Transport, and Public Utilities reported that most of the country's major infrastructure remained functional, and no long-term disruptions occurred. The hardest hit area of Saint Lucia was its agricultural sector. 5,000 acres (20 km ) of banana farms in Mabouya Valley , Roseau Valley , and Marc Marc were severely damaged with many of

1180-485: A five-member team to Puerto Rico ahead of Hurricane Dean. They were equipped with satellite communication systems to provide video-teleconferencing and help make real-time assessments of any damage. With Hurricane Dean's path predicted well in advance of the storm, the Government of Mexico was able to make ample preparations. On August 17, a state of emergency was declared for the state of Quintana Roo where Dean

1298-517: A geographical note: the northern part of the State of Puebla is universally recognized as having two subgroupings. The northern part of the State of Puebla is a long north to south lobe. In the middle of it from east-northeast to west-southwest runs the Sierra de Puebla (as Nahuanist linguists call it) or Sierra Norte de Puebla (as geographers call it). The "Sierra de Puebla" dialects are quite distinct from

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1416-620: A reformed Albinegros de Orizaba . The Delfines de Coatzacoalcos (Dolphins) play in the Estadio Rafael Hernández Ochoa , which was built in 1980. The Universidad Istmo Americana F.C. plays in the Tercera División de México and is based in Coatzacoalcos. Coatzacoalcos has been a transportation hub for hundreds of years. It is connected via air, water, road, and rail to the surrounding region and

1534-517: A settlement near Guazacualco. Sandoval named it Villa del Espíritu Santo . San Martín Tuxtla is an active volcano lying northwest of Coatzcoalcos in the Sierra de los Tuxtlas . It erupted in 1664, in May 1793 with large ash falls and lava flows, and most recently in 1796. The town was elevated to the category of port in 1825 and the name was changed to Coatzacoalcos . The municipality of Coatzacoalcos

1652-571: A single suffix of the shape -liwa . In 1984 Canger and Dakin published an article in which they showed that Proto-Nahuan *ɨ had become /e/ in some Nahuan dialects and /i/ in others, and they proposed that this split was among the oldest splits of the Nahuan group. Dakin has proposed a historical internal classification of Nahuan, e.g., Dakin (2000). She asserts two groups of migrations in central Mexico and eventually southwards to Central America. The first produced Eastern dialects. Centuries later,

1770-406: A variety of Nahuatl. Most specialists in Nahuan do not consider Pochutec to have ever been a variety of Nahuatl. Canger (1978; 1980) and Lastra de Suarez (1986) have made classification schemes based on data and methodology which each investigator has well documented. Canger proposed a single Central grouping and several Peripheral groupings. The Center grouping is hypothesized to have arisen during

1888-651: A very important crossroads during the oil boom of the 1970s, connecting the Yucatán Peninsula and oil fields in Campeche to the rest of Mexico and to the port of Salina Cruz in Oaxaca on the Pacific coast. The city is located at 18°9′N 94°26′W  /  18.150°N 94.433°W  / 18.150; -94.433 where the Coatzacoalcos River debouches into the Bay of Campeche . Overland it

2006-644: Is a book-length study (in Spanish) of the phonological evolution of Proto-Nahuatl. Dakin (1991) suggested that irregularities in the modern Nahuatl system of possessive prefixes might be due to the presence in Proto-Nahuan of distinct grammatical marking for two types of possession. In the 1990s, two papers appeared addressing the old research problem of the " saltillo " in Nahuatl: a lost paper by Whorf (1993), and Manaster Ramer (1995). A Center-Periphery scheme

2124-546: Is connected by road and rail to the Pacific Ocean about 160 kilometres (99 mi) away. This location has prompted plans for an interoceanic waterway across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , or for a much expanded railroad system, for over a century. In the Köppen climate classification the climate is classified as Am for a tropical monsoon climate . A typical year sees more than 290 centimetres (110 in) of rainfall. Lying on

2242-412: Is not [entirely] satisfactory" (1986:190). Both researchers emphasized the need for more data in order for there to be advances in the field of Nahuatl dialectology. Since the 1970s, there has been an increase in research whose immediate aim is the production of grammars and dictionaries of individual dialects. But there is also a detailed study of dialect variation in the dialect subgroup sometimes known as

2360-433: Is spoken. (name [ISO subgroup code] – location(s) ~approx. number of speakers) Geographical distributions of Nahuan languages by ISO code: Hurricane Dean Impact Other wikis Hurricane Dean was the strongest tropical cyclone of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season . It was the most intense North Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Wilma of 2005 , tying for ninth overall. Additionally, it made

2478-532: Is the seat of a Metropolitan Area, which together with the municipalities of Ixhuatlán del Sureste and Nanchital de Lázaro Cárdenas del Río had a population of 354,606 in 2020. The Universidad Veracruzana maintains a branch campus and library in Coatzacoalcos. Also, TecNM has a campus in the city. The Tiburones Rojos de Coatzacoalcos (Red Sharks) played in the Primera División A until December 2008 when they moved to Orizaba to become part of

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2596-610: The Bay Islands were on a state of red alert. There were places ready to accommodate 10,000 people for 15 days if necessary. In the United States, the Louisiana Governor's Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness activated its Crisis Action Team on August 16 to monitor the storm and coordinate preparation. Governor of Louisiana Kathleen Blanco declared a state of emergency early on

2714-582: The Gulf of Mexico . By 11:30 am CST (1630 UTC), two rigs and one platform evacuated personnel. Pemex , the state-owned Mexican oil company, made preparations to shut down oil production on August 19 ahead of Dean. It evacuated 13,360 workers from more than 140 oil platforms, using 55 boats and 29 helicopters. As the storm continued to intensify, the number of evacuated Pemex workers increased to 18,000 on August 20, and all 407 wells and drilling operations were abandoned. This reduced

2832-422: The Yucatán Peninsula on August 21 at peak intensity. It crossed the peninsula and emerged into the Bay of Campeche weakened, but still remained a hurricane. It strengthened briefly before making a second landfall near Tecolutla in the Mexican state of Veracruz on August 22. Dean drifted to the northwest, weakening into a remnant low which dissipated uneventfully over the southwestern United States. Dean

2950-429: The municipality of the same name. The city had a 2020 census population of 212,540, making it the third-largest city in the state after Veracruz and Xalapa . The municipality covers a surface area of 471.16 km (181.916 sq mi) and reported a population of 310,698 persons. The municipality population in 2015 was 319,187 a decrease of 9% over 2020. Coatzacoalcos comes from a Nahuatl word meaning "site of

3068-494: The "northern Puebla" dialects, which are spoken in northernmost Puebla State and very small parts of neighboring states. Dakin (2003:261) gives the following classification of Nahuatl dialects (in which the word "north" has been replaced by "northern"), based on her earlier publications, e.g., Dakin (2000). Most specialists in Pipil (El Salvador) consider it to have diverged from Nahuatl to the point it should no longer be considered

3186-520: The 20th century up to 1988 has been reviewed by Canger (1988). Before 1978, classification proposals had relied to a greater or lesser degree on the three way interdialectal sound correspondence /t͡ɬ ~ t ~ l/ (the lateral affricate /t͡ɬ/ of Classical Nahuatl and many other dialects corresponds to /t/ in some eastern and southern dialects and to /l/ in yet other dialects). Benjamin Lee Whorf (1937) had performed an analysis and concluded that /t͡ɬ/

3304-499: The 20th century, and General Aztec, which includes the Pipil language and all dialects spoken in Mexico which are clearly closely related to the extinct literary language, Classical Nahuatl. This binary division of Aztecan (Nahuan) was already the majority opinion among specialists, but Campbell and Langacker's new arguments were received as being compelling. Furthermore, in "adopt[ing] the term 'General Aztec' ", they may in fact have been

3422-462: The Aztec Empire by diffusion of the defining feature (an innovative verb form) and other features from the prestigious dialect of the capital. The dialects which adopted it could be from multiple genetic divisions of General Aztec. As for the various Peripheral groupings, their identity as Peripheral is defined negatively, i.e., by their lack the grammatical feature which, it is proposed, defines

3540-575: The Caribbean as predicted. Transocean evacuated 11 nonessential workers late on August 15 from an oil rig located about 160 mi (260 km) southeast of New Orleans . The company left about 125 personnel on board the structure. A day later Royal Dutch Shell evacuated 275 ancillary staff, following an evacuation of 188 due to Tropical Storm Erin . On August 18, 2007, 10,300 barrels (1,640 m ) of oil and 11 million cubic feet (310,000 m³) of natural gas were shut-in per day, accounting for 0.8% of crude production in

3658-537: The Central grouping. Canger recognized the possibility that centuries of population migrations and other grammatical feature diffusions may have combined to obscure the genetic relationships (the branching evolution) among the dialects of Nahuatl. Some of the isoglosses used by Canger to establish the Peripheral vs. Central dialectal dichotomy are these: Lastra de Suárez in her Nahuatl dialect atlas (1986) affirmed

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3776-486: The Dominican Republic and more than 1,000 Haitians were evacuated as the storm approached. Small craft were advised to stay in port, while Haiti's Toussaint Louverture International Airport was closed. The Cayman Islands were expected to suffer badly if Hurricane Dean passed too close, and mandatory evacuations were instigated for the low-lying Little Cayman . Tourists were forbidden from entering

3894-651: The Dominican border, and for the Dominican Republic from Barahona to the Haitian border. Tropical Storm warnings were issued for the rest of Hispaniola and for coastal Cuba between Camagüey and Guantánamo . Hundreds of thousands were evacuated from vulnerable low-lying and coastal areas and disaster management programs were activated throughout the Greater Antilles . Jamaica, which

4012-614: The Eastern Periphery grouping. Lastra's classification of dialects of modern Nahuatl is as follows (many of the labels refer to Mexican states): This list is taken from the Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (INALI)'s Catálogo de Lenguas Indígenas Nacionales . The full document has variations on the names especially "autodenominaciones" ("self designations", the names these dialect communities use for their language), along with lists of towns where each variant

4130-750: The Grenadines , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the British Virgin Islands . Tropical storm watches were issued for Sint Maarten , St. Vincent , Grenada and its dependencies, Montserrat , and Anguilla . Local authorities closed airports, set up shelters, and readied emergency service personnel. Authorities in Martinique canceled a memorial to the victims of West Caribbean Airways Flight 708 and began to set up shelters. In Dominica, tourists were evacuated to concrete shelters and

4248-740: The Gulf of Mexico, Coatzacoalcos has been struck by several hurricanes and tropical storms such as Hurricane Diana in August 1990, Hurricane Mitch in November 1998, Tropical Storm Larry in October 2003, Hurricane Stan in October 2005, Hurricane Dean in August 2007, Tropical Storm Marco in October 2008, Tropical Storm Hermine in early September 2010, Hurricane Karl in mid September 2010, Tropical Storm Matthew in late September 2010, Hurricane Richard in October 2010 and Hurricane Agatha in late May 2022. The winter months are cooler and drier than

4366-436: The Lesser Antilles the local meteorological services issued watches and warnings , advising residents to prepare for the storm. Hurricane warnings were issued for St. Lucia , Dominica , Martinique and Guadeloupe and its dependencies. Hurricane watches were issued for Saba and St. Eustatius . Tropical storm warnings were issued for Barbados , Antigua , Barbuda , St. Kitts , Nevis , and St. Maarten St. Vincent and

4484-760: The Lesser Antilles. On August 15 the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) dispatched teams to Barbados, Dominica, and St. Kitts in advance of the hurricane to provide damage assessment should the hurricane affect those islands. The Eastern Caribbean Donor Group convened a meeting on August 16 under the Chair of the Resident Representative United Nations Development Programme Barbados in anticipation that member states would require international assistance. Hurricane warnings were issued for all of Jamaica, for Haiti from Port-au-Prince to

4602-426: The Mexican government recognizes thirty varieties that are spoken in Mexico as languages (see the list below). Researchers distinguish between several dialect areas that each have a number of shared features: One classification scheme distinguishes innovative central dialects, spoken around Mexico City, from conservative peripheral ones spoken north, south and east of the central area, while another scheme distinguishes

4720-607: The Northeast region. Haiti and the Dominican Republic, which share the island of Hispaniola, were spared much of the hurricane's force, as it passed 170 mi (270 km) south of them. However, 15 people were killed among the island's two nations. Heavy rain flooded the streets of Santo Domingo and rough surf pounded the coast. Rain also caused landslides in Haiti, destroying several hundred homes and forcing 5,154 people into temporary shelters, and compromising

4838-579: The Pacific Coast, moved inland by Santa Barbara, California , and brought heavy thunderstorms and localized flooding to coastal Southern California on the morning of August 26. The remnants crossed the Mojave Desert on the morning of August 27. Las Vegas , received a daily record of 0.58 in (15 mm) of rain, with flash flooding and minor damage. Despite Dean's significant damage, it did not have severe effects on infrastructure, and

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4956-565: The Pacific Ocean at Salina Cruz , Oaxaca , on the other side of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec . Coatzacoalcos is the birthplace of actress Salma Hayek ; journalist María Antonieta Collins ; and footballers Sergio Ramirez, who played for FC Ararat Yerevan , in the Armenian Premier League and José Arturo Rivas , who played for the Tigres de la UANL , in the Primera División de México . Also, Silviano Delgado Valladolid , who

5074-460: The Pacific coast. Veracruz Governor Fidel Herrera said there was "a tremendous amount of damage". Petroleum production was not severely damaged and quickly returned to normal. Rainfall amounts of 4 to 8 in (100 to 200 mm) fell across the states of Jalisco and Nayarit . This rainfall caused one fatality in Jalisco after a mudslide fell on 10 houses, killing one of

5192-708: The Port of Coatzacoalcos and the United States at the Port of Mobile in Alabama . Ferrosur also provides rail service in and out of Coatzacoalcos as far southeast as Las Choapas , to the north and west to Veracruz and Mexico City , as well as to the south over the Tehuantepec route now owned by Ferrocarril Transístmico from Medias Aguas to Salina Cruz in the state of Oaxaca . Mexican Federal Highway 180 follows

5310-712: The Snake" or "where the snake hides." According to the legend, this is where the god Quetzalcoatl made his final journey to the sea in around 999 and he made his promise to return. Coatzacoalcos sits within the Olmec heartland . Excavations in 2008 for a tunnel under the Coatzacoalcos River indicate a substantial pre-Hispanic population. By the time of the Spanish arrival the area was under Mayan influence . In 1522, Hernán Cortés ordered Gonzalo de Sandoval to fund

5428-470: The United States, heavy surf and rip currents were reported on the beaches of Florida. One person drowned and at least 35 people had to be rescued from the turbulent waters at Siesta Key caused by Hurricane Dean. Rough seas produced by Dean caused minor flooding in Dauphin Island, Alabama . Damages from the flooding amounted to $ 100,000. The remnant circulation of Dean, after lingering off

5546-527: The Zongolica (Andrés Hasler 1996). A. Hasler sums up the difficulty of classifying Zongolica thus (1996:164): "Juan Hasler (1958:338) interprets the presence in the region of [a mix of] eastern dialect features and central dialect features as an indication of a substratum of eastern Nahuatl and a superstratum of central Nahuatl. Una Canger (1980:15–20) classifies the region as part of the eastern area, while Yolanda Lastra (1986:189–190) classifies it as part of

5664-436: The affected regions, clean up and repair took months to complete. Donations solicited by international aid organizations joined national funds in clearing roads, rebuilding houses, and replanting destroyed crops. In Jamaica, where the damage was worst, banana production did not return to pre-storm levels for over a year. Mexico's tourist industry, too, took almost a year to rebuild its damaged cruise ship infrastructure. Dean

5782-631: The banana crop, 75% of the coffee trees under three years old, and 20% of the top layer of the cocoa crop were lost. Hurricane Dean affected 248 roads, including 186 that were blocked: 10 were blocked in the Kingston metropolitan region, 14 sections were blocked in St. Andrew , 43 roads were blocked in St. Catherine , eight roads were blocked in the Western Region ( Saint James , Hanover , Westmoreland , and Trelawny ), and 110 roads were blocked in

5900-581: The central area." As already alluded to, the nucleus of the Central dialect territory is the Valley of Mexico . The extinct Classical Nahuatl , the enormously influential language spoken by the people of Tenochtitlan , the Aztec capital, is one of the Central dialects. Lastra in her dialect atlas proposed three Peripheral groupings: eastern, western, and Huasteca . She included Pipil in Nahuatl, assigning it to

6018-490: The chain. Damage was most severe in Martinique where total damage was estimated at € 350 million and three indirect deaths, while nearby Guadeloupe suffered €150 million of damage. In St. Lucia, damage was mostly caused by the high seas and was estimated at US$ 18 million. Martinique experienced 75 mph (120 km/h) winds with gusts to 105 mph (170 km/h). The torrential rainfall, which reached 332 mm (13.07 in) caused flooding throughout

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6136-560: The claim, which would quickly be received as proven beyond virtually any doubt, that the well known change of Proto-Uto-Aztecan */ta-/ to */t͡ɬa-/ was a development in Proto-Aztecan (Proto-Nahuan), not a later development in some dialects descended from Proto-Aztecan. Second, they adduced new arguments for dividing the branch in two subdivisions: Pochutec, whose sole member is the Pochutec language , which became extinct sometime in

6254-576: The concept of the Center/Periphery geographic dichotomy, but amended Canger's assignment of some subgroupings to the Center or the Periphery. The three most important divergences are probably those involving Huastec dialects, Sierra de Zongolica dialects, and northwestern Guerrero dialects. Lastra classifies these as Peripheral, Central, and Central, respectively, while in each case Canger does

6372-513: The concrete docks at Costa Maya's popular cruise port and the harbor was closed to cruise ships for almost a year. Despite the storm's tremendous intensity, not a single death was attributed to its initial landfall, owing mostly to the government's thorough preparations and forecasters' ample warning. Following the second landfall on the Veracruz coast, two rivers in the mountains of the state of Hidalgo overflowed, and rain fell as far west as

6490-425: The country's sugar crop that year was the worst on record, producing 980,000 lb (445,000 kg) of sub-standard cane, compared to 1.2 million lb (545,000 kg) of high quality cane the year before. More than 1000 people were out of work as a result of the damage to the papaya and sugar cane plantations. The government attempted to improve the next crop season in 2008 by providing fertilizers to

6608-407: The crop damage, the island suffered only minor wind and flooding damage, both of which were quickly repaired. On August 24, Jamaican Prime Minister Portia Simpson-Miller announced that her government would provide JA $ 225 million (US$ 3.2 million) in emergency assistance to the country's agriculture sector. This aid was targeted at the country's hardest-hit parishes. She also announced

6726-582: The entire country, the Belizean Ministry of Health reported no storm-related fatalities and only a few minor injuries. Belize's agricultural sector received significant damage. Its sugar cane fields and papaya crops suffered extensive damage. The Belizean Government's National Emergency Management Organization estimated Dean's damage to the papaya industry at BZ $ 30 million and to the sugar industry at 6,000 acres (24 km ) worth BZ$ 3.6 million. Belize Sugar Industries Ltd. reported that

6844-550: The evening of August 16, 12 hours before the storm arrived in St. Lucia, power outages began in some of the island's neighborhoods. The night saw heavy rains, 1.58 in (40 mm) at St. Lucia's Hewanorra International Airport , and intense thunderstorms and by morning hurricane-force winds peaked at 90 mph (145 km/h). The winds uprooted trees, downed electricity poles, disabled bridges, triggered landslides , and damaged several roofs. Saint Lucia's capital, Castries ,

6962-451: The evening of August 17, asking for a presidential emergency declaration to give Louisiana access to federal funds prior to any landfall. Texas Governor Rick Perry declared Dean to be an imminent threat to the state, and initiated a full-scale hurricane preparedness effort on August 17 when the storm was at least five days away. Prior to the storm, Texas suffered severe flooding from several June–July storms , and Tropical Storm Erin left

7080-410: The evening of August 17, Dean strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane and continued to steadily grow in both size and intensity through the night. On August 18 the presence of a double eyewall was noted, indicating an eyewall replacement cycle and causing short term fluctuations in intensity. These fluctuations did not affect the storm's well defined satellite presentation. Operationally, Dean

7198-629: The event of the hurricane causing a disruption to the fuel distribution system. In anticipation of evacuations, the Texas Department of Transportation began working on extra evacuation lanes and contraflow . NASA cut short the STS-118 mission as a precaution, in case Dean approached Mission Control at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston . To that effect, mission managers cut

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7316-572: The farmers whose land had been damaged by Dean the year before. Prime Minister Said Musa estimated that it would cost US$ 10 million to replace or repair all the damaged houses in Belize. No land effects were reported in Nicaragua but a four-year-old girl drowned on a boat that sank amidst high winds and waves at the mouth of the Kukra River . While the hurricane itself never approached

7434-547: The fourth most intense Atlantic hurricane landfall . A Cape Verde hurricane that formed on August 13, 2007, Dean took a west-northwest path from the eastern Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lucia Channel and into the Caribbean . It strengthened into a major hurricane , reaching Category 5 status on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale before passing just south of Jamaica on August 20. The storm made landfall on

7552-558: The ground still saturated. Governor Perry feared that more rainfall from Dean would cause additional flash flooding, and had 250 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department crews on standby with boats to assist in potential evacuations. He was willing to deploy up to 10,000 Texas Military Forces soldiers, and did deploy several elements of the Texas State Guard who set up emergency shelters. The Texas fuel industry began surging fuel loads to coastal counties to ensure adequate fuel in

7670-564: The handling of Hurricane Dean's impact. François Fillon then visited Guadeloupe and brought with him a team of experts from the Ministry of the Interior to assess the nature and cost of the damage. The local government reported to them that 75% of Guadeloupe's banana plantations, valued at €100 million, were totally destroyed. Despite promises by Overseas Minister Christian Estrosi that all problems would be resolved within three months, it took over six months to restart banana production, and several more to restore lost capacity. Other than

7788-428: The higher-level groupings, they also are not self-evident and are subject to considerable controversy. Nevertheless, the variants all are clearly related and more closely related to each other than to Pochutec , and they and Pochutec are more closely related to each other than to any other Uto-Aztecan languages (such as Cora or Huichol , Tepehuán and Tarahumara , Yaqui / Mayo , etc.) Little work has been done in

7906-432: The historical basis for the five verb classes, based on how they form the perfect tense-aspect, and she shows that all of the different forms of the perfect tense-aspect derives from a single -ki morpheme that has developed differently depending on the phonological shape of the verb to which it was suffixed. She also explains the historical development of the applicative suffix with the shape -lia and -lwia as coming from

8024-498: The hurricane struck the island, the World Bank's board of directors approved a US$ 10 million emergency loan. World Bank Director for the Caribbean and the Jamaican Finance Minister negotiated a 17-year repayment plan, and endowed the money into the Jamaica Hurricane Dean Emergency Recovery Project. The Jamaica Social Investment Fund , which was charged with implementing the project, used the money to "rebuild and support schools, health centers, and community and farm roads affected by

8142-474: The island and extra flights were added to evacuate those that were already there. Schools and civic centers were converted to shelters on Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac , and, despite the mandatory evacuation, one shelter was opened on Little Cayman for the residents who remained there. Expecting catastrophic damage, two Royal Navy ships of the Atlantic Patrol Task (North) , HMS  Portland and RFA Wave Ruler , followed 150 mi (240 km) behind

8260-431: The island damaging winds. Rain from Hurricane Dean flooded several roads throughout Puerto Rico, and there was heavy surf along the island's coast, but no deaths or injuries were reported. The hurricane strengthened right up until it made landfall near Majahual on the Quintana Roo coast of the Yucatán Peninsula on August 21, 2007, as a Category 5 hurricane. The state's tourist cities of Cancún and Cozumel were spared

8378-504: The island's hotels were fully functional by the end of August. The French Overseas Minister, Christian Estrozy and French Prime Minister, François Fillon visited French Caribbean island to assess the storm's damage. They estimated the storm left 600 people homeless. The brevity of their visit prompted some of Martinique's famous writers, including Edouard Glissant , Patrick Chamoiseau and Raphael Confiant , to write an open letter airing their grievances concerning French politics and

8496-429: The island, with the town of Rivière-Pilote flooding completely. The majority of Martinique's population were left without electricity, water, telephone, or food, and 600 Martiniquans were left homeless. The storm destroyed Martinique's entire banana crop, and 70% of the island's sugar cane plantations. The damage to these two agricultural sectors accounted for the majority of the island's €400 million damage. On

8614-481: The island. The airlift was composed mostly of mattresses, blankets, plastic sheeting, hygiene kits and water containers. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) provided a US$ 200,000 grant to support the relief effort and the Chinese Red Cross, despite dealing with Typhoon Sepat , sent US$ 30,000 to its Jamaican counterpart for the purchase of emergency relief supplies. In December, four months after

8732-486: The islands of the Lesser Antilles , Dean's path through the Caribbean devastated agricultural crops, particularly those of Martinique and Jamaica . Upon reaching Mexico, Hurricane Dean was a Category 5 storm, but it missed major population centers and its exceptional Category 5 strength landfall caused no deaths and less damage than in the Caribbean islands it passed as a Category 2 storm. Through

8850-558: The mission's final spacewalk short by two hours, allowing them to land a day earlier than originally planned. Fifteen countries felt the effects of Hurricane Dean as its path through the Caribbean Sea claimed 42 lives. The hurricane first brushed the Lesser Antilles on August 17, 2007, and as it passed through the interior of the Caribbean its outer rain bands swept over the Greater Antilles. It passed Jamaica as

8968-534: The most important concentrations of its kind in the world. The state-owned Pemex Petroquímica subsidiary is headquartered in Coatzacoalcos and 85% of its production is concentrated there. In 2020, the municipality reported a population of 310,698 inhabitants, 212,540 residing in the municipal seat,. which makes it the 3th largest in the state after Veracruz and Xalapa . Other townships include Olmec City (24,085 hab.), Allende (23,351 hab.), Villa San Martín (15,659 hab.) and Puerto Esmeralda (9,585 hab.). Coatzacoalcos

9086-420: The nations in its path and allowed them time to prepare for the storm's impact. Because of the advance warning and Dean's extraordinary strength, the nations of Central America and the Caribbean set up hundreds of shelters, readied thousands of disaster recovery experts, evacuated hundreds of thousands of vulnerable residents, and prepared millions of dollars of emergency supplies. As Hurricane Dean approached

9204-434: The newly created Coastguard to evacuate popular tourist sites Caye Caulker and Ambergris Caye by boat and plane. Authorities also evacuated Belize City's three hospitals, moving high-risk patients inland to the capital Belmopan . The mayor urged residents to leave Belize City and to make use of shelters in the capital. The United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination team dispatched two members to Belize City and

9322-592: The night of August 16 and the storm's outer rainbands began to sweep over the island. In anticipation of Dean's significant damage, several emergency response groups gathered funds and readied personnel. On August 14 the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency (CDERA) placed its Regional Response Mechanism on standby and contacted the National Disaster Coordinators of all member states in

9440-580: The non-agricultural sectors of most affected nations recovered quickly. Most cruise lines diverted their ships away from the Western Caribbean in anticipation of Hurricane Dean's passage, though by August 27 all were back on schedule, except those with damaged ports in Belize and the Yucatán. The Lesser Antilles and the Greater Antilles were especially quick to resume servicing cruise lines, as their ports opened within days. Although Hurricane Dean

9558-404: The north were slowing structural development. Ragged bands formed on August 15 and the formation of a partial eyewall was observed later that day. Intensification continued, and the storm was upgraded to Hurricane Dean at 5 am EDT (0900 UTC) August 16. The deep-layered ridge to the north continued to steer the system west, towards the Caribbean Sea. The storm quickly strengthened to

9676-424: The northeast. At least two direct deaths were confirmed. Over 1,500 roofs were lost, primarily to the hurricane-force winds, and 1,582 of the 3,127 damaged homes were uninhabitable. Landslides and fallen trees blocked hundreds of roads, particularly in the rural northeast region. As in the Lesser Antilles, Jamaica suffered severe damage to its agricultural sector. Forty percent of the sugarcane crop, 80-to-100% of

9794-567: The occupants. Five people were killed in Puebla by landslides, and one more was crushed after a wall on his house collapsed. One person in Veracruz was electrocuted after touching a power line while doing roof repairs. In Michoacán , a man was struck by lightning under a tree in the outer bands of the storm, and two people died in Hidalgo when the roof collapsed in their house. Hurricane Dean killed 12 people in Mexico but remarkably no one

9912-581: The ones to introduce this designation. Part of their reconstruction of the Proto-Aztecan vowels was disputed by Dakin (1983). The most comprehensive study of the history of Nahuan languages is Una Canger 's "Five Studies inspired by Nahuatl verbs in -oa" (Canger 1980), in which she explores the historical development of grammar of the verbs ending in -oa and -ia . Canger shows that verbs in -oa and -ia are historically and grammatically distinct from verbs in -iya and -owa , although they are not distinguished in pronunciation in any modern dialects. She shows

10030-417: The opposite. The dialectal situation is very complex and most categorizations, including the one presented above, are, in the nature of things, controversial. Lastra wrote, "The isoglosses rarely coincide. As a result, one can give greater or lesser importance to a feature and make the [dialectal] division that one judges appropriate/convenient" (1986:189). And she warned: "We insist that this classification

10148-533: The plantations waterlogged or outright destroyed. An average of 75% of the crops were lost, with fields in the Northern Farms losing up to 80% and in the Roseau Valley losing up to 85%. The cost to the agriculture industry was $ 13.2 million, bringing Hurricane Dean's total cost on the island to $ 17.3 million (US$ 6.4 million in 2007) or 0.5% of the nation's GDP. The storm passed to

10266-654: The port saw an increase of shipping via the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , particularly from the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company . The port saw a decrease in traffic after the opening of the Panama Canal from 1914 on, but traffic has started to build up since the oil boom of the 1970s. The railway is now known as the Ferrocarril Transístmico ("Trans-Isthmic Railroad"). The CG Railway operates train ferries between

10384-727: The rest of the team traveled to Belmopan. Government supplies were stored in Orange Walk , Corozal ready for post-storm relief. Essential equipment from the Red Cross and the Pan American Health Organization was stored in the elevated UNICEF building and the Belize City UN building was converted to a crisis center. Oil futures spiked on August 15 as analysts considered the impact of Hurricane Dean on refining capacity if it were to move into

10502-542: The rest of the world. The Minatitlán/Coatzacoalcos National Airport is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) away in Cosoleacaque and has been an international airport since August 2006. The Port of Coatzacoalcos (Puerto México) is an international port of entry that provides transhipment of oil and petrochemicals. After an upgrade to the railway along the Tehuantepec Route was opened in 1907 by Porfirio Díaz

10620-458: The second group of migrations produced Western dialects. But many modern dialects are the result of blending between particular Eastern dialects and particular Western dialects. Campbell in his grammar of Pipil (1985) discussed the problem of classifying Pipil. Pipil is either a descendant of Nahuatl (in his estimation) or still to this day a variety of Nahuatl (in the estimation of for example Lastra de Suárez (1986) and Dakin (2001)). Dakin (1982)

10738-478: The south of most of the Greater Antilles, though its outer rain bands crossed many of the islands, and delivered hurricane-force winds to Jamaica. Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Cayman Islands were mostly spared, though Hurricane Dean passed 50 to 60 mi (80 to 95 km) south of Jamaica as a Category 4 hurricane. In Jamaica the rain caused flooding on the eastern side of the island and landslides in

10856-470: The southern shore of the Bay of Campeche through Coatzacoalcos to the Yucatán Peninsula . Highway 180 and a rail line to Allende have been carried over the Coatzacoalcos River via the 1910 built Coatza I bridge for more than a century. A second cable stayed bridge known as Coatza II or Antonio Dovalí Jaime was built to the south to carry more road traffic over the river. It was constructed starting in 1979 and

10974-667: The storm in order to arrive at Cayman as soon after the hurricane as possible. Cuba and Puerto Rico, neither of which were expected to experience the worst of Dean's strength, prepared more modestly. Cuba's Civil Defense evacuated 350,000 people from the coastal provinces. The government in Havana suspended all tourist programs ahead of the storm. Soldiers and emergency officials were prepared to convert schools and other government buildings into temporary shelters, but stood down when it became evident that they would not needed. The U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) deployed

11092-484: The storm. Curfews were put in place for parts of the island, while off-duty essential personnel were called back to work. More than 1,000 schools and churches were converted to emergency shelters, but residents only occupied 47 of them before the storm's arrival. Evidently the country's high crime rate led islanders to fear for their belongings should they abandon their homes. UNICEF prepared 4 emergency health kits and 1,000 water containers and Copa Airlines agreed to fly

11210-616: The summer months. Occasionally, cold high pressure cells from North America drift south across the Gulf of Mexico and drive strong Tehuano winds across the Isthmus, with very strong wind concentration taking place in Chivela Pass in Oaxaca. The city's industry is dominated by the petrochemical sector. Four big industrial petrochemical complexes are located near the city (Pajaritos, Cosoleacaque, Morelos and Cangrejera) making it one of

11328-411: The supplies to Jamaica on its scheduled August 22 flight, if possible. The World Food Program prepared food stocks in nearby Haiti, ready to move them to Jamaica if they were needed. The United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC) team tried to reach Jamaica, but only one member arrived before all incoming flights were canceled. The United States confirmed that it would offer aid if it

11446-469: The temperamental water system in the town of Bainet . Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Cayman Islands experienced high surf and heavy rains, though despite a power outage in Grand Cayman, no significant damage was reported. There, 2000 people weathered the storm in temporary shelters. The hurricane's outer bands swept over Cuba between August 19 and 21, bringing heavy rain and high seas, yet sparing

11564-485: The vast majority of foreign medical students from the Ross University School of Medicine evacuated the island. The government of Dominica also canceled leave for emergency service personnel and evacuated Princess Margret Hospital, fearing that its roof might be vulnerable to the storm's winds. Martinique's main airport and both of St. Lucia's commercial airports closed when the last airplanes landed on

11682-455: The way of the historical linguistics of Nahuatl proper or the Aztecan (nowadays often renamed Nahuan) branch of Uto-Aztecan. Lyle Campbell and Ronald W. Langacker (1978), in a paper whose focus was the internal reconstruction of the vowels of Proto-Aztecan (or Proto-Nahuan ), made two proposals of lasting impact regarding the internal classification of the Aztecan branch. They introduced

11800-403: The worldwide production of oil and natural gas by 2.65 million barrels (421,000 m ) and 2.6 billion cubic feet (74,000,000 m ) per day, respectively. Throughout the Caribbean Sea, about a dozen cruise ships altered their routes to avoid Hurricane Dean. Honduras was put on a state of preventative alert for 48 hours, particularly the departments to the north of the country;

11918-399: The worst of the storm, but it wreaked havoc in the state capital Chetumal, 40 mi (65 km) south of landfall, causing significant flooding. The town of Majahual, which had a population of 200, was totally destroyed by the storm. Storm surge and high winds severely damaged or destroyed hundreds of buildings and had the strength to crumple steel girders. The waves tore away portions of

12036-675: Was established 22 December 1881, with the town as its seat. In 1900 the town name was changed to Puerto México . In 1911 it was elevated to city, and in 1936 the name was changed to the current Coatzacoalcos. On 23 July 1940, Coatzacoalcos welcomed refugees from the Spanish Civil War who sought asylum in Mexico after travelling across the Atlantic aboard the SS Santo Domingo . In 1959, the city suffered damage from an M w   6.4 earthquake . Coatzacoalcos became

12154-401: Was expected to make landfall. On August 18 authorities began evacuating tourists and those residents living in the most vulnerable parts of Quintana Roo. The state government set up storm shelters in schools and other public buildings. With emergency supplies at the ready, the state of Yucatán , Quintana Roo's neighbour to the northwest, declared a green alert. On August 19 a hurricane watch

12272-523: Was flooded by the storm surge which left boulders and fishing boats on the streets. One person drowned in Sarrot after being swept away by a rain-swollen river while trying to recover a cow. Hurricane Dean damaged the roofs of two of the island's hospitals, but no-one was injured. Several other buildings were damaged, mostly on the island's northern coast which was most exposed to the hurricane. The Ministry of Education reported that 11 schools had sustained

12390-417: Was forecast to bear the brunt of Hurricane Dean, underwent the most extensive preparations. The Jamaican government executed long-standing evacuation plans, including converting the country's national arena into a shelter and relocating inmates from two maximum security prisons . Political parties in the island suspended their campaigning for the August 27 national elections, to allow residents to prepare for

12508-404: Was introduced by Canger in 1978, and supported by comparative historical data in 1980. Lastra de Suarez's (1986) dialect atlas that divided dialects into center and peripheral areas based on strictly synchronic evidence. The subsequent 1988 article by Canger adduced further historical evidence for this division.(Dakin 2003:261). Until the middle of the 20th century, scholarship on Nahuan languages

12626-575: Was issued on the Yucatán Peninsula from Chetumal to San Felipe and residents made their last-minute preparations. A hurricane warning was issued for the coastal locations north of Belize City with the forecast of 150 mph (240 km/h) winds. The government instituted a dusk-to-dawn curfew from Belize City to the Mexican border. On August 16 and 17, Prime Minister Said Musa chaired two meetings of Belize's National Emergency Management Organization (NEMO). He instructed

12744-501: Was killed by its first (and catastrophically powerful) landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula. Between the two landfalls damages, focused mainly in the agricultural sector, totaled Mex $ 2.05 billion (US$ 160 million). The town of Corozal on Belize's northern border experienced the worst conditions in the country. Trees were downed throughout the town, and minor flooding was reported. Eight thousand were displaced to shelters, though all returned home in less than two days. Throughout

12862-436: Was limited almost entirely to the literary language that existed approximately 1540–1770 (which is now known as Classical Nahuatl , although the descriptor "classical" was never used until the 20th century ). Since the 1930s, there have appeared several grammars of individual modern dialects (in either article or book form), in addition to articles of narrower scope. The history of research into Nahuan dialect classification in

12980-547: Was needed, and the North-West Caribbean Donor Group met to decide what actions would need to be taken. The island of Hispaniola was also predicted to be heavily affected by the storm. Workers from World Vision supplied food, clean water, medicines and emergency generators in the southern provinces of the Dominican Republic, and in the southern departments of Haiti where hurricane warnings had been issued. In low-lying areas, 1,580 residents of

13098-430: Was only a Category 2 hurricane when its northern eyewall passed over Martinique, the wind and widespread flooding destroyed 70% of the island's sugar cane crop and all of its banana crop, valued at €400 million or 10% of GDP. Remarkably the tourism industry withstood the storm well; only a few hotels reported minor damage and the airport opened the day after the hurricane. Other than landscaping damage, all of

13216-472: Was opened by President Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado on 17 October 1984. Coatza II has a center span of 288 metres (945 ft) and an overall length of 698.25 metres (2,290.8 ft). A ferry operates between the city of Coatzacoalcos and Allende, which in 2017 was supplemented by a 1.1-kilometre (0.68 mi) underwater tunnel that carries four lanes of traffic. Coatzacoalcos is also the northern terminus of Mexican Federal Highway 185 , which links it with

13334-441: Was part of Mexico's National Squad during Barcelona 1992 Olympic Games and played for Toluca F.C., Puebla F.C., Morelia F.C. Nahuatl languages Some authorities, such as the Mexican government, Ethnologue , and Glottolog , consider the varieties of modern Nahuatl to be distinct languages, because they are often mutually unintelligible, their grammars differ and their speakers have distinct ethnic identities. As of 2008,

13452-409: Was the reflex of Proto-Uto-Aztecan */t/ before /a/ (a conclusion which has been borne out). But in 1978 Campbell and Langacker made the novel proposal—which met with immediate universal acceptance—that this sound change had occurred back in Proto-Aztecan (the ancestor dialect of Pochutec and General Aztec) and that therefore the corresponding /t/ or /l/ in Nahuatl dialects were innovations. As

13570-531: Was the first hurricane to make landfall in the Atlantic basin at Category 5 intensity since Hurricane Andrew on August 24, 1992. Dean's Category 5 landfall was in a sparsely populated area and thus far less damaging than Andrew's, even though Dean was much larger, but its long swath of damage resulted in its name retirement from the World Meteorological Organization 's Atlantic hurricane naming lists . On August 11, 2007,

13688-486: Was the second-most intense tropical cyclone worldwide of 2007 in terms of pressure, only behind Cyclone George in the Australian region, and tied with Felix as the most intense worldwide in terms of 1-minute sustained winds. The hurricane's intense winds, waves, rains and storm surge were responsible for at least 45 deaths across ten countries and caused estimated damages of US$ 1.66 billion. First impacting

13806-491: Was thought to be completed. A concentric eyewall was briefly observed again on the morning of August 20, but did not last long. The hurricane, still tracking west-northwest under the influence of a strengthening deep-layered high-pressure system to the north, moved over waters with extremely high heat content and began to strengthen once again. The eyewall became even better defined during the day, and, at 8:35 pm AST on August 20 (0035 August 21, UTC), Dean restrengthened to

13924-476: Was thought to have only been a Category 4 on the 18th, but post-storm analysis shows that Dean had become a 165 miles per hour (265 km/h) Category 5 on that day. Dean weakened very slightly on the morning of August 19 as it finished the eyewall replacement cycle and began to interact with the island of Jamaica. Hurricane Dean passed south of Jamaica on the evening of August 19 and began to intensify again that night. Its eyewall replacement cycle

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