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95-519: [REDACTED] Look up cocky in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Cocky may mean: boldly or brashly self-confident Australian slang for cockatoo Australian and New Zealand slang for farmer Cocky (mascot) , the mascot for the University of South Carolina athletics teams, a stylised gamecock Cocky (album) , by Kid Rock, or
190-494: A coherent personality syndrome and represent optimal psychological health and functioning. This informed his theory that a person enjoys " peak experiences ", high points in life when the individual is in harmony with themself and their surroundings. In Maslow's view, self-actualized people can have many peak experiences throughout a day while others have those experiences less frequently. He believed that psychedelic drugs like LSD and psilocybin can produce peak experiences in
285-581: A noisy conversion of objective evidence into subjective estimates, where noise is defined as the mixing of memories during the observing and remembering process. Dominic D. P. Johnson and James H. Fowler write that "overconfidence maximizes individual fitness and populations tend to become overconfident, as long as benefits from contested resources are sufficiently large compared with the cost of competition". In studies of implicit self-esteem , researchers have found that people may consciously overreport their levels of self-esteem. Inaccurate self-evaluation
380-473: A "belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task". Various factors within and beyond an individual's control may affect their self-confidence. An individual's self-confidence can vary in different environments, such as at home or at school, and concerning different types of relationships and situations. When people attribute their success to a matter under their control, they are less likely to be confident about being successful in
475-763: A belief in Transhumanism and that psychedelic drugs could help elite humans evolve, not just intellectually or spiritually, but into a new biological species, again showing his lifelong belief that acquired traits could be passed on genetically. Maslow's definition of "human" is key to understanding the contradiction between his more traditional psychological theories and his ardent support for eugenics. According to Maslow, not all people are humans. Drug addicts, mentally ill persons, people with low intelligence and those deemed "surplus" were not, according to Maslow, humans but rather "less-than-humans" or "cripple humans" whose material and intellectual needs were an impediment to
570-544: A better job candidate than both men and women who behaved modestly. Male common stock investors trade 45% more than their female counterparts, which they attribute to greater recklessness (though also self-confidence) of men, reducing men's net returns by 2.65 percentage points per year versus women's 1.72 percentage points. Women report lower self-confidence levels than men in supervising subordinates. One study found that women who viewed commercials with women in traditional gender roles appeared less self-confident in giving
665-439: A certain order, the order in which they are fulfilled apparently does not strongly influence their subjective well-being (SWB). As put by the authors of the study, humans thus can derive 'happiness' from simultaneously working on a number of needs regardless of the fulfillment of other needs. This might be why people in impoverished nations, with only modest control over whether their basic needs are fulfilled, can nevertheless find
760-596: A clear sense of what is true and what is false; are spontaneous and creative; and are not bound too strictly by social conventions. Maslow noticed that self-actualized individuals had a better insight of reality, deeply accepted themselves, others and the world, and also had faced many problems and were known to be impulsive people. These self-actualized individuals were very independent and private when it came to their environment and culture, especially their very own individual development on "potentialities and inner resources". According to Maslow, self-actualizing people share
855-677: A cognitive component. Other researchers have used body language proxies, rather than self-reports, to measure self-confidence by having examiners measure on a scale of 1 to 5 the subject's body language such as eye contact , fidgeting , posture , facial expressions , and gestures . Some methods measure self-esteem and self-confidence in various aspects or activities, such as speaking in public spaces, academic performance, physical appearance, romantic relationships, social interactions, and athletic ability. In sports, researchers have measured athletes' confidence about winning upcoming matches and how sensitive respondents' self-confidence
950-601: A competitive environment. A person can possess self-confidence in their ability to complete a specific task (self-efficacy)—e.g. cook a good meal or write a good novel—even though they may lack general self-confidence, or conversely be self-confident though they lack the self-efficacy to achieve a particular task. These two types of self-confidence are, however, correlated with each other, and for this reason, can be easily conflated. Social psychologists have found self-confidence to be correlated with other psychological variables including saving money, influencing others, and being
1045-421: A competitive tournament scheme, while risk and feedback aversion played a negligible role. Some scholars partly attribute the fact of women being less likely to persist in engineering college than men to women's diminished sense of self-confidence. More self-confident women may receive high-performance evaluations but not be as well-liked as men who engage in the same behaviour. Confident women may be considered
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#17327835422181140-838: A decision, seeks out additional sources of information depends on their level of self-confidence specific to that area. As the complexity of a decision increases, a person is more likely to be influenced by another person and seek out additional information. Several psychologists suggest that self-confident people are more willing to examine evidence that both supports and contradicts their attitudes. Meanwhile, people who are less self-confident and more defensive may prefer attitudinal information over information that challenges their perspectives. When individuals with low self-confidence receive feedback from others, they are averse to receiving information about their relative ability and negative informative feedback, and not averse to receiving positive feedback. If new information about an individual's performance
1235-424: A desire for " self-actualization ". As material standards of most people rapidly rose in developed countries after World War II and fulfilled their material needs, a plethora of widely cited academic research about confidence and related concepts like self-esteem and self-efficacy emerged. One of the earliest measures of self-confidence used a 12-point scale , ranging from a minimum score characterizing someone who
1330-435: A great service to superior humans. Like Thorndike, Maslow expressed his belief that eugenics could be a religion of the future. To this end, he blended his earlier work with Thorndike with influences from Aldous Huxley and Alan Watts in order to found what he referred to as his own religion based upon "peak experiences" and the use of psychedelic drugs . Maslow referred to his religion as Eupsychianism. He also expressed
1425-470: A higher desire for success did better in performance than groups with a weaker desire. The more frequently a group succeeded, the more interest they had in the activity and success. The utility of self-confidence may vary by culture. Some find Asians perform better when they lack confidence, especially when compared to North Americans. Abraham Maslow Abraham Harold Maslow ( / ˈ m æ z l oʊ / MAZ -loh ; April 1, 1908 – June 8, 1970)
1520-459: A human being ascends the levels of the hierarchy having fulfilled the needs in the hierarchy, one may eventually achieve self-actualization. Late in life, Maslow came to conclude that self-actualization was not an automatic outcome of satisfying the other human needs. Human needs as identified by Maslow: The first four levels are known as deficit needs or D-needs . This means that if there are not enough of one of those four needs, there will be
1615-506: A lack of self-confidence during the recovery period. This is commonly referred to as DSF or defectum sui fiducia from the Latin for lack of self-confidence. This can be the case after a stroke , when the patient refrains from using a weaker lower limb due to fear of it not being strong enough. On the overconfidence effect , Martin Hilbert argues that confidence bias can be explained by
1710-630: A leading eugenicist. Under the influence of his mentor and financial backer Thorndike, Maslow expressed the belief that IQ tests were an accurate measure of one's genetic superiority or inferiority and that intelligence was a genetic, rather than acquired, trait. Maslow expressed particular disdain for the nation of India , believing that the entire nation should be euthanized. Maslow also expressed critical views of Jonas Salk , believing mass vaccination to be interfering with natural selection by allowing "cripples" and "genetically inferior" people to live longer lives and reproduce. Maslow's private journals in
1805-455: A manner of thought he called "being-cognition" (or "B-cognition"), which is holistic and accepting, as opposed to the evaluative "deficiency-cognition" (or "D-cognition"), and values he called "Being-values". He listed the B-values as: Maslow described human needs as ordered in a prepotent hierarchy—a pressing need would need to be mostly satisfied before someone would give their attention to
1900-439: A method is extremely subjective as it is based entirely on the opinion of the researcher. Personal opinion is always prone to bias, which reduces the validity of any data obtained. Therefore, Maslow's operational definition of Self-actualization must not be uncritically accepted as quantitative fact. During the 1960s Maslow founded with Stanislav Grof , Viktor Frankl , James Fadiman, Anthony Sutich, Miles Vich and Michael Murphy,
1995-599: A more muscular, tough-looking guy, however, he was unable to achieve this due to his humble-looking and chaste figure as well as his studiousness. Maslow attended the City College of New York after high school. In 1926 he began taking legal studies classes at night in addition to his undergraduate course load. He hated it and almost immediately dropped out. In 1927 he transferred to Cornell, but he left after just one semester due to poor grades and high costs. He later graduated from City College and went to graduate school at
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#17327835422182090-415: A need to get it. Getting them brings a feeling of contentment. These needs alone are not motivating. Maslow wrote that there are certain conditions that must be fulfilled in order for the basic needs to be satisfied. For example, freedom of speech, freedom to express oneself, and freedom to seek new information are a few of the prerequisites. Any blockages of these freedoms could prevent the satisfaction of
2185-525: A nomination in 1963 to be the president of the Association for Humanistic Psychology because he felt that the organization should develop an intellectual movement without a leader. While jogging, Maslow had a severe heart attack and died on June 8, 1970, at the age of 62 in Menlo Park, California . He is buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery . Most psychologists before him had been concerned with
2280-461: A person's perceived confidence indicates capability. If people do not believe that they are capable of coping, they experience disruption which lowers their confidence about their performance. Salespeople who are high in self-confidence tend to set higher goals for themselves, which makes them more likely to stay employed, yield higher revenues, and generate higher customer service satisfaction. In certain fields of medical practice, patients experience
2375-1091: A phenomenon known as stereotype threat , African American students perform more poorly on exams (relative to White American students) if they must reveal their racial identities before the exam. A similar phenomenon has been found in female students' performance (relative to male students) on math tests. The opposite has been observed in Asian Americans, whose confidence becomes tied up in expectations that they will succeed by both parents and teachers and who claim others perceive them as excelling academically more than they are. Male university students may be more confident than their female counterparts. In regards to inter-ethnic interaction and language learning, those who engage more with people of different ethnicity and language become more self-confident in interacting with them. Women who are either high or low in general self-confidence are more likely to be persuaded to change their opinion than women with medium self-confidence. However, when specific high confidence (self-efficacy)
2470-465: A psychological reading of Kuhn's categories of "normal" and "revolutionary" science as an aftermath of Kuhn's Structure , but he also offered a strikingly similar dichotomous structure of science 16 years before the first edition of Structure , in his nowadays little known 1946 paper "Means-Centering Versus Problem-Centering in Science" published in the journal Philosophy of Science . Abraham Maslow
2565-534: A responsible student. Self-confidence affects interest, enthusiasm, and self-regulation. Self-confidence is important for accomplishing goals and improving performance. Marketing researchers have found that the general self-confidence of a person is negatively correlated with their level of anxiety. Self-confidence increases a person's general well-being and one's motivation which often increases performance. It also increases one's ability to deal with stress and mental health. The more self-confident an individual is,
2660-543: A speech than those who viewed commercials with women taking on more masculine roles. Such self-confidence may also be related to body image , as one study found a sample of overweight people in Australia and the US are less self-confident about their body's performance than people of average weight, and the difference is even greater for women than for men. Others found that if a newborn is separated from its mother upon delivery,
2755-480: A strong positivist mindset. Upon the recommendation of Professor Hulsey Cason, Maslow wrote his master's thesis on "learning, retention, and reproduction of verbal material". Maslow regarded the research as embarrassingly trivial, but he completed his thesis the summer of 1931 and was awarded his master's degree in psychology. He was so ashamed of the thesis that he removed it from the psychology library and tore out its catalog listing. However, Professor Cason admired
2850-419: A strong desire to realize their full potential, to reach a level of " self-actualization ". The main point of that new movement, that reached its peak in the 1960s, was to emphasize the positive potential of human beings. Maslow positioned his work as a vital complement to that of Freud: It is as if Freud supplied us the sick half of psychology and we must now fill it out with the healthy half. However, Maslow
2945-448: A vision of peace in him leading to his groundbreaking psychological studies of self-actualizing. The studies began under the supervision of two mentors, anthropologist Ruth Benedict and Gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer , whom he admired both professionally and personally. They accomplished a lot in both realms. Being such "wonderful human beings" as well, they inspired Maslow to take notes about them and their behavior. This would be
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3040-407: Is "timid and self-distrustful, shy, never makes decisions, self-effacing" to a maximum score characterizing someone who is "able to make decisions, absolutely confident and sure of his own decisions and opinions". Some researchers have measured self-confidence as a simple construct divided into affective and cognitive components: anxiety as an affective aspect and self-evaluations of proficiency as
3135-466: Is a creativity that comes from being motivated by a higher stage of growth. Another type of creativity that was described by Maslow is known as D-(deficiency) creativity, which suggests that creativity results from an individual's need to fill a gap that is left by an unsatisfied primary need or the need for assurance and acceptance. Maslow based his study on the writings of other psychologists, Albert Einstein , and people he knew who [he felt] clearly met
3230-409: Is also applicable to other topics, such as finance, economics, or even in history or criminology. Humanist psychology, also coined positive psychology , is criticized for its lack of empirical validation and therefore its lack of usefulness in treating specific problems. It may also fail to help or diagnose people who have severe mental disorders. Humanistic psychologists believe that every person has
3325-402: Is also known for Maslow's hammer , popularly phrased as " if all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail " from his book The Psychology of Science , published in 1966. Although articulating his beliefs in a more positive manner than many of his contemporaries, Abraham Maslow was a eugenicist for his entire career. Abraham Maslow began his career as a protege of Edward Thorndike ,
3420-400: Is commonly observed in healthy populations. In the extreme, large differences between one's self-perception and one's actual behaviour are a hallmark of several disorders that have important implications for understanding treatment-seeking and compliance. Overconfidence supports delusional thinking, such as frequently occurs in individuals with schizophrenia . Whether a person, in making
3515-480: Is high, generalized confidence plays less of a role. Men who have low generalized self-confidence are more easily persuaded than men of high generalized self-confidence. Women tend to respond less to negative feedback and be more averse to negative feedback than men. In experiments conducted by economists Muriel Niederle and Lise Vesterlund , the researchers found that male overconfidence and male preference for competition contributed to higher male participation in
3610-489: Is negative feedback, this may interact with a negative affective state (low self-confidence) causing the individual to become demoralized, which in turn induces a self-defeating attitude that increases the likelihood of failure in the future more than if they did not lack self-confidence. People may be more self-confident about what they believe if they consult sources of information that agree with their world views. People may deceive themselves about their positive qualities and
3705-464: Is one of the most influential factors in how well an athlete performs in a competition. In particular, "robust self-confidence beliefs" are correlated with aspects of mental toughness —the ability to cope better than one's opponents and remain focused under pressure. These traits enable athletes to "bounce back from adversity". When athletes confront stress while playing sports, their self-confidence decreases. However, feedback from their team members in
3800-478: Is only correlated with years of supervisory experience and self-perceptions of power. Social scientists have discovered that self-confidence operates differently in different categories of people. In children, self-confidence emerges differently than in adults. For example, only children as a group may be more self-confident than other children. If children are self-confident, they may be more likely to sacrifice immediate recreational time for possible rewards in
3895-582: Is reliable. Self-confidence is trust in oneself. Self-confidence involves a positive belief that one can generally accomplish what one wishes to do in the future. Self-confidence is not the same as self-esteem , which is an evaluation of one's worth. Self-confidence is related to self-efficacy —belief in one's ability to accomplish a specific task or goal. Confidence can be a self-fulfilling prophecy , as those without it may fail because they lack it, and those with it may succeed because they have it rather than because of an innate ability or skill. Ideas about
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3990-424: Is to performance and negative feedback. Abraham Maslow and others have emphasized the need to distinguish between self-confidence as a generalized personality characteristic and self-confidence concerning a specific task, ability, or challenge (i.e., self-efficacy). The term "self-confidence" typically refers to a general personality trait— in contrast, "self-efficacy" is defined by psychologist Albert Bandura as
4085-615: The University of Wisconsin to study psychology . In 1928, he married his first cousin Bertha, who was still in high school at the time. The pair had met in Brooklyn years earlier. Maslow's psychology training at UW was decidedly experimental-behaviorist. At Wisconsin he pursued a line of research which included investigating primate dominance behavior and sexuality . Maslow's early experience with behaviorism would leave him with
4180-580: The Laughlin Institute in California. In 1967, Maslow had a serious heart attack and knew his time was limited. He considered himself to be a psychological pioneer. He gave future psychologists a push by bringing to light different paths to ponder. He built the framework that later allowed other psychologists to conduct more comprehensive studies. Maslow believed that leadership should be non-intervening. Consistent with this approach, he rejected
4275-638: The University of Illinois researchers Ed Diener and Louis Tay, who put Maslow's ideas to the test with data collected from 60,865 participants in 123 countries around the world over the period of five years (2005-2010), Maslow was essentially right in that there are universal human needs regardless of cultural differences, although the authors claim to have found certain departures from the order of their fulfillment Maslow described. In particular, while they found—clearly in accordance with Maslow—that people tend to achieve basic and safety needs before other needs, as well as that other "higher needs" tend to be fulfilled in
4370-466: The abnormal and the ill. He urged people to acknowledge their basic needs before addressing higher needs and ultimately self-actualization. He wanted to know what constituted positive mental health. Humanistic psychology gave rise to several different therapies, all guided by the idea that people possess the inner resources for growth and healing and that the point of therapy is to help remove obstacles to individuals' achieving them. The most famous of these
4465-772: The accuracy of their claims. When people are uncertain and unknowledgeable about a topic, they are more likely to believe the testimony, and follow the advice of those that seem self-confident. However, expert psychological testimony on the factors that influence eyewitness memory appears to reduce juror reliance on self-confidence. People prefer leaders with greater self-confidence over those with less self-confidence. Self-confident leaders tend to influence others through persuasion instead of resorting to coercive means. They are more likely to resolve issues by referring them to another qualified person or calling upon bureaucratic procedures, which avoid personal involvement. Others suggest that self-confidence does not affect leadership style but
4560-663: The advancement of superior "aggridant humans". Throughout his life, Maslow also expressed a fondness for Nietzche and his theory of the Übermensch , and Maslow often quoted and paraphrased Nietzche in relation to his theories of "aggridant humans" and "less-than-humans". Maslow's ideas have been criticized for their lack of scientific rigor. He was criticized as too soft scientifically by American empiricists. In 2006, author and former philosophy professor Christina Hoff Sommers and practicing psychiatrist Sally Satel asserted that, due to lack of empirical support, Maslow's ideas have fallen out of fashion and are "no longer taken seriously in
4655-447: The attempt to establish an idealistic world based on widespread education and economic justice. The tension outside his home was also felt within it, as he rarely got along with his mother, and eventually developed a strong revulsion towards her. He is quoted as saying, "What I had reacted to was not only her physical appearance, but also her values and world view, her stinginess, her total selfishness, her lack of love for anyone else in
4750-455: The basic needs. Maslow's hierarchy is used in higher education for advising students and for student retention as well as a key concept in student development. Maslow's hierarchy has been subject to internet memes over the past few years, specifically looking at the modern integration of technology in people's lives and humorously suggesting that Wi-Fi was among the most basic of human needs. Maslow defined self-actualization as achieving
4845-411: The basis of his lifelong research and thinking about mental health and human potential . Maslow extended the subject, borrowing ideas from other psychologists and adding new ones, such as the concepts of a hierarchy of needs , metaneeds , metamotivation , self-actualizing persons, and peak experiences . He was a professor at Brandeis University from 1951 to 1969. He became a resident fellow of
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#17327835422184940-458: The book was greatly inspired by Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), and it offers a psychological reading of Kuhn's famous distinction between "normal" and "revolutionary" science in the context of his own distinction between "safety" and "growth" science, put forward as part of a larger program for the psychology of science, outlined already in his 1954 magnum opus Motivation and Personality . Not only that Maslow offered
5035-523: The causes and effects of self-confidence have appeared in English-language publications describing characteristics of a sacrilegious attitude toward God, the character of the British empire, and the culture of colonial-era American society. In 1890, the philosopher William James in his Principles of Psychology wrote, "Believe what is in the line of your needs, for only by such belief is
5130-508: The development of positive psychotherapy , a transcultural, humanistic based psychodynamic psychotherapy method used in mental health and psychosomatic treatment founded by Nossrat Peseschkian . Since 1999 Maslow's work enjoyed a revival of interest and influence among leaders of the positive psychology movement such as Martin Seligman . This movement focuses only on a higher human nature. Positive psychology spends its research looking at
5225-476: The early 20th century. They had decided to live in New York City and in a multiethnic, working-class neighborhood. His parents were poor and not intellectually focused, but they valued education. He had various encounters with antisemitic gangs who would chase and throw rocks at him. Maslow and other young people with his background were struggling to overcome such acts of racism and ethnic prejudice in
5320-403: The following qualities: Maslow based his theory partially on his own assumptions about human potential and partially on his case studies of historical figures whom he believed to be self-actualized, including Albert Einstein and Henry David Thoreau . Consequently, Maslow argued, the way in which essential needs are fulfilled is just as important as the needs themselves. Together, these define
5415-439: The form of emotional and informational support reduces the extent to which stresses in sports reduce their self-confidence. At high levels of support, performance-related stress does not affect self-confidence. Among gymnasts, those who tend to talk to themselves in an instructional format tend to be more self-confident than those who do not. In a group, members' desire for success and confidence can also be related. Groups that had
5510-420: The fullest use of one's talents and interests—the need "to become everything that one is capable of becoming". As implied by its name, self-actualization is highly individualistic and reflects Maslow's premise that the self is "sovereign and inviolable" and entitled to "his or her own tastes, opinions, values, etc." Indeed, some have characterized self-actualization as "healthy narcissism". Maslow realized that
5605-508: The future, enhancing their self-regulatory capability. Successful performance of children in music increases feelings of self-confidence, increasing motivation for study. By adolescence, youth who have little contact with friends tend to have low self-confidence. In adolescents, low self-confidence may be a predictor of loneliness. In general, students who perform well have increased confidence, which likely in turn encourages them to take greater responsibility to complete tasks. Teachers affect
5700-645: The future. If someone attributes their failure to a factor beyond their control, they are more likely to be confident about succeeding in the future. If a person believes they failed to achieve a goal because of a factor that was beyond their control, they are more likely to be more self-confident that they can achieve the goal in the future. One's self-confidence often increases as one satisfactorily completes particular activities. American social psychologist Leon Festinger found that self-confidence in an individual's ability may only rise or fall when that individual can compare themselves to others who are roughly similar, in
5795-479: The height of the temperance movement of the 1920s, psychologists associated self-confidence in men with remaining at home and taking care of the family when they were not working. During the Great Depression , academics Philip Eisenberg and Paul Lazarsfeld wrote that a sudden negative change in one's circumstances, especially a loss of a job, could lead to decreased self-confidence, but more commonly if
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#17327835422185890-499: The human experience. To the extent a person finds cooperative social fulfillment, he establishes meaningful relationships with other people and the larger world. In other words, he establishes meaningful connections to an external reality—an essential component of self-actualization. In contrast, to the extent that vital needs find selfish and competitive fulfillment, a person acquires hostile emotions and limited external relationships—his awareness remains internal and limited. Maslow used
5985-411: The impression that the hierarchy of needs is a fixed and rigid sequence of progression. Yet, starting with the first publication of his theory in 1943, Maslow described human needs as being relatively fluid—with many needs being present in a person simultaneously. The hierarchy of human needs model suggests that human needs will only be fulfilled one level at a time. According to Maslow's theory, when
6080-405: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cocky&oldid=1214711003 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Self-confident Confidence is the feeling of belief or trust that a person or thing
6175-577: The jobless person believes the fault of his unemployment is his. They also noted how if individuals do not have a job long enough, they become apathetic and lose all self-confidence. In 1943, American psychologist Abraham Maslow argued in his paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" that an individual is only motivated to acquire self-confidence (one component of "esteem") after achieving what they need for physiological survival, safety, and love and belonging. He claimed that satisfaction with self-esteem led to feelings of self-confidence that, once attained, led to
6270-399: The late 1960s indicate that he took immense pleasure in seeing drug addicts die from overdoses, believing their deaths to be doing a public service to genetically superior individuals such as himself. He also criticized advances in agriculture for developing the ability to grow more food, believing that famine and starvation were beneficial to society and that those who died of hunger were doing
6365-430: The less likely they are to conform to the judgments of others. Higher confidence is correlated with individuals setting higher goals. When people face feelings of discontent because they do not accomplish a certain goal, people who have higher self-confidence may become even more persistent in accomplishing their goals, whereas those with low self-confidence are more prone to giving up quickly. Albert Bandura argued that
6460-461: The mother is less self-confident in her ability to raise that child than one who was not separated from her child. Furthermore, women who initially had low self-confidence are likely to experience a larger drop of self-confidence after separation from their children than women with relatively higher self-confidence. Heterosexual men who exhibit greater self-confidence relative to other men more easily attract single and partnered women. Self-confidence
6555-400: The need fulfilled... Have faith that you can successfully make it, and your feet are nerved to its accomplishment". With World War I , psychologists praised self-confidence as greatly decreasing nervous tension, allaying fear, and ridding the battlefield of terror; they argued that soldiers who cultivated a strong and healthy body would also acquire greater self-confidence while fighting. At
6650-435: The negative qualities of others so that they can display greater self-confidence than they might otherwise feel, thereby enabling them to advance socially and materially. People with high self-confidence are more likely to impress others, as others perceive them as more knowledgeable and more likely to make correct judgments. Despite this, a negative correlation is sometimes found between the level of their self-confidence and
6745-480: The next highest need. None of his published works included a visual representation of the hierarchy. The pyramidal diagram illustrating the Maslow needs hierarchy may have been created by a psychology textbook publisher as an illustrative device. This now iconic pyramid frequently depicts the spectrum of human needs, both physical and psychological, as accompaniment to articles describing Maslow's needs theory and may give
6840-592: The positive qualities in people, as opposed to treating them as a "bag of symptoms". A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Maslow as the tenth most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Born in 1908 and raised in Brooklyn, New York , Maslow was the oldest of seven children. His parents were first-generation Jewish immigrants from Kiev, then part of the Russian Empire (now Kyiv , Ukraine ), who fled from Czarist persecution in
6935-589: The positive side of things and how they go right rather than the pessimistic side. In 1966, Maslow published a pioneering work in the psychology of science, The Psychology of Science: A Reconnaissance , the first book ever actually titled 'psychology of science'. In this book Maslow proposed a model of 'characterologically relative' science, which he characterized as an ardent opposition to the historically, philosophically, sociologically and psychologically naıve positivistic reluctance to see science relative to time, place, and local culture . Maslow acknowledged that
7030-634: The president of the American Psychological Association. In the United States, transpersonal psychology encouraged recognition for non-western psychologies, philosophies, and religions, and promoted understanding of "higher states of consciousness", for instance through intense meditation . Transpersonal psychology has been applied in many areas, including transpersonal business studies . Maslow called his work positive psychology . Since 1968 his work has influenced
7125-508: The reflections of the realization of one's human potential and represent the height of personality development. In later writings, Maslow moved to a more inclusive model that allowed for, in addition to intense peak experiences, longer-lasting periods of serene being-cognition that he termed plateau experiences . He borrowed this term from the Indian scientist and yoga practitioner, U. A. Asrani, with whom he corresponded. Maslow stated that
7220-534: The research enough to urge Maslow to submit it for publication. Maslow's thesis was published as two articles in 1934. Maslow continued his research at Columbia University on similar themes. There he found another mentor in Alfred Adler , one of Sigmund Freud 's early colleagues. From 1937 to 1951, Maslow was on the faculty of Brooklyn College . His family life and his experiences influenced his psychological ideas. After World War II , Maslow began to question
7315-532: The right people under the right circumstances. Beyond the routine of needs fulfillment, Maslow envisioned moments of extraordinary experience, known as " peak experiences ", which are profound moments of love, understanding, happiness, or rapture, during which a person feels more whole, alive, self-sufficient and yet a part of the world, more aware of truth, justice, harmony, goodness, and so on. Self-actualizing people are more likely to have peak experiences. In other words, these "peak experiences" or states of flow are
7410-414: The school of transpersonal psychology . Maslow had concluded that humanistic psychology was incapable of explaining all aspects of human experience. He identified various mystical, ecstatic, or spiritual states known as " peak experiences " as experiences beyond self-actualization. Maslow called these experiences "a fourth force in psychology", which he named transpersonal psychology. Transpersonal psychology
7505-570: The self-actualizing individuals he studied had similar personality traits. Maslow selected individuals based on his subjective view of them as self-actualized people. Some of the people he studied included Thomas Jefferson , Abraham Lincoln , and Eleanor Roosevelt . In his daily journal (1961–63) Maslow wrote: "Eupsychia club, heroes that I write for, my judges, the ones I want to please: Jefferson, Spinoza, Socrates, Aristotle, James, Bergson, Norman Thomas, Upton Sinclair (both heroes of my youth)." All were "reality centered", able to differentiate what
7600-525: The self-confidence of their students depending on how they treat them. Students who perform better receive more positive evaluation reports and have greater self-confidence. Characteristically low-achieving students report less confidence, while characteristically high-performing students report higher self-confidence. Extracurricular activities in school settings can boost confidence in students at earlier ages. These include participation in games or sports, visual and performing arts, and public speaking. In
7695-482: The shift from the peak to the plateau experience is related to the natural aging process, in which an individual has a shift in life values about what is actually important in one's life and what is not important. In spite of the personal significance with the plateau experience, Maslow was not able to conduct a comprehensive study of this phenomenon due to health problems that developed toward the end of his life. In studying accounts of peak experiences, Maslow identified
7790-468: The standard of self-actualization. Maslow used Einstein's writings and accomplishments to exemplify the characteristics of the self-actualized person. Ruth Benedict and Max Wertheimer work was also very influential to Maslow's models of self-actualization. In this case, from a quantitative-sciences perspective there are numerous problems with this particular approach, which has caused much criticism. First, it could be argued that biographical analysis as
7885-418: The term metamotivation to describe self-actualized people who are driven by innate forces beyond their basic needs, so that they may explore and reach their full human potential. Maslow's theory of motivation gave insight on individuals having the ability to be motivated by a calling, mission or life purpose. It is noted that metamotivation may also be connected to what Maslow called B-(being) creativity, which
7980-428: The title track "Cocky" (song) , a 2018 song by ASAP Rocky, Gucci Mane and 21 Savage featuring London on da Track "Cocky", a 2017 song by Shea Couleé featuring The Vixen on the album Couleé-D Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Cocky . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
8075-616: The top high schools in Brooklyn, where his best friend was his cousin Will Maslow . Here, he served as the officer to many academic clubs, and became editor of the Latin Magazine. He also edited Principia, the school's Physics paper, for a year. He developed other strengths as well: As a young boy, Maslow believed physical strength to be the single most defining characteristic of a true male; hence, he exercised often and took up weight lifting in hopes of being transformed into
8170-464: The transpersonal, we get sick, violent, and nihilistic, or else hopeless and apathetic" (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2011). Human beings, he came to believe, need something bigger than themselves that they are connected to in a naturalistic sense, but not in a religious sense: Maslow himself was an atheist and found it difficult to accept religious experience as valid unless placed in a positivistic framework. In fact, Maslow's position on God and religion
8265-402: The way psychologists had come to their conclusions, and although he did not completely disagree, he had his own ideas on how to understand the human mind. He called his new discipline humanistic psychology . Maslow was already a 33-year-old father and had two children when the United States entered World War II in 1941. He was thus ineligible for the military. However, the horrors of war inspired
8360-486: The world of academic psychology". Positive psychology spends much of its research looking for how things go right rather than the more pessimistic view point, how things go wrong. The hierarchy of needs has furthermore been accused of having a cultural bias—mainly reflecting Western values and ideologies. From the perspective of many cultural psychologists, this concept is considered relative to each culture and society and cannot be universally applied. However, according to
8455-502: The world—even her own husband and children—her narcissism, her Negro prejudice, her exploitation of everyone, her assumption that anyone was wrong who disagreed with her, her lack of friends, her sloppiness and dirtiness...". He also grew up with few friends other than his cousin Will, and as a result, he "grew up in libraries and among books". It was here that he developed his love for reading and learning. He went to Boys High School , one of
8550-438: Was client-centered therapy developed by Carl Rogers . The basic principles behind humanistic psychology are simple: Humanistic psychology theory suits people who see the positive side of humanity and believe in free will. This theory clearly contrasts with Freud's theory of biological determinism . Another significant strength is that humanistic psychology theory is compatible with other schools of thought. Maslow's hierarchy
8645-399: Was an American psychologist and eugenicist who created Maslow's hierarchy of needs , a theory of psychological health predicated on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, culminating in self-actualization. Maslow was a psychology professor at Brandeis University , Brooklyn College , New School for Social Research , and Columbia University . He stressed the importance of focusing on
8740-441: Was concerned with the "empirical, scientific study of, and responsible implementation of the finding relevant to, becoming, mystical, ecstatic, and spiritual states" (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2011). In 1962 Maslow published a collection of papers on this theme, which developed into his 1968 book Toward a Psychology of Being . In this book Maslow stresses the importance of transpersonal psychology to human beings, writing: "without
8835-423: Was fraudulent from what was genuine. They were also "problem centered", meaning that they treated life's difficulties as problems that demanded solutions. These individuals also were comfortable being alone and had healthy personal relationships. They had only a few close friends and family rather than a large number of shallow relationships. Self-actualizing people tend to focus on problems outside themselves; have
8930-403: Was highly critical of Freud, since humanistic psychologists did not recognize spirituality as a navigation for our behaviors. To prove that humans are not blindly reacting to situations, but trying to accomplish something greater, Maslow studied mentally healthy individuals instead of people with serious psychological issues. He focused on self-actualizing people. Self-actualizing people indicate
9025-476: Was quite complex. While he rejected organized religion and its beliefs, he wrote extensively on the human being's need for the sacred and spoke of God in more philosophical terms, as beauty, truth and goodness, or as a force or a principle. Awareness of transpersonal psychology became widespread within psychology, and the Journal of Transpersonal Psychology was founded in 1969, a year after Abraham Maslow became
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