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58-682: Cochiti ( / ˈ k oʊ tʃ ə t i / ; Eastern Keresan : Kotyit [kʰocʰi̥tʰ]; Western Keresan K’úutìim’é [kʼúːtʰìːm̰é], Navajo : Tǫ́ʼgaaʼ /tʰṍʔkɑ̀ːʔ/) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sandoval County , New Mexico , United States. A historic pueblo of the Cochiti people, one of the Keresan Nations , it is part of the Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population

116-427: A Hokan –Siouan stock. Morris Swadesh suggested a connection with Wichita . Joseph Greenberg grouped Keres with Siouan , Yuchi , Caddoan , and Iroquoian in a superstock called Keresiouan. None of these proposals has been validated by subsequent linguistic research. In 2007, there was an estimate total of 10,670 speakers. Keresan has between 42 and 45 consonant sounds, and around 40 vowel sounds, adding up to

174-603: A phonemic distinction in duration : all vowels can be long or short. Additionally, short vowels can also be voiceless. The vowel chart below contains the vowel phonemes and allophones from the information of the Keresan languages combined from The Language of Santa Ana Pueblo (1964), The Phonemes of Keresan (1946), and Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics (1987). Notes: All Keresan short vowels may be devoiced in certain positions. The phonemic status of these vowels

232-560: A CV(V) shape. The maximal syllable structure is CCVVC and the minimal syllable is CV. In native Keresan words, only a glottal stop /ʔ/ ⟨ʼ⟩ can close a syllable, but some loanwords from Spanish have syllables that end in a consonant, mostly a nasal (i.e. /m n/ but words containing these sequences are rare in the language. Due to extensive vowel devoicing, several Keresan words may be perceived as ending in consonants or even containing consonant clusters. The only sequence of consonants (i.e. consonant cluster ) that occurs in native Keresan words

290-486: A Swiss-American anthropologist , who researched the cultures of the area and supported preservation of the sites. The park infrastructure was developed in the 1930s by crews of the Civilian Conservation Corps and is a National Historic Landmark for its well-preserved architecture. The National Park Service cooperates with surrounding Pueblos, other federal agencies, and state agencies to manage

348-588: A diverse and scenic landscape, and the country's largest National Park Service Civilian Conservation Corps National Landmark District. Two-thirds of the park, 23,267 acres (9,416 ha), is designated as the Bandelier Wilderness Area. Motorized travel and permanent structures are forbidden in the Wilderness. Bandelier was designated by President Woodrow Wilson as a national monument on February 11, 1916, and named for Adolph Bandelier ,

406-428: A documentary film about a Native American boy's life on the Cochiti pueblo was made for Sesame Street ' s second season (1970–1971), aired on December 9, 1970. Subjects it covered included a game of shinny , making tortillas , and making necklaces out of corn for summertime sale to tourists. Keresan languages Keres is now considered a language isolate . In the past, Edward Sapir grouped it together with

464-575: A dot below (see table). Tone may or may not be represented in the orthography of Keresan. When represented, four diacritics may be used above the vowel. Unlike the system used for Navajo , diacritics for tone are not repeated in long vowels. Although Keresan is not normally written, there exists one dictionary of the language in which words are listed in any given order. In this dictionary of Western Keres, digraphs count as single letters, although ejective consonants are not listed separately; occurring after their non-ejective counterparts. The symbol for

522-602: A median income of $ 19,231 compared with $ 21,641 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $ 9,153. About 21.4% of families and 20.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 21.3% of those under age 18 and 11.8% of those age 65 or over. The Cochiti pueblo people are a federally recognized tribe of Native Americans . According to the Keres Online Dictionary the Keresan-name for

580-480: A national park and preserve. Frijoles Canyon contains a number of ancestral pueblo homes, kivas (ceremonial structures), rock paintings , and petroglyphs . Some of the dwellings were rock structures built on the canyon floor; others were cavates produced by voids in the volcanic tuff of the canyon wall and carved out further by humans. A 1.2-mile (1.9 km), predominantly paved, "Main Loop Trail" from

638-601: A peak of population reached near that time or shortly thereafter. The century before Tyuonyi's construction is thought to have been characterized by intense change and migration in the Ancestral Puebloan culture. The period of highest population density in Frijoles Canyon corresponds to a period contemporaneous with a wide-scale migration of Ancestral Puebloans away from the Four Corners area, which

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696-684: A program of church construction, such as the San Buenaventura Mission at Cochiti, routinely torturing the tribes for practicing their traditional religion, and forcing them into labor and/or slavery. The Cochiti pueblo people took part in the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 , an uprising of the Native Americans against the Spaniards. When Spanish Governor Antonio de Otermin reconquered New Mexico, the tribe retreated with

754-409: A regional trade network that included what is now Mexico. Spanish colonial settlers arrived in the 18th century. The Pueblo Jose Montoya brought Adolph Bandelier to visit the area in 1880. Looking over the cliff dwellings, Bandelier said, "It is the grandest thing I ever saw." Based on documentation and research by Bandelier, support began for preserving the area and President Woodrow Wilson signed

812-517: A total of about 85 phonemes , depending on the analysis and the language variety. Based on the classification in the World Atlas of Language Structures , Keres is a language with a large consonant inventory. The great number of consonants relates to the three-way distinction between voiceless , aspirated and ejective consonants (e.g. /t tʰ tʼ/), and to the larger than average number of fricatives (i.e. /s sʼ ʂ ʂʼ ʃ ʃʼ h/) and affricates ,

870-539: Is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) one way. There is an elevation change of 550 feet (170 m). The Alcove House trail begins at the west end of the Main Loop trail and extends 0.5 miles (800 m) to Alcove House. Previously called the Ceremonial Cave, the alcove is located 140 feet (43 m) above the floor of Frijoles Canyon. This pueblo was the home of around 25 Ancestral Pueblo people. Except in winter,

928-893: Is 50 square miles (130 km ) of the Pajarito Plateau , on the slopes of the Jemez volcanic field in the Jemez Mountains . Over 70% of the monument is wilderness , with over one mile of elevation change, from about 5,000 feet (1,500 m) along the Rio Grande to over 10,000 feet (3,000 m) at the peak of Cerro Grande on the rim of the Valles Caldera , providing for a wide range of life zones and wildlife habitats. 3 miles (5 km) of road and more than 70 miles (110 km) of hiking trails are built. The monument protects Ancestral Pueblo archeological sites,

986-664: Is a verb-final language, though word order is rather flexible. Bandelier National Monument Bandelier National Monument is a 33,677-acre (136 km ) United States National Monument near Los Alamos in Sandoval and Los Alamos counties, New Mexico . The monument preserves the homes and territory of the Ancestral Puebloans of a later era in the Southwest . Most of the pueblo structures date to two eras, dating between AD 1150 and 1600. The monument

1044-725: Is a circular pueblo site that once stood one to three stories tall. Long House is adjacent to Tyounyi, built along and supported by the walls of the canyon. A reconstructed Talus House is also found along the Main Loop Trail. These sites date from the Pueblo III Era (1150 to 1350) to the Pueblo IV Era (1350 to 1600). The age of the Tyuonyi construction has been fairly well established by the tree-ring method of dating , widely and successfully used by archeologists in

1102-411: Is a sacred language that must exist only in its spoken form. The language's religious connotation and years of persecution of Pueblo religion by European colonizers may also explain why no unified orthographic convention exists for Keresan. However, a practical spelling system has been developed for Laguna (Kʼawaika) and more recently for Acoma (Áakʼu) Keres, both of which are remarkably consistent. In

1160-834: Is a sequence of a fricative /ʃ ʂ/ and a stop or affricate. Clusters are restricted to beginnings of syllables (i.e. the syllable onset ). When the alveolo-palatal consonant /ʃ/ occurs as C 1 , it combines with alveolar and palatal C 2 , whereas the retroflex alveolar /ʂ/ precedes bilabial and velar C 2 s, which suggest a complementary distribution. Consonant clusters may occur both word-initially and word-medially. shd áurákụ 'frog, toad' sht érashtʼígá 'cricket' shtʼ idyàatịshị 'plot of land' shj v 'upward' shch úmúmá 'wasp' shchʼ ísạ 'six' srb úuná 'water jug' srp àat'i 'mockingbird' srpʼ eruru 'it's full' srg ásrgáukʼa 'quail' srk v́dútsị 'mound, hill' srkʼ abíhí 'female in-law' Traditional Keresan beliefs postulate that Keres

1218-649: Is based on a split-intransitive pattern, in which subjects are marked differently if they are perceived as actors than from when they are perceived as undergoers of the action being described. The morphology of Keresan is mostly prefixing , although suffixes and reduplication also occur. Keresan distinguishes nouns , verbs, numerals and particles as word classes. Nouns in Keresan do not normally distinguish case or number , but they can be inflected for possession , with distinct constructions for alienable and inalienable possession. Other than possession, Keresan nouns show no comprehensive noun classes . Keresan

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1276-603: Is controversial. Maring (1967) considers them to be phonemes of Áákʼu Keres, whereas other authors disagree. There are phonetic grounds for vowel devoicing based on the environment they occur, for instance word-finally, but there are also exceptions. Vowels in final position are nearly always voiceless and medial vowels occurring between voiced consonants, after nasals and ejectives are nearly always voiced. Acoma Keres has four lexical tones : high, low, falling and rising. Falling and rising tones only occur in long vowels and voiceless vowels bear no tones: Most Keresan syllables take

1334-537: The Big Kiva , Tyuonyi , Talus House , and Long House . It will take between 45 minutes to one hour. There are some optional ladders to allow access to the cavates (small human-carved alcoves). Prior to the construction of the modern entrance road, the Frey Trail was the only access to the canyon. Originally, the parking lot was at the canyon rim. Today, the trail starts at the campground amphitheater. The trail

1392-613: The Civilian Conservation Corps during the Depression. A 10-minute introductory film provides an overview of the monument. The National Park service has noted several designated trails, advising visitors to bring adequate safe water supplies on some trails. The Pueblo Loop Trail (previously called the Main Loop Trail ) is 1.4 miles (2.3 km) long and loops through archeological areas, including

1450-571: The Great Depression by work crews while the area was managed by the U.S. Forest Service . The Bandelier CCC camp employed several thousand men from 1933 to 1941 as a New Deal works project, and built roads, trails, and park buildings and other amenities. In 1943, camp provided temporary housing for scientists, technicians, and their families involved in the secret Manhattan Project at nearby Los Alamos . Construction contractors were housed there in early 1944. The park's service area

1508-565: The Backcountry Parking Lot (adjacent to the Cottonwood Picnic Area). Over its 2.5 miles (4.0 km), it descends 700 feet (200 m), passing two waterfalls and ending at the Rio Grande . But, trail damage resulting from the 2011 Las Conchas Fire has led to the indefinite, and possibly permanent, closure of the trail beyond Upper Frijoles Falls, pending remediation. In addition to the elevation change,

1566-584: The Bureau of Land Management who has jurisdiction over Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument . The pueblo celebrates the annual feast day for its patron saint , San Buenaventura , on July 14. The Cochiti people are thought to be descended from the Ancestral Puebloans (formerly known as the Anasazi). The ancestors of the Cochiti people, living in cliff dwellings at Rito de los Frijoles in present-day Bandelier National Monument , divided into two groups. One

1624-487: The CDP was 95.1% Native American , 1.5% White , 1.3% from other races , and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.6% of the population. There were 157 households, of which 28% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.8% were married couples living together, 29.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.1% were non-families. 18.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who

1682-701: The Jemez Mountains. Much of the area was covered with volcanic ash (the Bandelier Tuff ) from an eruption of the Valles Caldera volcano 1.14 million years ago. The tuff overlays shales and sandstones deposited during the Permian Period and limestone of Pennsylvanian age. The volcanic outflow varied in hardness; the Ancestral Puebloans broke up the firmer materials to use as bricks, while they carved out dwellings from

1740-532: The Keres spelling system, each symbol represents a single phoneme. The letters ⟨c q z f⟩ and sometimes also ⟨v⟩ are not used. Digraphs represent both palatal consonants (written using a sequence of C and ⟨y⟩), and retroflex consonants, which are represented using a sequence of C and the letter ⟨r⟩. These graphemes used for writing Western Keres are shown between ⟨...⟩ below. Signs at Acoma Pueblo sometimes use special diacritics for ejective consonants that differ from

1798-729: The People of Cochiti Pueblo is K’úutìim’é ("People from the Mountains, i.e. Cochiti people"). The Cochiti speak Eastern Keres, a dialect of the Keresan language , a language isolate. In the early 21st century, the Keres Children's Learning Center , an independent Keres immersion school, was founded to aid with preservation of their language and culture. It has added grades since its founding. The pueblo administers 53,779 acres (217.64 km) of reservation land and works closely with

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1856-537: The Southwest. Ceiling-beam fragments recovered from various rooms have been dated between 1383 and 1466. This general period seems to have been a time of much building in Frijoles Canyon; a score of tree-ring dates from the Rainbow House ruin, which is down the canyon a half-mile, also fall in the early and middle 15th century. Perhaps the last construction anywhere in Frijoles Canyon occurred close to 1500, with

1914-565: The Spaniards admired and respected the Pueblo Peoples for their Spanish-like farming techniques and villages, viewing them as equals, and opening trade. As time went on, the Spaniards attempted to assimilate Cochiti people (and other tribes) into New Spanish society. They were forced to pay taxes in crops, cotton, and work. The Spanish Catholic missionaries attacked their religion and renamed the Pueblos with Catholic saints’ names and began

1972-407: The backcountry, which contains additional smaller archaeological sites, canyon / mesa country, and some transient waterfalls. Hikes to many of these areas are feasible and range in length from short (<1 hour) excursions to multi-day backpacks . Some of the backcountry sites have been submerged, damaged, or rendered inaccessible by Cochiti Lake , a reservoir on the Rio Grande created to reduce

2030-455: The consonants of the proto -Keresan (or pre-Keresan) from Miller & Davis (1963) based on a comparison of Acoma, Santa Ana, and Santo Domingo, as well as other features of the dialects compiled from The Language of Santa Ana Pueblo (1964), Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics (1987), and The Phonemes of Keresan (1946), and the Grammar of Laguna Keres (2005). Keresan vowels have

2088-412: The declaration creating the monument in 1916. Supporting infrastructure, including a lodge, was built during the 1920s and 1930s. The structures at the monument built during the Great Depression by the Civilian Conservation Corps constitute the largest assembly of CCC-built structures in a national park area that has not been altered by new structures in the district. This group of 31 buildings illustrates

2146-552: The early decades of the 20th century, these pots have been appreciated by a wider audience outside the pueblos. Continuing to use traditional techniques, in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, potters have also expanded their designs and repertoire in pottery, which has an international market. It is in the Bernalillo Public Schools district, which operates Cochiti Elementary & Middle Schools in nearby Peña Blanca , and Bernalillo High School . In 1969,

2204-443: The glottal stop ⟨ʼ⟩, for long vowels (e.g. ⟨aa ee ii⟩ etc.) are not treated as separate letters. Letters〈f q x z〉are not used to write Keres, whereas the letters ⟨ɨ o v⟩ are only used in some dialects. Keresan is a split-ergative language in which verbs denoting states (i.e. stative verbs ) behave differently from those indexing actions, especially in terms of the person affixes they take. This system of argument marking

2262-637: The guiding principles of National Park Service Rustic architecture, being based on local materials and styles. It has been designated as a national landmark district. During World War II , the monument area was closed to the public for several years, since the lodge was being used to house personnel working on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos to develop an atom bomb. In 2019, Senator Martin Heinrich (D-NM), announced plans to introduce legislation to redesignate Bandelier National Monument as

2320-416: The latter also showing the three-way distinction found in stops . The large number of vowels derives from a distinction made between long and short vowels (e.g. /e eː/), as well as from the presence of tones and voicelessness. Thus, a single vowel quality may occur with seven distinct realizations: /é è e̥ éː èː êː ěː/, all of which are used to distinguish words in the language. The chart below contains

2378-508: The other Keresan tribes of San Felipe and Santo Domingo (now called Kewa ) to the Potrero Viejo. The Cochiti people remained at Potrero Viejo until 1693 when they were forced to flee Spanish Governor Don Diego de Vargas and his troops. Potters of Cochiti and Kewa Pueblo (formerly Santo Domingo Pueblo) have made traditional pots for centuries, developing styles for different purposes and expressing deep beliefs in their designs. Since

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2436-558: The park. In October 1976, roughly 70% of the monument, 23,267 acres (9,416 ha), was included within the National Wilderness Preservation System . The park's elevations range from about 5,000 feet (1,500 m) at the Rio Grande to over 10,200 feet (3,100 m) at the summit of Cerro Grande. The Valles Caldera National Preserve adjoins the monument on the north and west, extending into

2494-555: The seasonal flooding that threatened communities and agricultural areas downstream. A detached portion of the monument, called the Tsankawi unit, is located near the town of Los Alamos . It has some excavated sites and petroglyphs . Also at the Tsankawi unit are the remains of the home and school for indigenous people established in the late 19th century by Baroness Vera von Blumenthal and her lover Rose Dougan (or Dugan). In

2552-411: The site is reached by four wooden ladders and stone stairs. Alcove House has a reconstructed kiva that offers views of viga holes and niches of several homes. As of spring 2013, however, access to the kiva's interior is closed indefinitely for safety reasons associated with stabilization of the structure. Ladders and stairs have been reopened to public use. The Falls Trail starts at the east end of

2610-499: The softer material. Human presence in the area has been dated to over 10,000 years before present . Permanent settlements by ancestors of the Puebloan peoples have been dated to 1150 CE ; these settlers had moved closer to the Rio Grande by 1550. The distribution of basalt and obsidian artifacts from the area, along with other traded goods, rock markings, and construction techniques, indicate that its inhabitants were part of

2668-614: The symbols above, as shown in the table: Vowel sounds are represented straightforwardly in the existing spellings for Keresan. Each vowel sound is written using a unique letter or digraph (for long vowels and diphthongs ). However, there are two competing representations for the vowel /ɨ/. Some versions simply use the IPA ⟨ɨ⟩ whereas others use the letter ⟨v⟩ (the sound /v/ as in veal does not occur in Keresan). Voiceless vowels have also been represented in two ways; either underlined or with

2726-501: The trail's challenges include steep dropoffs at many places along the trail and a lack of bridges over Frijoles Creek. These continue to factors on the portion of the trail that is open. The 2.5 miles (4 km) Frijolito Loop Trail is more strenuous. It starts in the Cottonwood Picnic Area and climbs out of Frijoles Canyon using a switchback path. Once on top of the mesa, it passes Frijolito Pueblo . It returns to

2784-438: The trails. The visitor center at Bandelier National Monument features exhibits about the site's inhabitants, including Ancestral Pueblo pottery, tools and artifacts of daily life. Two life-size dioramas demonstrate Pueblo life in the past and today. Also featured are contemporary Pueblo pottery pieces, 14 pastel artworks by Works Progress Administration artist Helmut Naumer Sr , and wood furniture and tinwork pieces created by

2842-466: The upper elevations of the monument, Nordic skiing is possible on a small network of trails reachable from New Mexico Highway 4. Not every winter produces snowfall sufficient to allow good skiing. Wildlife is locally abundant, and deer and Abert's squirrels are frequently encountered in Frijoles Canyon. Black bear and mountain lions inhabit the monument and may be encountered by the backcountry hiker. A substantial herd of elk are present during

2900-460: The visitor center affords access to these features. A trail extending beyond this loop leads to Alcove House (formerly called Ceremonial Cave, and still so identified on some maps), a shelter cave produced by erosion of the soft rock and containing a small, reconstructed kiva that hikers may enter via ladder. One site of archaeological interest in the canyon is Tyuonyi ( Que-weh-nee ) pueblo and nearby building sites, such as Long House. Tyuonyi

2958-775: The visitor center along the Long Trail . Additional backcountry trails extend into the designated wilderness of the monument, crossing Alamo and Capulin Canyons and connecting with the Dome Trailhead on the Santa Fe National Forest . As there is much less visitor use of these trails, trail conditions can vary. This backcountry system was designated as a National Recreation Trail in 1982. Bandelier has excellent examples of CCC -constructed National Park Service Rustic style of architecture, built during

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3016-507: The winter months, when snowpack forces them down from their summer range in the Jemez Mountains . Notable among the smaller mammals of the monument are large numbers of bats that seasonally inhabit shelter caves in the canyon walls, sometimes including those of Frijoles Canyon near the loop trail. Wild turkeys , vultures , ravens , several species of birds of prey , and a number of hummingbird species are common. Rattlesnakes , tarantulas , and horned lizards are occasionally seen along

3074-459: Was 108 °F (42.2 °C) on July 12, 2020, while the coldest temperature recorded was −14 °F (−25.6 °C) on December 10, 1978, and February 3, 2011. At the 2010 census , there were 528 people, 157 households and 127 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 440 inhabitants per square mile (170/km). There were 178 housing units at an average density of 149.9 units per square mile (57.9 units/km). The racial makeup of

3132-708: Was 528 at the 2010 census . Located 22 miles (35 km) southwest of Santa Fe , the community is listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 1.2 square miles (3.1 km), all land. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Cochiti has a cold semi-arid climate , abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Cochiti

3190-409: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.36 and the average family size was 3.76. 31.8% of the population were under the age of 19, 6.4% from 20 to 24, 23.8% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34.5 years. In the 2000 census, the median household income was $ 31,875 and the median family income was $ 37,500. Males had

3248-533: Was designed to resemble a traditional Pueblo village. Most of the CCC-built buildings are set around a wooded plaza at the end of the main access road (also a CCC construction), and were designed to house the monument staff, provide accommodations and services for visitors, and included maintenance areas. These historic structures include the Frey Lodge (park headquarters); the guest cabins (employee housing),

3306-431: Was located in the pueblo of Katishtya (later called San Felipe pueblo ) in the south and the other was located in Potrero Viejo, one of the finger mesas of the Pajarito Plateau in northern central New Mexico. Approximately 12 miles northwest of the present-day Cochiti Pueblo, a temporary pueblo known as Hanut Cochiti had been established. In 1598, Spanish conquistador , Juan de Oñate came to Cochiti Pueblo. At first,

3364-534: Was suffering a deep drought , environmental stress, and social unrest in the Pueblo III period. Scholars believe that some Ancestral Puebloan groups relocated into the Rio Grande valley, southeast of their former territories, founding Tyuonyi and nearby sites. The pueblo was abandoned by 1600. The inhabitants relocated to pueblos near the Rio Grande, such as Cochiti and San Ildefonso Pueblos , which have been occupied ever since. Other, more rustic trails enter

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